Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Anesthetic Drugs Pharmacology Chapter 23 1. For centuries, the South American Indians chewed the leaves of the coca bush for their euphoric effect. Cocaine, which is derived from these leaves, was recognized as a topical anesthetic drug in 1880 and is still used as a topical anesthetic and vasoconstrictor drug for ENT procedures. For many years, synthetic substitutes for cocaine were sought. This led to the discovery of procaine(Novocain), the prototype of local anesthetic drugs. In 1772, nitrous oxide (N2O) was discovered. Rather than being utilized as anesthetic drug, it was inhaled at social parties to produce euphoria and was commonly known as laughing gas. Nitrous oxide was not recognized as an inhaled drug that could produce general anesthesia until the 1860s. In 1846, William Morton, a Boston dentist, recognized that inhaled ether could produce general anesthesia. He gave the first public demonstration of surgery performed under ether anesthesia at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1874, Dr. Oré of France demonstrated the first use of intravenous anesthetic drugs during surgery. In 1920, the technique of endotracheal intubation was perfected. This allowed greater control of patient ventilation and anesthetic administration during surgical procedures. In 1935, thiopental (Pentothal), a barbiturate drug, was found to rapidly induce general anesthesia when given intravenously. It is still used today. Lidocaine (Xylocaine), the most widely used topical, local, regional, and spinal anesthetic drug, was introduced in 1948. 2. Anesthesia: The absence of feeling, sensation, or pain. Epidural anesthesia: Injection of an anesthetic drug into the epidural space. General anesthesia: Anesthesia with loss of consciousness. Induction of anesthesia: A preliminary step to general anesthesia in which the patient is first given drugs to produce rapid loss of consciousness. Regional anesthesia: Injection of an anesthetic drug near a nerve plexus. Also known as nerve block anesthesia. 3. MPF stands for methylparaben free. Methylparaben, a preservative with antibiotic and antifungal effects, is often present in liquid anesthetic drugs that are in vials or ampules. Some patients have an immediate and severe allergic reaction to methylparaben, and so it has been eliminated from some anesthetic drugs. Those anesthetic drugs that do not contain methylparaben are labeled MPF. 4. Because epinephrine is a powerful vasoconstrictor drug, local injection is contraindicated in the fingers; the blood supply there is limited and excessive vasoconstriction from epinephrine could lead to necrosis and skin sloughing. 5. [Only need to name five.] Categories of drugs given preoperatively are antihistamine drugs (to provide sedation and dry up oral secretions), anticholinergic drugs (block the action of acetylcholine and decrease oral secretions), benzodiazepine Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc. Anesthetic Drugs Pharmacology Chapter 23 antianxiety drugs (to relieve anxiety and provide sedation), narcotic drugs (to relieve pain and provide sedation), barbiturate drugs (to produce sedation), and antipsychotic drugs (to decrease anxiety). 6. The short duration of use of Schedule III barbiturate drugs for induction of Anesthesia limits their addictive potential. 7. Ultrashort-acting barbiturate drugs depress the central nervous system. Narcotic drugs combine with opiate receptors in the brain to block pain; at higher doses, they produce unconsciousness. 8. Desflurane (Suprane), enflurane (Ethrane), halothane, isoflurane (Forane), and sevoflurane (Ultane) are inhaled anesthestic gases. 9. Neuromuscular blocker drugs block nerve transmissions throughout the body, reduce resistance to endotracheal intubation, and produce skeletal muscle relaxation. 10. a. inhaled anesthetic gas b. narcotic drug c. inhaled anesthetic gas d. antihistamine drug e. anesthetic drug for local, regional, spinal, or epidural anesthesia f. narcotic drug g. ultrashort-acting barbiturate drug h. narcotic drug i. neuromuscular blocker drug Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education Inc.