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GEOGRAPHY NOTES
CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
CLASS-X
2016-17
1. How are industries different from manufacturing industries?
Industries
Manufacturing Industries
Each and every activity by which we derive our The activity which transforms the raw material
livelihood is known as industry.
into the secondary good by processing is known
as manufacturing industry.
Industry is a wider concept and manufacturing It’s a narrower concept and a part of industry.
industry is a part of it.
E.g. Agriculture, manufacturing industries, trade, E.g. Cotton textile industry, jute textile industry,
transport and communication etc.
iron and steel industry etc.
2. How can we say that the manufacturing industry is considered as the backbone of any
economy?
 Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture by providing chemical fertilizers,
insecticides, pesticides and latest farm implements such as tractors, thrashers, harvesters,
combined harvesters etc.
 They also reduce the dependence of people on agriculture, by providing them jobs.
 Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our
country.
 Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring in much needed foreign
exchange.
 Countries that transform their raw materials into finished goods of higher value are said to be
more prosperous.
3. How can we say that agriculture and industry are inter-related with each other?
 The agro-industries in India have given a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity
 These industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and provides farmers with products
like PVC pipes, insecticides, fertilizers, irrigation pumps, etc
 Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has assisted agriculturists in
increasing their production and in making the production processes very effective.
4. Examine the contribution of industries to our national economy.
Over the last 2 decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of the GDP, out
of a total of 27% for industry, which includes 10% for mining, quarrying, gas and electricity.
5. List out the factors affecting location of an industry
The factors affecting industrial location are
 Availability of raw material
 Availability of cheap and abundant labour
 Availability of means of transport and communication
 Capital
 Power
 Proximity to market
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Availability of medical facilities
Availability of banking facilities
Security
6. What are agglomeration economies?
Most of the time, many industries come together to make use of the advantages offered by urban
centers. These are known as agglomeration economies.
7.
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List out the different bases of classifying industries.
On the basis of source of raw materials used
According to their main role
On the basis of capital investment
On the basis of ownership
Based on bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods
8. Briefly examine the different basis of classifying industries.
 On the basis of source of raw materials
o Agro based
 They are those industries which are based upon agriculture for their raw material
or,
 The industries which derive their raw material from agriculture or,
 The industries which use agricultural products as their raw materials.
 Example: cotton industry, jute industry, etc
o Mineral based
 They are those industries which are based upon minerals for their raw materials
or
 The industries which are dependent on mining for their raw materials or,
 The industries which use minerals as their raw materials.
 Example: Iron and steel, machine tools, etc
 According to their main role
o Basic or Key industries
 They are those industries which supply their final products in the form of raw
materials to the consumer goods industries or
 The industries whose final products act as raw material in the consumer goods
industries.
 Example: Iron and steel, copper smelting industries
o Consumer goods industries
 They produce goods for direct use by consumers
 Example: Sugar, toothpaste, etc
 On the basis of capital investment
o Small scale industries
 The industries which cover smaller geographical area, employ less number of
people, produce smaller amount of output and have smaller capital investment
(Less than 1 crore rupees) are known as small scale industries.
 Example: Bicycle industry, rice mill etc
o Large scale industries
 The industries which cover larger geographical area, employ larger number of
people, produce larger amount of output and have larger capital investment
(More than 1 crore rupees) are known as large scale industries.
 Example: Automobile, Iron and steel
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 On the basis of ownership:
o Private sector
 They are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals
 Example: TISCO, Dabur industries, etc
o Public sector
 They are owned by and operated by government agencies
 Example: BHEL, SAIL, etc
o Joint sector
 They are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals
 Example: OIL (Oil India Limited) is jointly owned by the public and private
sector
o Cooperative sector
 They are owned and operated by the producers and suppliers of raw materials,
workers, or both
 Example: AMUL
 Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods
o Heavy industries:
 Those industries which use heavy raw materials and produce bulky goods are
heavy industries
 Example: iron and steel industry
o Light industries:
 They are those industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods
 Example: electrical industries
9. Highlight the features of textile industry.
 Textile industry contributes significantly to industrial productivity on (14%), employment
generation (35 million people) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6%). Thus it occupies
a unique position in the Indian economy
 It contributes 4% to the GDP
 It is the only industry of India which is self reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw
material to highest value added product
10. Mention the important features of cotton textile industry
 There are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fiber textile mills in our country
 About 80% of these are in the private sector and the rest are in the public and cooperative sector
 Earlier, cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Gujarat and
Maharashtra
 While spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is
decentralized to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs in weaving cotton,
silk etc
11. Examine the problems faced by cotton textile industry
The problems faced by cotton textile industry are
 Power supply is erratic
 Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors
 Low output of Labour
 Stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry
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12. Give features of Jute textile industry
 India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter
after Bangladesh
 There are about 70 jute mills in India
 Most of these are located in West Bengal, along the banks of the Hoogly river in a narrow belt
13. Why are most of our Jute mills located along Hoogly River?
Factors responsible for this location are
 Proximity of the jute producing areas
 Inexpensive water transport
 It is supported by a good network of railways, roadway waterways to facilitate movement of
raw material to the mills
 It has abundant water for processing raw jute
 Cheap Labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh
14. Examine the problems faced by Jute industries
The challenges faced by the Jute industries are
 Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic fibers (substitutes)
 Stiff competition from other producers like Brazil and Bangladesh
15. Give features of Sugar industry
 India stands as the world’s second largest sugar producer but first in the production of Gur and
Khandsari
 There are over 460 sugar mills in our country spread out over Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Maharashtra and other states including Punjab.
 About 60% of the mills are situated in Maharashtra and Bihar
 As this industry is seasonal in nature, it belongs to the cooperative sector
16. Why are the sugar mills shifting from North Indian states to Southern and West Indian
states?
This is because
 The cane produced here have higher sucrose content
 They have cooler climates ensuring longer crushing season
 The cooperative sectors are more successful in these states
17. What are the major challenges faced by the sugar industry
 Seasonal nature
 Old and inefficient methods of production
 Delay in transport of cane to mills
 Need to maximize the use of baggase
18. Give features of Iron and Steel industry
 Iron and Steel industry is a basic industry because all the other industries, heavy, medium and
light depend on it for their machinery
 Today, India produces 32.8 million tonnes of steel and ranks 9th in the world producers of crude
steel. It ranks first in the production of sponge iron
 Though India produces a large amount of steel, its per capita consumption per annum is only 32
kilograms
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19. Why are Iron and Steel industries located in Chottanagpur plateau?
This is because Low cost of Iron ore
 High grade raw materials in proximity
 Cheap labor
 Vast growth potential in home market
20. Examine the four main problems faced by the Iron and Steel industry in India
 High costs and limited availability of coking coal
 Lower productivity of labor
 Irregular power supply
 Poor infrastructure
21. State the features of Aluminium Smelting industry.
 Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry of India.
 There are 8 Aluminium smelting plants in India. They are located at Orissa (NALCO AND
BALCO), West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh
 In 2004, India produced over 600 million tonnes of Aluminium
22. Examine the factors essential for setting up an Aluminum smelting industry
 Regular electricity supply
 Assured supply of raw materials at minimum cost
23. Give features of chemical industries
 They contribute 3 % of the GDP
 It is the third largest in Asia and 12th in the world with respect to size
 Rapid growth has been noticed in the organic and inorganic sectors
24. Briefly examine organic and inorganic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
 These include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture dyestuff, synthetic fibers, fertilizers etc),
nitric acid, soda ash (used to manufacture glass, paper and detergent) and caustic soda
 Inorganic chemical plants are spread throughout the country
Organic chemicals
 These include petrochemicals used in manufacturing synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, dye stuff,
plastic and pharmaceuticals
 Organic chemical plants are situated near refineries or petrochemical plants
25. Give features of fertilizer industry
 Indian fertilizer industry mainly concentrates in development of nitrogenous fertilizers (Urea),
phosphatic fertilizers, ammonium sulphate and complex fertilizers containing N,K and P
 Potash is fully imported as India does not have its reserve and also does not have commercially
exploitable potassium compounds
 There are 57 plants producing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilizers, 29 for Urea and
9 for ammonium sulphate. 69 units produce single superphosphate
26. Why is the demand for cement rising in our country?
 It is seen that there is a large scale migration of people from rural areas to urban areas, which
has resulted in an increased demand for houses
 Also, due to industrial growth, the government has to improve its infrastructure.
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27. Suggest some measures to control environmental degradation.
 By minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages
 By harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements
 By treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds
28. How can industrial effluents be treated?
 Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases Primary treatment by mechanical means which involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation
 Secondary treatment by biological process
 Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes which involves recycling of
waste water
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