Download Module two Words Things we know about words: These are things that

Module two
Words
Things we know about words:
These are things that every native speaker knows about words in their
language:
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Pronunciation
know / no
Meaning
baffled ~ puzzled
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Grammatical Category
big = adjective
Related forms
big ~ bigger ~ biggest
Things we may/not know about words:
These are things that are not necessarily part of every native speaker's
knowledge:
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Spelling
rhinoceros
Etymology
veal (French)
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Change in meaning
nice = foolish (in 1500)
wicked = great (Br. English)
Frequency
pupil vs. the
Spelling vs. Pronunciation
Traditional Lexical Categories
Content vs. Function Words
A main distinction often made about words is between :
Open vs. Closed Class Words
Another way of distinguishing between the same type words uses the classification of
What is a word
What is a word?
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You can easily assess that John kicked Tom is made up of 3 words.
You can also confidently say that the following items in Arabic are
words walad (‫)ولد‬, bint (‫)بنت‬, kursi (‫)كرسي‬.
Questions:
How many words are in A boy picks his friend's nose?
Is the instance of 'friend's' above the same as the one below?
That boy picks his friends' noses.
Comment: Different people may answer these questions differently.
What is a word
Words:

Written > spaces
o
o
o
But misleading
Compounds
 mother-in-law, looking glass
Simple or complex
 (friend, promised, carefully)
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Word = spoken entity!
o But, can you see any boundaries?
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In other languages:
o nitakupenda = I will you love
Concept of a word
The concept of a word is problematic. It is represented by the two following concepts:
Unit 2: Lexemes
In this unit, you will learn:
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Differences between words and lexemes
Homophones & Homographs
Definition of a lexeme
Representing lexemes
Lexemes and paradigms
The Citation Form
Words vs. Lexemes
Lexemes vs. Word Forms
An example of different word forms that belong to one (or the same) lexeme but have
different word forms:
friend, friends, friend’s, friends’
An example of different word forms that belong to different lexemes:
friendly, friendship, befriend, girlfriend
Written vs. Spoken forms
What is a lexeme
Lexemes are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abstract entities
Sets of word forms
Share meaning and grammatical category
Equivalent to a dictionary word
Example,
friend, friend’s, friends’ and friends’
(many word forms but one lexeme)
Similarly,
friendly, friendlier, friendliest
(many word forms but one lexeme)
However,
friend and friendly
(different word forms, and different lexemes)
Lexemes and Paradigms
Paradigm Definition:
Word forms belonging to a lexeme will form a paradigm
Examples of English Paradigms:
The Citation Form
Citation Form Definition:
is the form that is used to name a paradigm. For example,
o
o
SMELL (N.)
TO SMELL (V.)
Citation Form in different languages :
Citation form is different in different languages. For example,
o
o
o
English (V.) = TO EAT (infinitive)
French (V.) = Manger
Arabic (V.) = ?akal (‫( )أكل‬third person singular past)
Unit 3: Paradigms
In this unit, you will learn:
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What is a paradigm
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Predictive power of paradigms
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Principles in organizing paradigms
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Regular vs. irregular paradigms
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Subregularity
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Paradigms & morphological classes
Overview of paradigms
What is a paradigm?
1. A Lexeme may be realized into more than one word form.
2. These word forms will constitute a Paradigm.
3. The paradigm organization is governed by particular principles,
such as tense, number, gender, etc.
4. Once you know the organizing principles, you can predict the rest
of the members of the paradigm.
Organization Principles of Paradigms
Organization Principles of Paradigms
Gender:
Some languages rely on gender as an organizing principle. There are two
kinds of gender principles:
natural gender
English uses natural gender
Ex. This is a new car (no gender marking)
grammatical gender
Arabic uses grammatical gender
Ex. haadi sayyaar-a jadiid-a (‫)هذه سيارة جديدة‬
(this(f.) new(f.) car(f.))
Organization Principles of Paradigms
+/- principles in a paradigm:
Some lexemes may make use of more or less principles of a paradigm
Examples:
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More = TO BE:
be, been, being, am, is, are, was, were
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Less = To Have
have, has, had
Predictive Power of Paradigms – Latin
Predictive Power of Paradigms
The Jabberwocky:
Paradigms do not only help us fill in gaps – but also to abstract meaning
..
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All the mimsy were the borogroves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.'
Carroll 1862
You know ‘toves’ must be a noun since it occupies the syntactic slot of a
noun and it carries the plural morpheme {-s pl}.
Regular vs. Irregular Verb Paradigms
Regular Verb Paradigms:
Root Form
Play
Walk
Dance
Present Tense
Plays
Walks
Dances
Present Tense
Play
Walk
Dance
Past Tense
Played
Walked
Danced
Present Participle
Playing
Walking
Dancing
Past Participle
Played
Walked
Danced
Irregular Verb Paradigms:
Root Form
Run
Eat
Sleep
Drink
Teach
Past Tense
Ran
Ate
Slept
Drank
Taught
am/are, is, be, was/were, being, been
Regular vs. Irregular Noun Paradigms
Regular Noun Paradigms:
Regular
Paradigms
Singular
Cat
Dog
Pen
Teacher
Plural
Cats
Dogs
Pens
Teachers
Irregular Noun Paradigms:
Singular
Mouse
Woman
Child
Foot
Plural
Mice
Women
Childern
Feet
Irregular Paradigms
Regular Paradigms in Arabic
Arabic plural system:
Singular
Regular Arabic Paradigms (Masculine)
muhandis
‫مهندس‬
mudarris
‫مدرس‬
Plural
muhandisiin mudarrisiin
‫مهندسين‬
‫مدرسين‬
Singular
muhanidsa
‫مهندسة‬
Regular Arabic Paradigms (Feminine)
Plural
mudarrisa
‫مدرسة‬
mumarriD
‫ممرض‬
mumarriDiin
‫ممرضين‬
mumarriDa
‫ممرضة‬
muhandisaat mudarrisaat mumarriDaat
‫مهندسات‬
‫مدرسات‬
‫ممرضات‬
Irregular Paradigms in Arabic
Arabic plural system:
Singular
Irregular Arabic Paradigms
(Masculine)
Plural
Singular
Irregular Arabic Paradigms (Feminine)
Plural
taajir
‫تاجر‬
daktoor
‫دكتور‬
?sad
‫أسد‬
tujjaar
‫تجّار‬
dakatraa
‫دكاترة‬
?usuud
‫أسود‬
waraga
‫ورقة‬
shanTa
‫شنطة‬
warda
‫وردة‬
?awraag
‫أوراق‬
shinaT
‫شنط‬
wuruud
‫ورود‬
Subregularity
Within the irregular paradigm you find clusters of subregularity.
For example,
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ring - rang, swim - swam, drink - drank, etc.
keep - kept, sleep - slept, dream - dreamt, weep - wept, etc.
hit - hit, cut - cut, let - let, shut - shut, put - put, etc.
Subregularity clusters around morphological classes
For example, french verbs:
Manger
-er verbs
Tendre
-re verbs
Subir
-ir verbs
They are one lexical category (i.e. verb), but form different
morphological classes
Arabic Morphological Classes
Arabic Morphological Classes:
are grouped based on the sound system rather than pure morphological
structure.
CuCCaaC:
gumSaan (‫)قمصان‬, xurfaan (‫)خرفان‬, Hunshaan (‫)حنشان‬,
durjaan (‫)درجان‬
?CCaaC:
?glaam (‫)أقالم‬, ?’laam (‫)أعالم‬, ?flaam (‫)أفالم‬
CiCuuC:
jiyuub (‫)جيوب‬, biyuut (‫)بيوت‬, ziyuut (‫)زيوت‬
CaCaaCiC:
masaajid (‫)مساجد‬, malaa’ig (‫)مالعق‬, maTaa’im (‫)مطاعم‬,
mafaarish (‫)مفارش‬, etc.
muftaaH (‫ )مفتاح‬- mafaatiiH (‫)مفاتيح‬, shubaak (‫ )شبّاك‬shabaabiik (‫)شبابيك‬,
musmaar (‫ )مسمار‬- masaamiir (‫)مسامير‬, garuura (‫ )قارورة‬gawaariir (‫)قاورير‬,
CaCaaCiiC:
tanuura (‫ )تنورة‬- tanaaniir (‫)تنانير‬, faatuura (‫ )فاتورة‬fawaatiir (‫)فواتير‬,
sakiina (‫ )سكينة‬- sakaakiin (‫)سكاكين‬, kabriit (‫ )كبريت‬kabaariit (‫)كباريت‬