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Astronomy Notes: Deep Space Hubble overview: http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy and Journey to a Black Hole: http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/home.html and then http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations to do the following: planet impact, mission mastermind, Hubble Deep Field Academy, Telescopes from the Ground up, Galaxies from the Ground Up, and No Escape: The truth about black holes I. The Universe: Universe is all known matter and energy. Age: est. 13.7 billion years old http://aether.lbl.gov/Images/nowmap.jpg http://planck.cf.ac.uk/files/images/PLANCK_FSM_03_Black_Regions_v02_B.preview.j pg Formation: The Big Bang Theory 1.In the beginning was….???? Sphere of energy???? Time and space did not exist 2.the energy became unstable and exploded…. 3.energy cooled over the first million years, and subatomic matter formed 4.hydrogen formed….lots of it 5.first stars formed from hydrogen: stars began thermonuclear fusion: turning hydrogen into helium in the core: E=mc2 6.over time, stars gathered together in galaxies of millions to billions of stars 7.our galaxy is the Milky Way Galaxy: draw it here http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/cosmic_collision http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/piercing_the_sky/resources.php 8.the local cluster of galaxies is ours and about 20 others. The local Supercluster contains hundreds of galaxies. 9.The universe continues to expand. (We are NOT sure what shape the universe is. We cannot see the ‘end’….we don’t know what exists ‘outside’ the universe.) quasars Dark matter and energy: theoretical concepts: we’re ‘missing’ 90% of the universe….. 10. Evidence of an expanding universe: a. Doppler Effect: most galaxies show red shift : b. farthest galaxies show most shift http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/chapter28.cfm c. Cosmic Background Radiation: there is ‘extra’ energy in all sections of the ‘sky’ leftover from Big Bang http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/chapter28.cfm http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/cbr.html II. Stars: A. Stars are spheres capable of thermonuclear fusion: (creating new elements by smashing smaller elements together.) 1. Temperature and color: Hot stars are blue, cool stars are red 2. Luminosity (absolute magnitude): star’s TRUE brightness compared to the sun: big stars are bright, dwarf stars are dim. Composition of the star: Spectra tells us that, because each element has its own spectral fingerprint. http://www.astro.ubc.ca/~scharein/a311/Sim/hr/HRdiagram.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars B. Formation: gas and dust,( mostly hydrogen), from a nebula cools, coalesces, rotates and condenses. Fusion begins. C. Life Cycle: Protostar (from nebula) Main sequence (stable) Uses up hydrogen, expands and cools Either novas or supernovas Becomes either white dwarf, neutron star or black hole, depending on how much mass it had. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/chapter28.cfm D. H-R Diagram: Temperature vs. luminosity chart. Page 15 of ESRT: shows 4 main classes of stars. http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/HR.html Our Star: the sun is our star. It is a smallish, cool Main Sequence star. http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov Age: 4.6 billion years old Red Giant stage in 5 billion years. It will nova and become a white dwarf. Weird Stars: Cepheid variables, Pulsars, supergiants, brown dwarfs, cataclysmic variable stars III. Measuring Distances and Energy in Space: 1.Lightyear is the distance light travels in a year. Speed of light: 186, 000 miles/second (670, 000, 000 miles/hr) Lightyear :out 10 trillion km, (or about 6 trillion miles ) Nearest star to our solar system: Proxima Centauri 4.2 ly (lightyear): (one parsec). Parallax measures the shift of a star compared to background stars. Electromagnetic Spectrum: energy given off in transverse waves. P. 14 ESRT 2. All EME travels at the speed of light. Longer wavelengths = lower energy have low frequency Shorter wavelengths = more energy have higher frequency Our star (sun) gives off primarily visible light has a continuous spectrum of VISIBLE LIGHT Sun also gives off UV, infrared, and other wavelengths IV. Constellations: i. Stars that SEEM to be close together. People see an ‘image’ and make up stories ii. 88 recognized constellations (includes picture and space around/behind it) (Measured in Right Ascension and Declination from ecliptic) iii. Circumpolar constellations: p. 617 text and link to animation http://www.astronomy.ohiostate.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Movies/#circum iv. Big Dipper: p. 617 text v. Seasonal Constellations: p. 618-619 text and p. 714-715 text