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Latin I Notebook Ch 1 & 2 notes *Nouns ending in –a change to –ae in the plural *s/he/it verbs ending in –t change to –nt in the plural [they]note→ facit/ faciunt, scribit/ scribunt, legit/ legunt, est/ sunt number: singular or plural noun: person, place, thing, idea adjective: describes noun/ pronoun pronoun: replaces a noun verb: action/ state of being adverb: describes verb, adjective, other adverb conjunction: joins words, phrases, & sentences complement: “completes” idea/ action of sentence ex. predicate nominative derivative: English word that comes from Latin Romance language: modern language descended from Latin →English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian Ch 1& 2 ex Names Notes: see other doc Ch 3 & 4 notes gender: masculine, feminine, neuter, both m/f case: ending on noun/ adjective that tells use in sentence direct object: receives action of verb; answer who/ what? complement nominative case: names/ refers to subject accusative case: direct object or objects of some prepositions 1f 2m 3 m or f nom a us, r ------acc am um em pl nom ae i es acc as os es Ch 3&4 ex Dress Notes (see other doc) Ch 5&6 notes infinitive: unconjugated verb *2nd dictionary listing *Latin ones usually end in –re * translate “to ___” * complement [can have its own direct object ] conjugation: 1. writing out a verb’s forms with the different subjects [I run, you run, …] 2. a group of Latin nouns written out with their endings in the same way To identify conjugation (group): 1. go to dictionary, get infinitive, look at vowel before –re 2. if the vowel is… a = 1st conj.; ē =2nd; e =3rd; e and an –io ending in the 1st dictionary listing =3io; i =4; if none of these, verb is irregular ex. impersonal verb: supply “it” as subject [when the subject is not a specific neuter object!] ex. necesse est : it is necessary or est: it is [it’s] or there is verb list: singular [s/he/it]; pl [they]; infinitive [to___]; other seen forms 5&6 ex Ch 7&9 Review-Nouns Gender- masculine, feminine, both m/f, neuter (neither) Number –sing/ pl Case- ending on noun, adj, or pronoun that determines its use in sentence Noun-adjective agreement: adj agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, & case * Declension: group of nouns that use the same case endings * Identify declension: Look up noun in dictionary, get 2nd dictionary listing. Look at the ending If you see… ae=1st decl, i=2nd , is=3rd , ūs=4th, ei=5th Nominative case: subjects, and renaming subjects Accusative case: direct objects, objects of some prepositions * Ablative case: objects of some prepositions; if no preposition word, translate “by, with, from ____” * Preposition: describes relationship between 2 nouns, especially position Chart 1st decl fem. 2nd decl masc. 3rd decl. masc & fem Nominative A US or R ----------------------------------Accusative AM UM EM Ablative O E or (I) Ā Nominative pl AE I ES Accusative pl AS OS ES Ablative pl IS IS IBUS Prepositions- preposition word plus the object that follows it =prepositional phrase Accusative Both Ablative per in + acc: into, onto, against e/ex ad cum prope in + abl: in, on, among sub preposition box Myth notes: see other handout 7& 9 exercises Ch 8 & 10 Vocative case: used for direct address/ talking to someone "YOU" verbs, commands * vocative case looks exactly like the nominative singular & plural forms EXCEPT: 2nd declension -us -e [Marcus Marce] -ius-i [Cornelius Corneli, Gaius Gai] meus mi Pronoun: replaces a noun person: perspective of speaker to action 1st person [I, we] -speaker does action 2nd person [you] -speaker addresses doer of action 3rd person [he, she, it, they] -speaker talks about doer of action personal pronoun: pronoun that indicates person/ subject of verb English 1st 2nd 3rd singular I You He/ She/ It Irregular verb "to be" English singular 1st I am 2nd you are 3rd he/she/it is plural We You They Latin 1st 2nd 3rd singular Ego Tu Is, Ea, Id plural Nos Vos Ei, Eae, Ea plural we are you are they are esse Latin 1st 2nd 3rd singular sum es est plural sumus estis sunt * relatives of sum like adesse & abesse -add prefix to above forms Imperative verbs: commands * subject is implied "you" [tu/ vos] or a vocative noun * translate _____! To make an imperative verb: 1. get infinitive [2nd dictionary listing]; identify conjugation [a = 1st conj.; ē =2nd; e =3rd; e and an –io ending in the 1st dictionary listing =3io; i =4; if none of these, verb is irregular] 2. if singular: remove -re from infinitive 3. if plural: make singular/ remove -re from infinitive, then add -te [if verb is 3rd/ 3io conj., change e to i before adding -te 4. exceptions to rules above: dic, duc, fac, fer ["dic, duc, fac, and fer should have an e but it isn't there"], also irregular verbs 5. if negative- "Don't ___!" use noli (singular) or nolite (plural) with the infinitive ex. PRESENT TENSE VERBS tense: when a verb happens present tense: action happening now/ concurrent with talking about it present tense translation: "am/is/are ____ing; do/ does ____, ____(s)" Conjugating verbs -writing them out with all their subject forms/ endings *note: a Latin verb does NOT NEED an expressed pronoun/ noun as a subject -refer to its ending Latin person/ singular plural subject endings 1st -o or -m -mus 2nd -s -tis 3rd -t -nt "MOST MUST ISNT" M or O-S-T-MUS-TIS-NT To conjugate a Latin Verb: 1. get its infinitive [2nd dictionary listing], identify conjugation number[a = 1st conj.; ē =2nd; e =3rd; e and an –io ending in the 1st dictionary listing =3io; i =4; if none of these, verb is irregular] 2. a. if the verb is 1st or 2nd conj.remove -re from infinitive, add endings b. if the verb is 3rd conj., remove -re from infinitive, change e to i, add endings; use -unt c. if the verb is 3io conj., remove -re from infinitive, change e to i, add endings; use -iunt, -io d. if the verb is 4th conj., remove -re from infinitive, add endings; use -iunt, -io e. if the verb is irregular, we will cover it later, there are charts given in the back of the book for reference; see forms of sum above * the 1st person singular form [-m or -o] is ALWAYS given in the 1st dictionary listing Ch 8 & 10 ex Ch 11 & 12 Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative PLURAL Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative 1f A AE AE AM Ā XXXXXXXX AE ARUM IS AS IS 2m US/R I O UM O XXXXXXX I ORUM IS OS IS 2n UM I O UM O XXXXXXXX A ORUM IS A IS 3 m/f ----IS I EM E/ (I) XXXXXXXX ES (I)UM IBUS ES IBUS 3n ----IS I ----E/ (I) XXXXXXXXX (I)A (I)UM IBUS (I)A IBUS case: ending on a noun, adjective, or pronoun that determines its use in a sentence nominative: stating, renaming the subject genitive: [identifies declension & stem]; shows possession “of ___” or “_____’s” dative: indirect object; “to/ for ____” accusative: direct objects, object of some prepositions ablative: object of some prepositions; “by/ with/ from ___” vocative: direct address declension: group of nouns that use the same case endings stem: part of a word that you add endings to [constant] indirect object: receives direct object To identify declension: Look up noun in dictionary, get 2nd dictionary listing. Look at the ending If you see… ae=1st decl, i=2nd , is=3rd , ūs=4th, ei=5th To identify stem: 2nd dictionary listing; everything BEFORE the ending neuter nouns are always nominusative. All nouns are d/ablative in plural Founding of Rome notes- other 11 & 12 ex Ch 13 & 14 Verbs conjugation identify conjugation number person tense *imperfect tense translate the imperfect tense: ___ed; was/were/ kept __ing began/ used to ___ Form the imperfect tense: infinitive [2nd dictionary listing], -re, +ba+ m mus s tis t nt * if verb is 3io or 4th conj, need -ie- before -baex sum, esse: to be Present tense English 1st 2nd 3rd singular I am you are he/she/it is plural we are you are they are Latin 1st 2nd 3rd singular sum es est plural sumus estis sunt Imperfect tense English 1st 2nd 3rd singular I was you were he/she/it was possum, posse: to be able, can Present tense can English singular 1st I am able 2nd you are able he/she/it is able 3rd Imperfect tense could English singular 1st I was able 2nd you were able he/she/it was able 3rd plural we were you were they were Latin 1st 2nd 3rd era + ends singular eram eras erat plural we are able you are able they are able Latin 1st 2nd 3rd singular possum potes potest plural we were able you were able they were able Latin 1st 2nd 3rd pot + era + ends singular poteram poteras poterat plural eramus eratis erant plural possumus potestis possunt plural poteramus poteratis poterant abesse & adesse: add prefix to forms of sum Kings of Rome notes 1. Romulus-founding, laws, Sabine women 2. Numa Pompilius- laws, religion 3. Tullus Hostilius-wars [with Alba Longa], killed by lightning 4. Ancus Marcius-construction: walls, prison, bridge over Tiber [Pons Sublicius], Rome's seaport at Ostia 5. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus- fraud, murdered 6. Servius Tullius-organization: census, classes based on wealth, enlarged Rome to 7 hills, walls; murdered by daughter, wife of next king, and his supporters 7. Tarquinius Superbus- "Proud" sewer; temple of Jupiter on Capitoline, war; executed& ignored senators; rape of Lucretia-wife of Tarquinius Collatinus 509 BC- Republic founded; Brutus & Collatinus were 1st co-consuls Ch 15 Roman numerals I II III IV 1 2 3 4 (also IIII) XI XII XIII XIV 11 12 13 14 XXX XL L LX 30 40 50 60 V VI VII VIII IX X 5 6 7 8 9 10 CD D DC DCC DCCC 400 500 600 700 800 (also IIX) XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX 15 16 17 18 19 20 LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC 70 80 90 100 200 300 CM 900 * L→R: small before large, subtract small from large M 1000 * L→R: large then small, add them MM 2000 * only 3 letter repeats, except IIII (only 4 not others like 14) MMM 3000 * only 1 small before large, except IIX * after 3000 multipliers and words were used for numbers * Long mark over numeral multiplies by 1000 Ch 16 & 18: "Noun-Adjective Agreement" Review noun adjective gender number case nominative genitive dative accusative ablative vocative stem declension identify declension noun adjective look at adj's dictionary listings [MFN nom/sing. forms; nom/sing, gen/sing; see 2nd listing for stem] if us,a,um or er,a,um= 1st /2nd decl [use 1st decl for fem, 2nd for masc & neuter] bonus -a -um miser, misera, miserum if anything else =3rd omnis, -is, -e loquax, loquacis celer, celeris, celere all 3rd decl adj are i-stem--- use (i) ends [a noun is i-stem if the dict listing gives -ium as its gen. pl form] civis, civis, gen pl civium *noun-adjective agreement: same gender, number, case ... does not mean they will match visually/ have same spelling-ending To make an adjective agree with a noun [writing Latin] A. Noun 1. in dictionary, find gender & declension of noun 2. on noun chart [using info from #1], find possible case/ number combinations of given noun 3. record noun's gender, number, case B. Adjective 1. get adjective's declension [dictionary] 2. add noun's gen/#/case ending from ADJECTIVE'S declension to stem of adjective *remember, noun & adjective will agree in gen/#/case, but not necessarily declension To see if adj. agrees with a particular noun [reading Latin-usually adj is next to noun, but not always] 1. Find possible gen/#/case combinations of both noun & adj. [see A1-2 above]. 2. Do any combos match? yes, they agree; no, the adj describes something else. note on VISUAL MATCHES: a 1st or 2nd decl noun and a 1/2 adj will have SAME endings except -er/us in nom sing and e/i/r in voc sing; a 3rd decl noun and a 3 adj will have same ends except voc/nom sing, and i-stem ends (unless noun is also i-stem) Noun/Adj chart [p 267 ] 1st f. 2nd m. Nom. a ae us/r Gen. ae arum i Dat. ae is 2nd n. um a orum i orum is o is o is Acc. am as um os um Abl. ā o is o is i 3rd m&f --- 3rd n. es ------ (i)a (i)um is (i)um i ibus i ibus a em es ------- (i)a is e/(i) ibus e/(i) ibus Ch 17 -Irregular verbs Pres sum Impf eram Pres possum Impf poteram pres eo impf ibam es eras potes poteras is ibas est erat potest poterat it ibat sumus eramus possumus poteramus imus ibamus estis eratis potestis poteratis itis ibatis sunt erant possunt poterant eunt ibant Pres Impf Pres Impf pres impf volo volebam nolo nolebam fero ferebam vis volebas non vis nolebas fers ferebas vult volebat non vult nolebat fert ferebat nolumus nolebamus ferimus ferebamus volumus volebamus vultis volebatis non vultis nolebatis fertis ferebatis volunt volebant nolebant ferunt ferebant nolunt sum, esse, fui, futurus volo, velle, volui possum, posse, potui nolo, nolle, nolui eo, ire, ii or ivi, iturus fero, ferre, tuli, latus 3rd Qtr Ch 19/20 verb review person number tense present imperfect principal parts: verb's dictionary listings 1st: 1st pers. sing, present; -o or -m; I___ 2nd: [present active] infinitive; present stem; to ____ [or _____ing- gerund]; identify conjugation 3rd: perfect stem [-given i]; 1st pers. sing, perfect; -i; I [have]__ed/ did __ 4th: Perfect Passive Participle [PPP]; [having been] ___ed; 1st/2nd decl adj perfect tense: completed past action translate: ___ed, did _____, has/have ______ed form: perfect stem + i [3rd pr. pt -i] isti it imus istis erunt Ch 22/23 verb conjugation person number principal parts tense present imperfect perfect Future Tense: incomplete/ continuous action hasn't happened yet translate: will ___; shall ___; am/is/are going to ____ Form- 1st, identify conjugation if 1st/ 2nd: inf. -re + bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt ex: if 3rd: inf. -ere + am ēs et ēmus ētis ent ex: if 3io: inf. -ere + i + am ēs et ēmus ētis ent ex: if 4th: inf. -re + am ēs et ēmus ētis ent ex: *required long marks [keep i] Irregulars sum: ero eris erit eo: ibo ibis ibit volo: volam volēs volet erimus "will be" eritis "am/is/are going to be" erunt possum: potero poteris poterit poterimus "will be able" poteritis poterunt ibimus "will go" ibitis "am/is/are going to go" ibunt fero: feram ferēs feret ferēmus ferētis ferent nolo: nolam nolēs nolet nolēmus nolētis nolent volēmus volētis volent Ch 24 perfect system * comprises the perfect, pluperfect, & future perfect tenses * completed action *uses perfect stem [3rd pr.pt -i] * irregular verbs form regularly pluperfect tense: past action completed before another past action transl: had __ed form: perfect stem + eram eramus eras erat eratis erant future perfect tense: future action completed before another future action transl: will/ shall have ____ed; am/is/are going to have _____ed form: perfect stem + ero erimus eris eritis erit erint note: poteram ero fuero potero potueram eram fueram Ch 25 4th m/f 4th n 5th m/f Nom us us u ua es es Gen ūs uum ūs uum ei erum Dat ui ibus u ibus ei ebus Acc um us u ua em es Abl u ibus u ibus e ebus potuero