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Occupational Therapy from 1940-1969 (Genevieve Cyrs, Claire Kelly, Allie Taylor, Patricia Wong) Occupational Practical Transition -In the 1940’s, self-repair through activity was discounted in favor of applications that had more of a base in psychology, physiology and anatomy. -By the 1950’s, the assimilation of Medical Model ideals into occupational therapy practice became the Mechanistic Paradigm -Practice of splinting and prescribing adaptive devices flourished as well as discrete analysis of requirements needed for activity -Emphasis was placed on the patient returning to healthy functioning and therapy treatments were meant to evoke subconscious feelings to resolve issues -Knowledge of how internal processes and body structure informed disability and function expanded -By the end of the 1960’s, the changes in therapeutic approach had thrown practice into conflict. A realization that the profession needed to ameliorate its differences was recognized General Changes in Occupational Therapy -Stricter guidelines for occupational therapy schools -Moved away from the Arts and Crafts Movement and focused on attitudes toward work Social Context -World War II initiates increase of occupational therapy schools, gives military status to occupational therapists, & promotes OT recognition -Civil Rights Movement: equality among races -Women’s Liberation: women in the workforce -Baby Boom: huge population growth that contributes to senior population in near future -Polio epidemic leaves many baby boomers paralyzed Medical Model -The practice of medicine compartmentalized, encouraging the dehumanization of patients by reducing illness into measurable units, comparing malfunction with broken parts that needed replacement -Emphasis on the application of sophisticated technical knowledge to identify and eliminate or contain disease or trauma to the individual -Pros: scientific forefront, association with medicine, common language with medical professionals -Cons: reductionist, how do you treat long-term problems? Medical Advances -Introduction of antibiotics on mass scale (penicillin, streptomyocin) -Vaccinations (polio) eradicate many diseases -Federal regulations regarding delivery of health care & funding for medical research -Better sanitation in health care facilities -Longer life expectancy results World Federation of Occupational Therapists -Established in 1952 -Mission: to spread knowledge of the field & promote international cooperation of occupational therapists -Five program areas include: education & research, standards & quality, international cooperation, executive programs, and promotion & development Important Figures -Wilma West: founder of American Occupational Therapy Foundation, advocated for OTs as “health agents” - Helen Willard & Clare Spackman: publish the first occupational therapy textbook -Howard Rusk: promoted awareness of importance of rehabilitation -Mary Reilly: re-evaluation of Mechanistic Model, wanted an interdisciplinary approach -A. Jean Ayres- developed sensory integration approach -Elizabeth Yerxa: advocate of client choices in purposeful activities -Gail Fidler: advocated that occupational therapists should learn concepts rather than just technical skills, Implications for Practice Today -Baby boomers are reaching old age -Deinstitutionalization of mental hospital integrates former patients into society -Occupation based therapy -Empowerment movements of time informed and led to concepts of client-centered therapy -Association with medicine/ science based practice -Specializations in occupational therapy -Increased use of assistive technology