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Atlas A
Orientation to Anatomy
• Anatomical position
• Anatomical planes
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Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Thyroid gland
Brachial nerve plexus
• Directional terms
Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Aortic arch
Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus
Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart
• Body regions
Lobes of lung
Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine
• Body cavities and
membranes
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Penis (cut)
Pectineus m.
• Organ systems
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.
• Visual survey of the body
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
The Anatomical Position
•
•
•
•
Person stands erect
Feet flat on floor
Arms at sides
Palms, face & eyes facing
forward
• Standard frame of reference
used when describing
anatomical objects &
procedures in dissection
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Forearm Positions
• When supinated
– palms face forward or
upward
– radius & ulna are parallel
• When pronated
– palms face rearward or
downward
– radius & ulna are crossed
Body Regions (Axial vs Appendicular)
• Axial region = head, neck, & trunk
• Further divided into
– thoracic region = trunk above
diaphragm
– abdominal region = trunk below
diaphragm
• divided into quadrants or divided into
nine regions (tic-tac-toe grid)
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
Quadrants
Right
upper
quadrant
Right
lower
quadrant
Left
upper
quadrant
Left
lower
quadrant
Regions
Hypochondriac
region
Subcostal line
Epigastric
region
Lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Intertubercular
line
Inguinal region
Hypogastric
region
Midclavicular
line
(a)
(c)
Know Regions for Exam!
Body Regions (Axial vs Appendicular)
• Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs
• Further divided into
– upper limb
• arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region),
wrist (carpal region), hand (manual region), fingers
(digits)
– lower limb
• thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region),
ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits)
Anatomical Planes and Sections
•
•
Frontal
plane
Sections implies actual cut or slice to
reveal internal anatomy
Plane implies an imaginary flat surface
passing through the body
– Sagittal plane divides body into right
and left regions /// median
(midsagittal) plane divides body or
organ into equal halves
Transverse
plane
Sagittal
plane
– Frontal (coronal) plane divides body
into anterior (front) & posterior (back)
portions
– Transverse (horizontal) plane divides
the body into superior (upper) & inferior
(lower) portions
Dorsal vs Ventral Cavities
Dorsal = cranial and
vertebral cavities
Ventral = thoracic and
abdominopelvic
Major Body Cavities and Membranes
– cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
– vertebral canal // meninges
membranes
Vertebral canal
– thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
– abdominopelvic cavity //
abdominal cavity and pelvic
cavity
Abdominal cavity
•
Cavities not open to external
environment lined with serous
membranes // secrete fluid like
substance
•
Stuff inside cavities called the
viscera
Pelvic cavity
(a) Left lateral view
Cranial Cavity & Vertebral Canal
Cranial cavity
– cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
• contains brain
• lined with meninges
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
– vertebral canal
• contains the spinal cord
• lined with meninges
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a) Left lateral view
Thoracic Cavity
•
Mediastinum - region between
lungs
– heart, major blood vessels,
esophagus, trachea, & thymus
•
Thoracic cavity:
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardium – around heart
–
–
–
–
visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
•
Pleura – around lungs
–
–
–
–
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
peripleural cavity
peripleural fluid
(b) Anterior view
Pericardial Membranes
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial
cavity
Visceral
pericardium
Heart
Diaphragm
(a) Pericardium
Pleural Membranes
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Lung
Diaphragm
(b) Pleurae
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Thoracic cavity:
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
•
Pelvic brim separates abdominal &
pelvic cavities
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
– abdominal cavity contains most
digestive organs, kidneys & ureters
– pelvic cavity contains rectum,
urinary bladder, urethra &
reproductive organs
(b) Anterior view
Peritoneum = Serous Membranes of Abdominopelvic cavity
visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
peritoneal fluid
Intra-peritoneal Organs
Organs of the abdominal cavity are encircled by peritoneum and
connected to posterior body wall by membranes
•
dorsal mesentery – suspends intestines from posterior
abdominal wall
•
mesocolon – dorsal mesentery of large intestine
•
ventral mesentery – suspends viscera from anterior abdominal
wall // greater omentum – inferolateral border of stomach –
overlies intestines - ‘fatty apron’ // lesser omentum –
superomedial border of stomach to liver
•
serosa – outer layer of an organ formed when the visceral
peritoneum divides and wraps around the organ
Membranes of Abdominal Cavity
Diaphragm
Liver
Serosae
Stomach
Greater omentum
Large intestine
Lesser
omentum
Pancreas
Duodenum
Dorsal
mesentery
Small intestine
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Urinary bladder
Visceral
peritoneum
Rectum
Retroperitoneal Organs
Describes position between muscles and parietal membranes.
Posterior
Back muscles
2nd lumbar vertebra
Kidney
Spinal cord
Liver
Renal vein
and artery
Fat
Inferior
vena cava
Dorsal mesentery
Aorta
Parietal peritoneum
Intestine
Visceral
peritoneum (serosa)
Peritoneal cavity
Omentum or other
ventral mesentery
Anterior
Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, most of Pancreas, Abdominal portions of Aorta and Inferior Vena
Cava
Potential Spaces
• Found between two membranes normally pressed firmly
together
– not physically attached, may separate, and fill with fluid
in unusual situations
• Examples
– pleural cavity // air or fluid can accumulate between
parietal and visceral pleura forming a space
– uterus // in a non-pregnant uterus, mucous
membranes of walls are in contact
Functions of the 11 Organ Systems
•
Protection, Support, and Movement
– Integumentary System
– Skeletal System
– Muscular System
•
Internal Communications & Integration
– Nervous System
– Endocrine System
•
Fluid Transport
– Circulatory System
– Lymphatic System
•
Defense
– Immune (Lymphatic System)
•
Input and Output
– Respiratory System
– Urinary System
– Digestive System
•
Reproduction
– Reproductive System
Anatomical Terminology (ventral)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)
Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)
Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Pectoral r.
Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)
Umbilical r.
Antebrachial r.
(forearm)
Abdominal r.
Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Lower limb:
Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
(b) Anterior (ventral)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Anatomical Terminology (dorsal)
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Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)
(d) Posterior (dorsal)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Superficial Anatomy (female)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Platysma
Trapezius m.
Clavicle
Deltoid m.
Pectoralis major m.
Cephalic v.
Breast
Biceps brachii m.
External abdominal
oblique m.
Sheath of rectus
abdominis m.
Umbilicus
Anterior superior
spine of ilium
Inguinal ligament
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Sartorius m.
Mons pubis
Femoral vein
Adductor longus m.
Great saphenous vein
Gracilis m.
Vastus lateralis m.
Rectus femoris m.
Visceral Anatomy (male) 1
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Internal jugular v.
External jugular v.
Omohyoid m.
Clavicle
Internal
intercostal mm.
External
intercostal mm.
Costal
cartilages
Common
carotid a.
Sternum
Subscapularis m.
Coracobrachialis m.
Lung
Pericardium
Pleura
Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
External abdominal
oblique m.
Internal abdominal
oblique m.
Transverse abdominal m.
Greater omentum
Large
intestine
Urinary bladder
Penis
Scrotum
Femoral n.
Femoral a.
Femoral v.
Visceral Anatomy (male) 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Thyroid gland
Brachial nerve plexus
Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Aortic arch
Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus
Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart
Lobes of lung
Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Penis (cut)
Pectineus m.
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Dorsal Body Wall (female)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right common carotid a.
Right subclavian a.
Left common
carotid a.
Left subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
External
intercostal m.
Ribs
Internal
intercostal m.
Thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Diaphragm
Abdominal aorta
Quadratus
lumborum m.
Intervertebral disc
Lumbar vertebra
Iliac crest
Psoas major m.
Ilium
Iliacus m.
Sacrum
Gluteus medius m.
Anterior superior
spine of ilium
Brim of pelvis
Rectum
Vagina
Urethra
Adductor magnus m.
Femur
Gracilis m.
Adductor longus m.
Adductor brevis m.
Median Section of the Head
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Scalp
Cranium
Cerebrum
Frontal sinus
Brainstem
Nasal cavity
Cerebellum
Palate
Oral cavity
Foramen magnum
of skull
Tongue
Spinal cord
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Vertebral column
Vocal cord
Larynx
Intervertebral discs
Trachea
Esophagus
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Dissection of Thoracic Cavity
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Internal jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Nerves
Lungs
Ribs
Heart
Diaphragm
© McGraw-Hill Companies
Transverse Section of Thorax
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Anterior
Pectoralis
major m.
Fat of breast
Sternum
Ventricles
of heart
Ribs
Pericardial
cavity
Right lung
Esophagus
Atria of heart
Aorta
Vertebra
Left lung
Spinal cord
Pleural cavity
Posterior
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Dissection of Abdomen
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Lung
Diaphragm
Transverse colon
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Mesenteric
arteries and veins
Mesentery
Descending colon
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Transverse Section of Abdomen
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Duodenum
Anterior
Stomach
Subcutaneous
fat
Rectus
abdominis m.
Large
intestine
Superior mesenteric
artery and vein
Pancreas
Inferior vena cava
Liver
Kidney
Peritoneal cavity
Perirenal
fat of
kidney
Peritoneum
Aorta
Erector
spinae m.
Vertebra
Posterior
Spinal cord
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Median Section of Male Pelvic Region
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Urinary bladder
Sigmoid colon
Pubic symphysis
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Penis:
Root
Bulb
Rectum
Anal canal
Shaft:
Corpus
cavernosum
Anus
Corpus
spongiosum
Epididymis
Scrotum
Glans
Testis
(a) Male
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
Median Section of Female Pelvic Region
Vertebra
Red bone marrow
Mesentery
Intervertebral disc
Small intestine
Sacrum
Sigmoid colon
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Urethra
Vagina
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
Labium minus
Prepuce
Labium majus
(b) Female
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections