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“Transforming Live, Inventing Future”
A
Project Report
On
“ELECTRONIC CARD LOCK SYSTEM”
By
1. Dhaval Rajyaguru (096030311108)
2. Milan Vasoya (096030311130)
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR
DIPLOMA STUDIES, RAJKOT - 360005.
[2012 – 2013]
A
Project Report
On
Electronic Card Lock System
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of
Diploma of Engineering
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In
EC Engineering
Under the Guidance of
Submitted By:
1. Dhaval Rajyaguru-096030311108
Mr. V. C. Dandwani
2. Milan Vasoya -096030311130
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR
DIPLOMA STUDIES, RAJKOT- 360005.
[2012 – 2013]
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodies in this dissertation entitled “Implementation & Performance
Analysis Of Simple Video Compression Technique For Educational Videos” being submitted by
“Jigar B. Ratnottar” (0111EC10MT33) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
“Master of Engineering in Micro-Electronics & VLSI Design” to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki
Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) during the academic year 2012 is a record of bonafide piece of work,
carried out by her under my supervision and guidance in the “Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering”, Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal.
Team:
Dhaval Rajyaguru
Milan Vasoya
Date:
Place:
Guide
Head, EC Department
(Name of Guide)
Principal
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External guide
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No.
Topic
Page No.
List of figure
1.Circuit diagram
2. Symbol of LDR
3. COMPARATOR IC LM 324
4. General comparator
5. Resistor symbol
6. Variable resistor
7. ULN2003
8. Relay basic
9. Capacitor symbol
10. Diode symbol
11. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS USED IN POWER SUPPLY
12. INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 78O5
13. BASIC TRANSFORMAR STRUCTURE
14. Circuit Of power supply
15. Block diagram of electronic card lock system
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1
circuit Image
9
1.2
Redundancy
10
1.3
Components list
11
1.3.1 working of components
12
1.3.2 Principle of circuit
12
CHAPTER 2: literature survey
2.1 Related Work
13
CHAPTER 3: description of components
3.1 Ldr
3.2
ULM 324
14
15
3.3 relay
16
3.4 voltage regulator
17
3.5 LED
18
3.6 Resistor
19
3.7 Capacitor
20
3.8 Diode
21
3.9 transformer
22
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CHAPTER 4: Ic discription
4.1
7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC
21
4.1.2 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS USED IN POWER SUPPLY
23
4.1.2 circuit Of power supply
24
Chapter 5: Blockdiagram and datasheet
5.1 Blockdiagram
5.2 silicon npn detector ic
26
27
5.2.1 discription
28
5.3 transistor datasheet
31
Chepter 6: Types of debit card and card lock
34
CHAPTER 7: advantages and disadvantages
7.1
Advantages
44
7.2
disadvantages
45
7.3
application
45
7.4
Conclusion
45
REFERENCES
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
CHEPETER:1
ABSTRACT
The project name “electronic card lock system” itself signifies that it a system with
electronic kit which we can control different appliances from distant place. This circuit can be
used as a lock for imported electronic/electrical appliance. When card is inserted inside its
mechanism then depending upon the passion of punched hole on the card, particular appliances
would be switched on.
The circuit contents time is very good compare to other circuit if same category. The
circuit placed here works on the principle of conduction of phototransistor. When a light is made
incident on them from the source according to the holes punched in the card. This will in turn
activate the relay driver IC, turning the corresponding relay on, which Are connected to their
respective appliance. The circuit does not involve any frequency involvement so can be used for
any no. of appliance and can be used for longer distance. The circuit contents time is very good
compared to other circuit if same category.
The card is just like a floppy disc inside the disk drive. This card should be rectangular
in shape with only one punched hole on it. The circuit uses eight photo transistors. Transistor
used as enable detector. When light incident on it, it conduct and its collector voltage goes high.
This logic high on its collector terminal will inhibit IC1 as long as present on photo transistor. In
this circuit is used as buffer which is Schmitt trigger. All output of this IC are connected to IC
(ULN2003) which is used as relay driver. IC2 consist of seven high current relay drivers having
integral diodes external freewheeling diodes are therefore not requires.
This circuit with some modification can be used as a tracker device, in restricted places
where only special people are permitted to enter. The device output can be connected to a
receiver through which the path of person can be visualized on screen. It can be used as multiple
route security system. Explanation, let us taken an example, if a person wants to go through route
1 by inserting respective card only the specified route will be opened for him if the enters other
route, the security alarm will active.
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CHEPETER:2
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
LIST OF COMPONENTS
1. LDR
2. LM 324
3. ULN 2003
4. RELAY
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5. VOLATGE REGULATOR (IC-7805, 7812)
6. LED (White & red)
7. RESISTOR (10KΩ, 220Ω)
8. CAPACITOR (2200µF,110µF)
9. DIODE
10.Transformer (12-0-12)
 PROJECT WORKING
The circuit presented here can be used as a lock for important electronic/electrical appliances.
When card is inserted inside its mechanism, depending upon the position of punched hole on the
card, a particular appliance would be switched on. The card is inserted just like a floppy disk
inside the disk drive. This card should be rectangular in shape with only one punched hole on it.
The circuit uses four LDR and four white LED’s. When there is no card in lock then light is fall
on LDR, the strength of LDR is adjusted by variable resistor (1kΩ). When light is fall on LDR,
the resistance of LDR varies according to the incident light, so the resistance of LDR becomes
low and current starts flowing through it. The LDR is connected to comparator IC (LM-324) and
other input is given directly. At pin 4 and 11 the supply input is given, 5 Volt and 0 Volt
respectively. The output is taken from pin no. 1, 7, 8 and 14. These output is connected to the
ULN2003 and corresponding red LED’s. The ULN2003 IC works at 12 volt which is given at
terminal 9 and terminal 8 makes ground. When output of LM324 is given at terminal 1, 2, 3, 4
then output is obtained at terminal 16, 15,14, 13 respectively means corresponding output is
obtained and Relay’s is connected to these outputs for driving the corresponding appliances.
When card for appliance 1 is inserted then LDR of corresponding card is working
and then comparator IC compare both the inputs, if output is high the signal is
given to the ULN2003 and corresponding LED is glow and corresponding output
of ULN is obtained at other side. Relay is connected between the ULN and
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appliance. When signal is applied at the Relay, it connects to the corresponding
appliance for working and the appliance start working.
CHAPTER:3
COMPONENT DISCREPTION
 LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR):A light dependent resistor is a small, round semiconductor. Light dependent
resistors are used to re-charge a light during different changes in the light, or they
are made to turn a light on during certain changes in lights. One of the most
common uses for light dependent resistors is in traffic lights. The light dependent
resistor controls a built in heater inside the traffic light, and causes it to recharge
over night so that the light never dies. Other common places to find light
dependent resistors are in: infrared detectors, clocks and security alarms.
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(fig 1.1 symbol of LDR)
 Identification
A light dependent resistor is shaped like a quarter. They are small, and can be nearly any size.
Other names for light dependent resistors are: photoconductors, photo resistor, or a CdS cell.
There are black lines on one side of the light dependent resistor. The overall colour of a light
dependent resistor is gold. Usually other electrical components are attached to the light dependent
resistor by metal tubes soldered to the sides of the light dependent resistor.
 Function
Main purpose of a light dependent resistor is to change the brightness of a light in different
weather conditions. This can easily be explained with the use of a watch. Some watches start to
glow in the dark so that it is possible to see the time without having to press any buttons. It is the
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light dependent resistor that allows the watch to know when it has gotten dark, and change the
emissions level of the light at that time. Traffic lights use this principle as well but their lights
have to be brighter in the day time.
 COMPARATOR IC (LM 324)
As the name implies it is an operational amplifier. It performs mathematical operations like
addition, subtraction, log, antilog etc.
(fig 1.2 COMPARATOR IC LM 324)
)
Comparator has only two states +Vcc or -Vcc But LM324 we normally apply Vcc=5V and –Vcc=0.
So output will have only 5V and 0V. But LM324 output LOGIC HIGH will be around Vcc-1.5V
and LOGIC LOW around .2V. So if you use Vcc=5V then LOGIC HIGH=3.5V and LOGIC
LOW=0V. But LOGIC HIGH for a digital circuit is a voltage greater than 2.4V and LOGIC LOW
is less than .8V.
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(fig 1.3 general comparator)
Above figure shows the general circuit diagram of a general comparator. If V1>V2 then
Vout=+Vcc and if V1<V2 then Vout=-Vcc. Suppose if V1=V2, then output will be +Vcc or -Vcc
theoretically. But practically no such condition exist, because an operational amplifier has a gain of
10^6, so there is no condition exist.
 RESISTORS:Resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is
proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with
Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity
alloy, such as nickel-chrome).
RESISTOR (220 ohm)
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(fig 1.4 resistor symbol)
Red, red, brown, silver tolerance band: 22 x 10 = 220 ohms (220 ohms), with a tolerance of
10%.
VARIABLE RESISTOR (10 KΩ):Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends and a wiper which
moves along the track as U turn the spindle. The track may be made from carbon, cermet
(ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of wire (for low resistances). The track is usually rotary but
straight track versions, usually called sliders, are also available.
(fig 1.5 variable resistor)
Variable resistors are often called potentiometers in books and catalogues. They are specified
by their maximum resistance, linear or logarithmic track, and their physical size.
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 ULN 2003:-
(fig 1.6 ULN2003)
ULN2003 is high voltage, high current darlington arrays each containing seven open collector
darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak
currents of 600mA. Suppression diodes are included for inductive load driving and the inputs are
pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout.
These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays
DC motors, LED displays filament lamps, thermal printheads and high power buffers.
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 RELAY:Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism
mechanically,
but
other
operating
principles
are
also
used.
(fig 1.7 relay basic)
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive
an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed
by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
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 CAPACITOR (2200uf, 110uf):A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static
electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the
potential difference between them.
(fig 1.8 capacitor symbol)
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the
resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.

DIODE:-
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In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts
electric current in only one direction. The most common function of a diode is to
allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward
direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction).
This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert
alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in
radio receivers.
(fig 1.9 diode symbol)
However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off action. This is due
to their complex non-linear electrical characteristics, which can be tailored by varying the
construction of their P-N junction. Today most diodes are made of silicon, but other
semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used.
 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):[Type text]
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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps
in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. When a light-emitting diode is forward
biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color
of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and
greater durability and reliability. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as
replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals
and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the possibility of narrow
bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of LEDs has allowed new text and video
displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced
communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many
commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.
 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC:
Voltage regulation is required. In the past, the task of voltage regulator design was tediously
accomplished with discrete Devices, and the results were quite often complex and costly. Today,
with bipolar monolithic regulators, this task has been significantly simplified. The designer now
has a wide choice of fixed, low V Diff and adjustable type voltage regulators.
These devices incorporate many built–in protection features, making them virtually immune to
the catastrophic failures encountered in older discrete designs.
The switching power supply continues to increase in popularity and is one of the fastest growing
markets in the world of power conversion. They offer the designer several important advantages
over linear series–pass regulators.These advantages include significant advancements in the
areas of size and weight reduction, improved efficiency, and the ability to perform voltage step–
up, step–down, and voltage–inverting functions. Motorola offers a diverse portfolio of full
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featured switching regulator control circuits which meet the needs of today’s modern compact
electronic equipment.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS USED IN POWER SUPPLY:
3-Terminal
1A
Positive
Voltage
Regulator
(fig 1.10 diagram of INTEGRATED CIRCUITS USED IN POWER SUPPLY)
(Fig 1.11 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 78O5)
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 TRANSORMER:
Here we using 12-0-12 step down transformer,which convert 220volt signal in to 12 volt.A
transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic
field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and
electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load.
In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the
primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the
number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
(AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than k, or "stepped down" by making Ns
less than Np.
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(Fig 1.12 BASIC TRANSFORMAR STRUCTURE)
Power supply:-
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
WORKING:-
The power supply is used to give required voltage to the circuit. The power supply used here is
of 12 volt dc. First the AC voltage is fed into a step-down transformer. This is used to step-down
the AC voltage to into approx 12 volt. Then this voltage is fed into a rectifier which converts the
AC voltage into DC supply. A capacitor is used in the circuit to rectify the ripples of rectified
DC.
The capacitor is used parallel in the circuit. Then a voltage regulator IC 7805 is used to convert
this HIGH DC supply into the LOW DC supply of 5volt.
Then at the last there is coupling capacitor connecting parallel in the circuit. This is used to
couple the circuit to the load.
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(fig 1.13 block diagram of electronic card lock system)
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Chepeter:4
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Bc 108,bc 108,bc 109(Low noise general purpose audio amplifier)
Discrption:
The bc107,108 and 109 are silicon palaner epitaxial npn transistor in t0-18 metal
case.they are suitable use in driver stage,low noise i.p stage and sisnal processing circuit of
television reciver.
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Types of debit card systems
Debit card
An example of the front of a typical debit card:
1. Issuing bank logo
2. EMV chip
3. Hologram
4. Card number
5. Card brand logo
6. Expiration date
7. Cardholder's name
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An example of the reverse side of a typical debit card:
1. Magnetic stripe
2. Signature strip
3. Card Security Code
There are currently three ways that debit card transactions are processed: EFTPOS (also known
as online debit or PIN debit), offline debit (also known as signature debit) and the Electronic
Purse Card System.[3] One physical card can include the functions of all three types, so that it
can be used in a number of different circumstances.
Although many debit cards are of the Visa or MasterCard brand, there are many other types of
debit card, each accepted only within a particular country or region, for example Switch (now:
Maestro) and Solo in the United Kingdom, Interac in Canada, Carte Bleue in France, Laser in
Ireland, EC electronic cash (formerly Eurocheque) in Germany, UnionPay in China and EFTPOS
cards in Australia and New Zealand. The need for cross-border compatibility and the advent of
the euro recently led to many of these card networks (such as Switzerland's "EC direkt", Austria's
"Bankomatkasse" and Switch in the United Kingdom) being re-branded with the internationally
recognised Maestro logo, which is part of the MasterCard brand. Some debit cards are dual
branded with the logo of the (former) national card as well as Maestro (for example, EC cards in
Germany, Laser cards in Ireland, Switch and Solo in the UK, Pinpas cards in the Netherlands,
Bancontact cards in Belgium, etc.). The use of a debit card system allows operators to package
their product more effectively while monitoring customer spending. An example of one of these
systems is ECS by Embed International.
Online Debit System
Online debit cards require electronic authorization of every transaction and the debits are
reflected in the user’s account immediately. The transaction may be additionally secured with the
personal identification number (PIN) authentication system; some online cards require such
authentication for every transaction, essentially becoming enhanced automatic teller machine
(ATM) cards.
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One difficulty with using online debit cards is the necessity of an electronic authorization device
at the point of sale (POS) and sometimes also a separate PINpad to enter the PIN, although this is
becoming commonplace for all card transactions in many countries.
Overall, the online debit card is generally viewed as superior to the offline debit card because of
its more secure authentication system and live status, which alleviates problems with processing
lag on transactions that may only issue online debit cards. Some on-line debit systems are using
the normal authentication processes of Internet banking to provide real-time on-line debit
transactions. The most notable of these are Ideal and POLl.
Offline Debit System
Offline debit cards have the logos of major credit cards (for example, Visa or MasterCard) or
major debit cards (for example, Maestro in the United Kingdom and other countries, but not the
United States) and are used at the point of sale like a credit card (with payer's signature). This
type of debit card may be subject to a daily limit, and/or a maximum limit equal to the
current/checking account balance from which it draws funds. Transactions conducted with
offline debit cards require 2–3 days to be reflected on users’ account balances.
In some countries and with some banks and merchant service organizations, a "credit" or offline
debit transaction is without cost to the purchaser beyond the face value of the transaction, while a
fee may be charged for a "debit" or online debit transaction (although it is often absorbed by the
retailer). Other differences are that online debit purchasers may opt to withdraw cash in addition
to the amount of the debit purchase (if the merchant supports that functionality); also, from the
merchant's standpoint, the merchant pays lower fees on online debit transaction as compared to
"credit" (offline)
Electronic Purse Card System
Smart-card-based electronic purse systems (in which value is stored on the card chip, not in an
externally recorded account, so that machines accepting the card need no network connectivity)
are in use throughout Europe since the mid-1990s, most notably in Germany (Geldkarte), Austria
(Quick Wertkarte), the Netherlands (Chipknip), Belgium (Proton), Switzerland (CASH) and
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France (Mon€o, which is usually carried by a debit card). In Austria and Germany, all current
bank cards now include electronic purses.
Prepaid debit cards
Prepaid debit cards, also called reloadable debit cards, appeal to a variety of users. The primary
market for prepaid cards are unbanked people,[4] an umbrella term used to describe diverse
groups of individuals- typically with poor credit ratings- who do not use banks or credit unions
for their financial transactions.[5]
The advantages of prepaid debit cards include being safer than carry cash, worldwide
functionality due to Visa and MasterCard merchant acceptance, not having to worry about
paying a credit card bill or going into debt, the opportunity for anyone over the age of 18 to
apply and be accepted without regard to credit quality and the option to direct deposit paychecks
and government benefits onto the card for free.[6]
Some of the first companies to enter this market were: MiCash, RushCard and Netspend, who
gained high market share as a result of being first to market. However, since 1999, there have
been several new providers, such as TransCash, 247card and iKobo, that offer a number of other
benefits, such as money remittance services, card-to-card transfers, and the ability to apply
without a social security number.[citation needed]
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of debit cards

A consumer who is not credit worthy and may find it difficult or impossible to obtain a
credit card can more easily obtain a debit card, allowing him/her to make plastic
transactions. For example, legislation often prevents minors from taking out debt, which
includes the use of a credit card, but not online debit card transactions. Research has
shown that consumers with lower credit scores use debit cards more intensively than
those with higher credit scores.[7]
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
For most transactions, a check card can be used to avoid check writing altogether. Check
cards debit funds from the user’s account on the spot, thereby finalizing the transaction at
the time of purchase, and bypassing the requirement to pay a credit card bill at a later
date, or to write an insecure check, containing the account holder’s personal information.

Like credit cards, debit cards are accepted by merchants with less identification and
scrutiny than personal checks, thereby making transactions quicker and less intrusive.
Unlike personal checks, merchants generally do not believe that a payment via a debit
card may be later dishonored.

Unlike a credit card, which charges higher fees and interest rates when a cash advance is
obtained, a debit card may be used to obtain cash from an ATM or a PIN-based
transaction at no extra charge, other than a foreign ATM fee.
Disadvantages of debit cards

Use of a debit card is not usually limited to the existing funds in the account to which it is
linked, most banks allow a certain threshold over the available bank balance which can
cause overdraft fees if the user's transaction does not reflect available balance. This
disadvantage has lessened in the United States with the requirement that an issuer obtain
opt-in permission in advance to allow an overdraft on a debit card. Lacking this opt-in,
overdrafts are not permitted for electronic transactions.

Many banks are now charging over-limit fees or non-sufficient funds fees based upon
pre-authorizations, and even attempted but refused transactions by the merchant (some of
which may be unknown until later discovery by account holder).

Many merchants mistakenly believe that amounts owed can be "taken" from a customer's
account after a debit card (or number) has been presented, without agreement as to date,
payee name, amount and currency, thus causing penalty fees for overdrafts, over-thelimit, amounts not available causing further rejections or overdrafts, and rejected
transactions by some banks.

In some countries debit cards offer lower levels of security protection than credit cards.[8]
Theft of the users PIN using skimming devices can be accomplished much easier with a
PIN input than with a signature-based credit transaction. However, theft of users' PIN
codes using skimming devices can be equally easily accomplished with a debit
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transaction PIN input, as with a credit transaction PIN input, and theft using a signaturebased credit transaction is equally easy as theft using a signature-based debit transaction.

In many places, laws protect the consumer from fraud much less than with a credit card.
While the holder of a credit card is legally responsible for only a minimal amount of a
fraudulent transaction made with a credit card, which is often waived by the bank, the
consumer may be held liable for hundreds of dollars, or even the entire value of
fraudulent debit transactions. Because debit cards allow funds to be immediately
transferred from an account when making a purchase, the consumer also has a shorter
time (usually just two days) to report such fraud to the bank in order to be eligible for
such a waiver with a debit card and recover the lost funds,[8] whereas with a credit card,
this time may be up to 60 days, and the transactions are removed without losing any
credit. A thief who obtains or clones a debit card along with its PIN may be able to clean
out the consumer's bank account, and the consumer will have no recourse.
Federally Imposed Maximum Liability for Unauthorized Card Use (United States)
Maximum Card Holder Liability
Reported
Credit Card
Debit Card
Before Use
$0
$0
Within 2 business days
$50
$50
After 2 but before 60 business days
$50
$500
Unlimited
Unlimited
After 60 business days
[9][10]

In the UK and Ireland, among other countries, a consumer who purchases goods or
services with a credit card can pursue the credit card issuer if the goods or services are
not delivered or are unmerchantable. While they must generally exhaust the process
provided by the retailer first, this is not necessary if the retailer has gone out of business.
This protection is not provided by legislation when using a debit card but may be offered
to a limited extent as a benefit provided by the card network, for example, Visa debit
cards.
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
When a transaction is made using a credit card, the bank's money is being spent, and
therefore, the bank has a vested interest in claiming its money where there is fraud or a
dispute. The bank may fight to void the charges of a consumer who is dissatisfied with a
purchase, or who has otherwise been treated unfairly by the merchant. But when a debit
purchase is made, the consumer has spent his/her own money, and the bank has little if
any motivation to collect the funds.

In some countries, and for certain types of purchases, such as gasoline (via a pay at the
pump system), lodging, or car rental, the bank may place a hold on funds much greater
than the actual purchase for a fixed period of time.[8] However, this isn't the case in other
countries, such as Sweden. Until the hold is released, any other transactions presented to
the account, including checks, may be dishonoured, or may be paid at the expense of an
overdraft fee if the account lacks any additional funds to pay those items.

While debit cards bearing the logo of a major credit card are accepted for virtually all
transactions where an equivalent credit card is taken, a major exception in some countries
is at car rental facilities.[11] In some countries, such as Canada & Australia, car rental
agencies require an actual credit card to be used, or at the very least, will verify the
creditworthiness of the renter using a debit card. In Canada and additional unspecified
countries, car rental companies will deny a rental to anyone who does not fit the
requirements, and such a credit check may actually hurt one's credit score, as long as
there is such a thing as a credit score in the country of purchase and/or the country of
residence of the customer.
Consumer protection
Consumer protections vary, depending on the network used. Visa and MasterCard, for instance,
prohibit minimum and maximum purchase sizes, surcharges, and arbitrary security procedures
on the part of merchants. Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit
transactions, since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent. This may lead them
to "steer" customers to debit transactions. Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do
so with a credit card, since the money will not immediately leave their control. Fraudulent
charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is
withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks. In some cases
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debit card-issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be
settled, and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for
both debit and credit cards.
In some countries, like India and Sweden, the consumer protection is the same regardless of the
network used. Some banks set minimum and maximum purchase sizes, mostly for online-only
cards. However, this has nothing to do with the card networks, but rather with the bank's
judgement of the person's age and credit records. Any fees that the customers have to pay to the
bank are the same regardless of whether the transaction is conducted as a credit or as a debit
transaction, so there is no advantage for the customers to choose one transaction mode over
another. Shops may add surcharges to the price of the goods or services in accordance with laws
allowing them to do so. Banks consider the purchases as having been made at the moment when
the card was swiped, regardless of when the purchase settlement was made. Regardless of which
transaction type was used, the purchase may result in an overdraft because the money is
considered to have left the account at the moment of the card swiping.
 Types of locks:
The most basic type of electronic lock is a magnetic lock (commonly called a mag lock). A large
electro-magnet is mounted on the door frame and a corresponding armature is mounted on the
door. When the magnet is powered and the door is closed, the armature is held fast to the
magnet. Mag locks are simple to install and are very attack resistant. One drawback is that
improperly installed or maintained mag locks can fall on people. and also that one must unlock
the mag lock to both enter and leave. This has caused fire marshals to impose strict codes on the
use of mag locks and the access control practice in general. Additionally, NFPA 101, Standard
for Life Safety and Security, as well as the ADA (Americans with Disability Act) require "no
prior knowledge" and "one simple movement" to allow "free egress". This means that a person
must be able to walk up to a door and with one motion (no push buttons, or having another
person unlock the door, or read a sign "special knowledge") and exit. Other problems include a
lag time (delay) in releasing as the collapsing magnetic field is not instantaneous. This lag time
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can cause a user to walk into the door. Finally, mag locks by design fail unlocked, that is if
power is removed they unlock. This could be a problem where security is a prime concern.
Additionally, power outages could affect mag locks installed on fire listed doors, which are
required to remain latched at all times. Thus, a mag lock would not meet current fire codes as the
primary means of securing a fire listed door to a frame.[1] Because of this, many commercial
doors (this typically does not apply to private residences) are moving over to stand alone locks,
or electric locks installed under a Certified Personnel Program. The first mechanical recodable
card lock was invented in 1976 by Tor Sørnes, who had worked for VingCard since the 1950s.
The first card lock order was shipped in 1979 to Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, USA.
This product triggered the evolution of electronic locks for the hospitality industry.
Electric strikes (also called electric latch release) replace a standard strike mounted on the door
frame and receive the latch and latch bolt. Electric strikes can be simple to install when they are
designed for drop-in replacement of a standard strike, although some electric strikes require that
the door frame be heavily modified. Installation of a strike into a Fire Listed Door (for open
backed strikes on pairs of doors) or Frame must be done under listing agency authority if any
modifications to the frame are required (mostly for commercial doors and frames). Since there is
no current Certified Personnel Program to allow field installation of electric strikes into fire
listed door openings, listing agency field evaluations would most likely require the door and
frame to be de-listed and replaced. Electric strikes allow mechanical free egress: As a user
leaves, he operates the lockset in the door, not the electric strike in the door frame. Electric
strikes can also be either fail unlocked (except in Fire Listed Doors, as they must remain latched
when power is not present), as a mag lock, or the more secure fail locked. Electric strikes are
easier to attack than a mag lock. It is simple to lever the door open at the strike, as often there is
an increased gap between the strike and the door latch. Latch guards are often used to cover this
gap.
Electric mortise and cylindrical locks are drop in replacements for the door mounted mechanical
locks. A hole must be drilled in the door for electric power wires. Also a power transfer hinge[2]
is used to get the power from the door frame to the door. Electric mortise and cylindrical locks
allow mechanical free egress. Electric mortise and cylindrical locks can be either fail unlocked or
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fail locked. In the US, UL rated doors must retain their rating. In new construction doors are
cored and then rated. In retrofits, the doors must be re-rated.
Electrified exit hardware, sometimes called panic hardware or crash bars, are used in fire exit
applications. One pushes against the bar to open it, making it the easiest of mechanically free exit
methods. Electrified exit hardware can be either fail unlocked or fail locked. A drawback of
electrified exit hardware is their complexity which requires skill to install and maintenance to
assure proper function. Only hardware labeled "Fire Exit Hardware" can be installed on fire
listed doors and frames and must meet both Panic Exit listing Standards and Fire listing
Standards.
Motor operated locks are used throughout Europe. A European motor operated lock has two
modes, day mode where only the latch is electrically operated, and night mode where the more
secure deadbolt is electrically operated.
Chapter:5
Applications:Key card system operate by physically moving detainers in the locking mechanism with the
insertion of the card, by shining LED’s through a pattern of hole in the card and detecting the
result, by swiping or inserting a magnetic strip card, or in the case of RFID cards, merely being
brought into close proximity to a sensor. Keycard may also serve as ID cards.
Many electronic access control locks use a Wiegand interface to connect the card swipe
mechanism to the rest of the electronic entry system.
Zigbee project
a) WirelessSensor Network Implementation of a USN-based disaster prevention system in Korea
b) School Zone Safety SystemBased on Wireless Sensor Network
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c) Application of Zigbee for Pollution Monitoring Caused by Automobile Exhaust Gases
d) Design of a Water Environment Monitoring System Based on Zigbee and GPRS
e) Development of Zigbee Mobile Router for Supporting Network Mobility in Healthcare
System
f) Electric Outlets based on a Low Power Embedded Board & Zigbee communication
g) Wireless Meter Reading System based on Zigbee Technology
h) Wireless Medical Interface using ZigBee and Bluetooth Technology
i) A Software Framework for Application Development using ZigBee Protocol
j) Remote-Controllable and Energy-Saving Room Architecture based on ZigBee Communication
k) wireless network based on the combination of Zigbee and GPRS
l) ZigBee source route technology in home application
m) Zigbee Wireless SensorsNetwork based on Mod Bus Protocol
n) A Novel Medical Infusion Monitoring System Based on ZigBee
o) ZigBee Device Access Control & Reliable Data Transmission in ZigBeeBased Health
Monitoring System
p) An energy saving solution Remote Power ON/OFF control & current measurement for Home
q) Wireless Healthcare Monitoring System for Home
r) An Implementation of an Underground Wireless Sensor Network using Zigbee
Adavantages:
 The circuit contents time is very good compared to Other circuit if same category.
 The circuit does not involve any frequency involvment so can be used for any no of
applianance and can be used for longer distance.
 It can be used in environment with high electromegnetic rediation as it does not use any
electromegnetic waves.
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 The light source used here i.e lamp can be replaced by a natural source of light and the
power conservation can be achived.E.G:for switching of street light
Dis-Advantages:
 The cabling may become a trouble in case where the appliances are located very far away
from each other and also the ckt.
 If the light sensors are not properly encased the external light can cause unwanted
activating of the sensor which in turn will trigger the correspondin appliances.
 Every transistor does not have the same characteristics, hence the response time for each
appliance would be different.
Conclusion:
After perfoming this project ‘ELECTRONIC CARD LOCK SYSTEM’ we conclude that
the ‘ELECTRONIC CARD LOCK SYSTEM’ are used in security purpose.
Reference:
www.google.com
google search (electronic card lock system)
www.datasheet4u.com
www.wikipedia.com
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