Download Ch. 29, World War II and its aftermath 1931-1955

CH. 29, WORLD WAR II AND ITS AFTERMATH 1931-1955
Focus Question:
How did aggressive world powers emerge, and what
did it take to defeat them during World War II ?
CH. 29, SEC. 1, FROM APPEASEMENT TO WAR
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Aggression Goes Unchecked:
Japan overruns Manchuria in 1931 and Eastern China in 1937
Italy Invades and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936
Hitler Remilitarizes Germany in 1930s
Hitler moves troops into the “demilitarized” Rhineland bordering France
• Appeasement: policy of giving in to an aggressor’s demands in order to keep the
peace. Western democracies adopted this policy.
• Pacifism: opposition to all war. Western democracies adopted this policy after
the Great Depression.
CH. 29, SEC. 1, FROM APPEASEMENT TO WAR
• Neutrality Acts: a series of acts passed by the U.S. Congress from
1935 to 1939 that aimed to keep the U.S. from becoming involved
in WWII.
• Spain Collapses into Civil War in 1936, started by conservative
General Francisco Franco.
- Fascists, Nationalists, Germany. And Italy helped Franco
- Loyalists, Communists, Socialists, and Russia opposed him
- 1939 Franco wins and he creates a Fascist dictatorship
CH. 29, SEC. 1, FROM APPEASEMENT TO WAR
• German Aggression Continues: Hitler declares “Aryan race”
superior to all others.
- Anschluss: union of Austria and Germany, Hitler annexes Austria,
in 1938.
- Sudetenland: a region of western Czechoslovakia, September 1938
to appease Hitler ,British and French leaders agree to let him annex
it provided he agrees to go no further, Hitler agrees.
- March 1939, Hitler breaks his promise takes the rest of
Czechoslovakia. Allies finally react promise to protect Poland.
CH. 29, SEC. 1, FROM APPEASEMENT TO WAR
• Nazi-Soviet Pact: agreement between Germany and the Soviet
Union in 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each
other and to divide up land in Eastern Europe.
• September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland, two days later Britain
and France declare war on Germany. World War II begins!
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Blitzkrieg: Hitler’s “lightning war”, using improved tank and
airpower technology.
• Luftwaffe: German air force.
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Allied Aircraft:
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Improved German Tanks:
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Allied Tanks:
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• April 1940 Hitler invades Norway, Denmark
• May 10,1940 Hitler invades France bypasses the Maginot Line!
• June 22, 1940 France surrenders!
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Dunkirk: port in France from which 300,000 Allied troops were
evacuated when their retreat by land was cut off by the German
advance. May 27 to June 4 1940.
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Vichy: city in central France where a puppet state governed
unoccupied France and the French colonies.
• Operation Sea Lion: Hitler’s plan for the invasion of Britain.
• Germany launches the Blitz,
for 57 straight nights, Hitler’s Airforce
bombed Britain. Much of London is
destroyed but the Germans fail to
take Britain.
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• General Erwin Rommel: “Desert Fox” placed in charge of German
troops in Africa, after Italy’s troops beaten by British.
Rommel has a string of successes in 1941 and 1942.
• June 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union, with force of 3
million men. Soviet army fights delaying action and waits for
“General Winter.” Thousands of German soldiers froze to death.
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Hitler’s “New Order”
• Concentration Camps: detention center for civilians considered
enemies of the state. Nazis send Jewish people, and millions of
Polish and Soviet Slavs to work as slave laborers.
• Holocaust: the systematic genocide of about six million European
Jews by the Nazis during WWII. Nearly six million other people are
killed also. Hitler opens Death Camps!
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Japan’s Brutal Conquest: attacks China, Malaysia, Philippines.
• Lend-Lease Act: act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1941 that
allowed the president (FDR) to sell or lend war supplies to any
country whose defense was considered vital to the United States.
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941 8:00 am. Japanese surprise attack, 2400
people killed, and battleships and aircraft destroyed. United States
declares war on Japan. December 11, Germany and Italy declare war
on United States.
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Japanese Weapons:
CH. 29, SEC. 2, THE AXIS ADVANCES
• Japanese victories continue!
- Japan captures Philippines
- Japan captures Hong Kong, Burma, and Malaya.
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• Rosie the Riveter: popular name for women who worked in war
industries/factories during WWII.
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Allies turn to total war:
Factories switch from cars to tanks or airplanes
Ration food and vital consumer goods
Selling of war bonds
Prices and wages regulated
Censored the press
Limited the rights of citizens
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• Aircraft Carriers: ships that accommodate the taking off and
landing of airplanes, and transport aircraft.
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• Midway and Coral Sea: Major Naval battles in the Pacific, both key
American victories over Japan. Coral Sea first serious loss for
Japanese, 1 Japanese Carrier sunk, plus several cruisers and
destroyers. Midway, 4 Japanese carriers sunk plus 250 planes
destroyed, ends japans offensive action in Pacific.
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• Big Three: Roosevelt (USA), Churchill (Britain), Stalin (USSR), in
1942 they plot a strategy to focus on finishing the war in Europe
before trying to end the war in Asia.
• General Dwight Eisenhower: USA took command of a joint British
and American force in North Africa. In May 1943 German Army is
trapped and surrenders to the Allies.
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• Stalingrad: now Volgograd, a city in SW Russia that was the site of
a fierce battle during WWII. January of 1943 German Army at
Stalingrad surrendered to Soviet Troops, Red Army able to take
offensive after this key battle and drive last of German troops out
of Soviet Union.
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• D-Day: code name for June 6, 1944, the day that Allied forces
invaded France during WWII. The attack began on the beaches of
Normandy.
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• Battle of the Bulge: a massive German counterattack against the
Allies, Dec. 16, 1944- Jan. 25, 1945. Location Ardennes Forested
mountain region of Belgium. Last major German offensive of the
Western front. Germans suffered between 60,000-100,000
casualties, Americans 89,500 casualties, British 1408 casualties.
General George S. Patton and his third Army rescued the
surrounded 101st Airborne Division at Bastogne.
CH. 29, SEC. 3, THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE
• Yalta Conference: meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and
Stalin in February 1945 where the three leaders made agreements
regarding the end of World War II. An atmosphere of growing
mistrust between the Soviet Union and Britain and the United
States would later cause a split between the Allies.
CH. 29, SEC. 4, VICTORY IN EUROPE AND THE PACIFIC
• V-E Day: (Victory in Europe) Germany surrenders May 7th, May 8th,
1945 war in Germany officially over, Allies win.
• Bataan Death March: during WWII, the forced march of Filipino
and American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the
Japanese military, as many several hundred American soldiers and
as many as 10,000 Filipino soldiers.
CH. 29, SEC. 4, VICTORY IN EUROPE AND THE PACIFIC
• Island-hopping: during WWII, Allied strategy of recapturing some
Japanese-held islands while bypassing others.
• General Douglas MacArthur: American commander of Pacific region
responsible for retaking Philippines
CH. 29, SEC. 4, VICTORY IN EUROPE AND THE PACIFIC
• Kamikaze: Japanese pilot who undertook a suicide mission,
crashing their explosive-laden airplanes into American warships.
CH. 29, SEC. 4, VICTORY IN EUROPE AND THE PACIFIC
• Manhattan Project: code name for the project to build the first
atomic bomb during WWII, July 1945 first successful test of an
atomic bomb at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
CH. 29, SEC. 4, VICTORY IN EUROPE AND THE PACIFIC
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki: United States drops two atomic bombs,
Little Boy Aug. 6th, 1945 on Hiroshima, and Fat-Man Aug. 9th 1945
on Nagasaki. 70,000 people die instantly at Hiroshima, 70,000 later
from radiation. 40,000 die at Nagasaki. August 10th Japan
surrenders.
CH. 29, SEC. 4, VICTORY IN EUROPE AND THE PACIFIC
• September 2, 1945: formal peace treaty signed on board American
Battleship Missouri, anchored in Tokyo Bay.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• Casualties of WWII:
Military Dead
Allies
Britain
264,000
France
213,000
China
1,310,000
Soviet Union 7,500,000
United States 292,000
Total:
9,579,000
Axis
Germany
Italy
Japan
Total:
3,500,000
242,000
1,300,000
5,042,000
Military Wounded
277,000
400,000
1,753,000
14,012,000
672,000
17,114,000
5,000,000
66,000
4,000,000
9,066,000
Civilian Dead
93,000
350,000
1,000,000
15,000,000
6,000
16,449,000
780,000
153,000
672,000
1,605,000
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• Nuremberg: German city where Nazi war crimes trials were held
after WWII. Nearly 200Germans and Austrians were tried, most
were found guilty.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• United Nations: (UN) international organization established after
WWII with the goal of maintaining peace and cooperation in the
international community. Each UN member nation has one vote in
the General Assembly, with the five permanent members- the
United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China having the
right to veto any council decision. April 1945, 50 nations joined ,
today 193 nations belong.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• Cold War: state of tension and hostility between nations aligned
with the United States on one side and the Soviet Union on the
other that rarely led to direct armed conflict.
• Truman Doctrine: United States policy, established in 1947, of trying
to contain the spread of communism.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• Marshall Plan: massive aid package of food and economic
assistance offered by the U.S. to Europe to help countries rebuild
after WWII.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• Berlin Airlift: June 1948, Stalin seals off every railroad and highway
into the western sectors of Berlin to try to force the Western allies
out of Berlin. Western Allies led by U.S. mount a round-the-clock
airlift of supplies for more than a year. Soviets finally end the
blockade.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization: (NATO),1949, a military
alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them
from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc;
countries from other regions later joined the alliance.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• Warsaw Pact: mutual-defense alliance between the Soviet Union
and seven satellites in Eastern Europe set up in 1955.
CH. 29, SEC. 5, THE END OF WORLD WAR II