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Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
STUDENT REVIEW SHEET
Matching Exercises
a. Parietal pleura
b. Visceral pleura
c. Affinity
d. Shift to the right
e. Compliance
f. Resistance
g. Surfactant
h. Ventilation
i. Perfusion
1.___ Alterations in this pulmonary function may be the result of airway obstruction,
changes in lung compliance, and gravity.
2.___ The capacity of hemoglobin to combine with oxygen that may be described as
high or low
3.___ An alteration that is related to fever, acidosis, an increased PaCO2 level, and an
increase in 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
4.___ A membrane lining the chest wall
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5.___ Alterations in this pulmonary function may be the result of changes in pulmonary
artery perfusion, alveolar pressure, and gravity.
6.___ A property of the lung that is a measurement of distensibility or how easily a
tissue is stretched
7.___ A membrane overlaying the lung parenchyma.
8.___ A property of the lung that is determined mainly by the radius or the size of the
airway through which the air is flowing
9.___ A lipoprotein substance that is constantly secreted by the epithelial alveolar lining
that decreases the surface tension of the fluids of the respiratory passages 7- to 14fold.
True/False Questions
1.___ Normal inspiration takes about 1 second and normal expiration takes about 2
seconds.
2.___ Compliance of the lung is calculated by dividing the change in lung volume (in
liters) by the change in lung pressure (in centimeters of water).
3.___ In the erect adult, more air exchange occurs in the lower regions of the lungs than
in the higher regions of the lungs because of gravity.
4.___ A spinal cord injury patient may experience respiratory dysfunction as a result of
loss of phrenic nerve function.
5.___ The penetrating or diffusing power of a gas is directly proportional to its partial
pressure.
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6.___ When the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right, there is reduced
affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen at any given PaO2 value, resulting in less
oxygen released to the tissues.
7.___ Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla respond to a low pH by increasing,
through medullary stimuli to the muscles of inspiration, both rate and volume.
8.___ The pons contains two centers included in respiration: a pneumotaxic center and
an apneustic center.
9.___ Hypoxia stimulates the carotid bodies, which signal the carotid sinus nerve,
causing the medulla to increase ventilatory rate and depth.
10.___ Alveoli are described as the functional units of the lung and are only one cell
layer thick.
Short Answer/Fill-in Questions
1. Name the five properties of the mechanics of ventilation.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Identify four conditions or situations that reduce pulmonary compliance.
a.
b.
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c.
d.
3. Name four conditions that cause increased airway pressure.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. Describe three categories of pulmonary function tests.
a.
b.
c.
5. Name four factors affecting alveolar–capillary gas exchange.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Essay Question
Describe the stimulus for breathing in the patient with chronic pulmonary disease.
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