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Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Basic Characteristics of Ecosystems • Sustained life on Earth is a characteristic of ecosystems, not of individual organisms or populations • Structure: – Living (Ecological Communities) – Non-living • Processes – Cycling of chemical elements – Flow of energy • Change (Succession) Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Ecological Communities and Food Chains • Ecological Communities are defined in 2 ways: – 1. A set of interacting species that occur in the same place • Food chains, food webs, trophic levels (autotrophs) – A set of species found in one area Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Food Chains and Food Webs • A Terrestrial Food Chain – 4 trophic levels: • • • • Autotrophs Herbivores Carnivores Decomposers – People are omnivores • An Oceanic Food Chain • The Food Web of the Harp Seal Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e The Community Effect • Species interact directly and indirectly • Community-level interactions • Keystone species – Have large effects on it’s community or ecosystem – Its removal changes the basic nature of the community • Holistic View Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
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