Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Rare Biosphere - Census of Marine Life Secretariat
Document related concepts
Microorganism wikipedia , lookup
Disinfectant wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial morphological plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Human microbiota wikipedia , lookup
Phospholipid-derived fatty acids wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
International Census of Marine Microbes Explore the diversity, relative abundance, and environmental context of all microbial life forms in the oceans Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Viruses International - Global Coverage Competitive Tag Sequencing - 869 samples 660 completed ~13.5 million tag sequences Final Data set will exceed 18 million tag sequences Microbial Population Structure of the World’s Ocean Arctic Chukchi Beaufort Amazon-Guianas Water Lau Hydrothermal Vent Anaerobic Protist Project Amundsen Sea Antarctica Azorean Shallow Vents Azores Waters Project Blanes Microbial Observatory Baltic Sea Proper Black Sea Redox Census Antarctic Marine Cariaco Basin Caribbean Coral Bacteria Deep Subseafloor Sediment Coastal Microbial Mats Coastal New England Coral Reef Sediment Deep Arctic Ocean Deep Ocean Flux Deep Sea Eukarya Frisian Island Sylt Guaymas Methane Seeps Gulf of Aqaba Global Protist Survey Hood Canal Washington Hawaii Ocean Time-Series IOMM Cooperative Run Gulf of Maine LaCAR Cooperative Run Lost City Mount Hope Bay Helgoland New Zealand Sediment Ocean Drilling Project English Channel Surreptitious Algal Bacteria Station M Sediments Sponges Spatial Scaling Diversity Humboldt Marine Ecosystem Black Sea Phenotypic Diversity Named species: Bacteria and Archaea: 9,000 Protists: 200,000 Microbial creatures of untold diversity dominate every corner of our biosphere. Estimates of 10 - 100 X diversity of animals. The number of different kinds of bacteria in the oceans could eclipse 5 to 10 million Deep Sequencing Total Unique V6 Tag Sequences Total OTUs at 3% Difference Chao1 Estimator of Richness at 3% Difference ACE Estimator of Richness at 3% Difference Bacteria Archaea 30,108 18,537 5,979 1,931 36,869 37,038 2,754 2,678 Huber et al. 2007 Science Evenness FS312 Axial Sea Mount - Mkr 52 Difuse Flow FS312 Axial Sea Mount - Bag City Difuse Flow 112R 550 M -25.000°E, 50.400°N 115R 4,121 M -25.000°E, 50.400°N Acidobacteria Soil-Kellogg-5 species Soil-Kellogg-no plants Marine vs. Soil Evenness Actinobacteria Firmicutes Deferrebacteres Cyanobacteria Chloroflexi Bacteroidetes Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospira Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Verrucomicrobiae Abundance How many microbes can you find in a few drops of seawater? ~ 1,000,000 Bacteria ~ 1,000,000 Archaea ~10-10,000 Protists ~10,000,000 Viruses 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Microbial Cells in the Ocean Visualization http://vamps.mbl.edu Detection of Anthropogenic Impacts Human fecal profile Lake Water Bacteroidetes Firmicutes Combined Sewage overflow Detection of Anthropogenic Impacts Human fecal profile 1001 1101 1201 Firmicutes 1301 1401 1501 1601 1701 1801 1901 2001 Lake Water Combined Sewage overflow 2101 Concept of the Rare Biosphere • Low abundance taxa in rank-ordered, taxon abundance curves • Microbial abundance curves are “long-tail distributions” Taxon-rank distribution curve High Abundance for microbial communities Populations Low Abundance Populations The Rare Biosphere • • • The tail is much greater than previously known Diversity eclipses all prior estimates of •Bacterial, Archaeal and Eukaryl diversity Never-before-seen populations Explaining the Rare Biosphere • Biogeography • Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic sites Global Distribution of Abundant Tags Explaining the Rare Biosphere • • • • • Biogeography Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic sites Keystone species Always rare - possibly slow growing or dormant Persistently rare but capable of becoming abundant “Seed” organisms Genomic novelty • Analogous to heterozygosity in animals or plants • Products of historical ecological change? • Responders to environmental shifts May serve as sentinel for global change Limits to Knowledge Operational issues for the Rare Biosphere: •Definition of microbial diversity - key data •Start and length of the long tail •Existence of viral, archaeal and eukaryl Rare Biosphere •Tools necessary to define limits of the rare biosphere •Criteria for targeting studies of rare biosphere members Questions about the Rare Biosphere and how can we seek answers? •Is the Rare Biosphere globally distributed? or does the Rare biosphere reflect dispersal from endemic sites? •Does membership in the Rare Biosphere shift across different spatial/temporal scales? •What mechanisms determine membership in the Rare Biosphere? •Why is there a rare biosphere? •Do microbes in the rare biosphere compete for niche space? •Is the rare biosphere a nearly unlimited source of genetic information that can transfer between microbial populations? •How important are reservoirs in protecting microbial diversity? •Do rare organisms have a selective advantage? •Are there specific mechanisms that allow low-abundance populations to become dominant in response to environmental shifts? •How does the rare biosphere shape the environment past, present and future? •How might rare organisms impact human health and well being? •Can the rare biosphere serve as a sentinel for global change? •Do rare microbes play a key role in preserving biodiversity? Acknowledgements ICoMM Scientific Organizing Committee: Mitchell Sogin Jan de Leeuw David Patterson Lucas Stal Gerhard Herndl Stefan Schouten ICoMM Secretariat: Linda Amaral-Zettler ICoMM IT Specialist: Phillip Neal Anne Thessen ICoMM Scientific Advisory Council: John Baross (Chair) Robert Andersen Felipe Artigas Antje Boetius D. Chandramohan Kazuhiro Kogure Carlos Pedros-Alio Francisco Rodriguez-Valera ICoMM 454 participants: Paula Aguiar David Kirchman Robert Andersen Connie Lovejoy Felipe Artigas Els Maas Stefan Bertilsson Ana Martins Christina Bienhold Alison Murray Henk Bolhuis Jan Pawlowski William Brazelton Martin Polz David Caron Thomas Pommier D. Chandramohan Anton Post Andrei Chistoserdov James Prosser Marco Coolen Alban Ramette Mark Dennett Michael Rappe Steve D’Hondt Anna-Louise Slava Epstein Reysenbach Katrina Edwards Gabrielle Rocap Rima Franklin Juliette Rooney-Varga Eric Gaidos James Staley Victor Ariel Gallardo Thorsten Stoeck Gunnar Gerdts Shinichi Sunagawa Jack Gilbert Andreas Teske Koji Hamasaki Michael Wagner Julie Huber Gordon Webster David Karl Patricia Yager
