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- National - Advanced Placement* CORRELATION GUIDE Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships By Eldon D. Enger & Bradley F. Smith 14th Edition, © 2016 ISBN 978-0-07-673262-3 Based on College Board Course Framework: AP Environmental Science, 2013 *Advanced Placement Program and AP* are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Environmental Science (Enger), 14thEdition Advanced Placement Correlation Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships, (14e) by Eldon D. Enger & Bradley F. Smith Topic I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%) A. Earth Science Concepts Geological time scale Plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism Seasons Solar intensity and latitude B. The Atmosphere Composition Structure Weather and climate Atmospheric circulations and the Coriolis Effect Atmosphere-ocean interactions ENSO C. Global Water Resources and Use Freshwater/saltwater Ocean circulation Agricultural, industrial and domestic use Surface and groundwater issues Global problems Conservation D. Soil and Soil Dynamics Rock Cycle Formation Composition Physical and chemical properties Main soil types Erosion and other soil problems Soil conservation II. The Living World (10-15%) A. Ecosystem Structure Biological populations and communities Ecological niches Interactions among species Keystone species Species diversity and edge effects Major terrestrial and aquatic biomes B. Energy Flow Photosynthesis and cellular respiration Food webs and trophic levels Ecological pyramids C. Ecosystem Diversity Biodiversity Natural selection Evolution Ecosystem services Environmental Science (Enger), 14thEdition Pages 237-239 272-294 79 79, 117 371-372 371-372 35, 79, 116-130, 372, 394-396 372 132-134, 394-396 400 339, 359 372, 396 343-351, 353, 367 275-277 343, 363-364 32, 339-341, 343,350 338, 345-349, 355, 359,364-366 291-294 291-296, 313 294-301, 313 296-302, 313 298-302, 313 302-304, 313 304-313, 416 1-4, 78-81, 93-94 81-83 88-93, 100, 139, 143, 253-255 95 235, 237 116-140, 170, 366-367 68-70, 79, 94, 131 94-97, 100 95-97 235-239, 245, 252, 264 83-84, 90 85-87, 238-239 1-7, 18, 46, 51-52, 235, 239-242 D. Natural Ecosystem Change Climate shifts Species movement Ecological succession E. Natural Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfer Water Conservation of matter III. Population (10-15%) A. Population Biology Concepts Population ecology Carrying capacity Reproductive strategies Survivorship B. Human Population 1. Human Population Dynamics Historical population sizes Distribution Fertility rates Growth rates and doubling times Demographic transition Age-structure diagrams 2. Population size Strategies for sustainability Case Studies National policies 3. Impacts of population growth Hunger Disease Economic effects Resource use Habitat destruction IV. Land and Water Use (10-15%) A. Agriculture 1. Feeding a growing population Human nutritional requirements Types of agriculture Green Revolution Genetic engineering and crop production Deforestation Irrigation Sustainable agriculture 2. Controlling pests Types of pesticides Environmental Science (Enger), 14thEdition 116-130 114-115, 239, 243 111-115, 126 79, 98-102, 131, 396-397, 404 79, 101, 103-104, 131, 324 79, 104-105, 131 375-376, 380-382 66, 341-344, 366, 400-401 65-70 144-147, 148-151, 171 151-153, 166, 169, 171 151-153, 169, 171 144-146 154, 171, 448 145, 158-159, 171 146-147, 157, 159-160, 171 144-145, 148, 153-154, 171 157-159, 164-165, 166, 171 146-147, 157-159, 165-166 45-46,159-160 167, 169, 170 161, 167-168 5-9, 31, 40, 161-164, 166 5-9, 40, 161-164 5-9, 27-28, 33-37, 40, 43-44, 155-157, 159-164 5-9, 31, 33-37, 155-157, 159-164, 166 5-9, 78, 155, 159-164, 167, 170 163-164, 316, 326, 335 243, 316-320 301 31, 331-335 244 119, 122, 347-348 31, 170, 328-335 253, 320-323, 448 Cost and benefits of pesticides use Integrated pest management Relevant laws B. Forestry Tree plantations Old growth forests Forest fires Forest management National forest C. Rangelands Overgrazing Deforestation Desertification Rangeland management Federal rangelands D. Other land use 1. Urban land development Planned development Suburban sprawl Urbanization 2. Transportation infrastructure Federal Highway systems Canals and channels Road less areas Ecosystem impacts 3. Public and federal lands Management Wilderness areas National parks Wildlife refuges Forests Wetlands 4. Land conservation options Preservation Remediation Mitigation Restoration 5. Sustainable land-use strategies E. Mining Mineral formation Extraction Global reserves Relevant laws and treaties F. Fishing Fishing techniques Over fishing Environmental Science (Enger), 14thEdition 24, 31, 105, 327-328 328-331 333-334, 448 218, 247 18, 246 116 53, 245-247, 260-261 285-287 247-248 247-248 247-248 260-261 247-248 267-272, 277-287 78, 270-273, 287 9, 267-269, 273-277, 287 273 137, 359-360 287 235, 249, 274-77, 287 14, 260-261, 267, 285-287 285-287 1-4, 285-287 285-287 285-287 285-287 22-24, 119, 267, 286, 364-365 404, 452 404 404 119, 267, 285-287 193-194, 205, 212 193 456 250-251 110, 250 Aquaculture Relevant laws and treaties G. Global Economics Globalization World Bank Tragedy of the Commons Relevant laws and treaties V. Energy Resources and Consumption (1015%) A. Energy Concepts Energy forms Power Units Conversions Laws of Thermodynamics B. Energy Consumption History Industrial Revolution Exponential growth Energy crisis Present global energy use Future energy needs C. Fossil fuel resources and use Formation of coal, oil, and natural gas Extraction/purification methods World reserves and global demand Synfuels Environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources D. Nuclear energy Nuclear fission process Nuclear fuel Electricity production Nuclear reactor types Environmental advantages/disadvantages Safety issues Radiation and human health Radioactive wastes Nuclear fusion E. Hydroelectric power Dams Flood control Salmon Silting Other impacts F. Energy conservation Energy efficiency CAFÉ standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) Hybrid electric vehicles Mass transit Environmental Science (Enger), 14thEdition 250-251 18, 261-263 10-12 464-465 50-52 52-53 70-71, 190 74 74 71-72 71-75, 95 174-178 175-178 148-149, 175-178 31-32 11-12, 172-186, 215-216, 218, 222, 227, 232 11-12, 31-32, 182-186, 216, 227 175, 177, 191-192, 212 189, 195-199 185, 189-193, 199 199 194-195, 197, 211, 212, 398, 404 200-201, 212 199, 205, 212-213 73, 180-182, 204 202-204 206-212 208, 212 202-208, 212 210, 212, 440-445 69, 222, 248, 348-353 69, 248 69 250 248, 348-350 182-185, 215, 229-231, 403-404 182-183, 231, 403-404 230, 454 180 G. Renewable energy Solar energy Solar electricity Hydrogen fuel cells Biomass Wind energy Small-scale hydroelectric Ocean waves and tidal energy Geothermal Environmental advantages/disadvantages VI. Pollution (25-30%) A. Pollution types 1. Air pollution Sources- primary and secondary Major air pollutants Measurement units Smog Acid deposition- causes and effects Heat islands and temperature inversions Indoor air pollution Remediation and reduction strategies Clean Air Act and other relevant laws 2. Noise pollution Sources Effects Control Measures 3. Water pollution Types Sources, causes and effects Culture eutrophication Groundwater pollution Maintaining water quality Water purification Sewage treatment/septic systems Clean Water Act and other relevant laws 4. Solid Waste Types Disposal Reduction B. Impacts on the environment and human health 1. Hazards to human health Environmental risks analysis Acute and chronic effects Dose-response relationships Environmental Science (Enger), 14thEdition 213, 223-226, 232, 405 225-226, 232 31-32 213, 216-222, 232, 404 213, 226-227, 232, 404 213, 222-223, 232 228-229, 232 228, 232, 404 220, 222, 226-228, 232, 404 8-9, 59, 372-373, 391 8-9, 373-377, 391 374-375 275, 377-379, 391 195, 380-382, 391 379-380, 391 8-9, 59, 387-389, 391 371, 385-389, 391 53-54, 56, 373, 376, 384-387 389-390 389-390 389-390 8-9, 56, 351-353, 367 275, 351-359, 362-364, 367, 381-382 101, 136, 324, 351 357-358, 368, 413-415 40, 351-353, 367-368, 448 348-349 358, 361-362, 367 345, 349, 358, 364-365, 460 410-412 54, 217, 404, 412-423, 438-443 53-54, 410, 416-423 40-43 430-431 431-432 Air pollutants Smoking and other risks 2. Hazardous chemicals in the environment Types of hazardous waste Treatment/disposal of hazardous waste Cleanup of contaminated sites Biomagnifications Relevant laws C. Economic impacts Cost-benefit analysis Externalities Marginal costs Sustainability VII. Global Change (10-15%) A. Stratospheric ozone Formation of stratospheric ozone Ultraviolet radiation Causes of ozone depletion Effects of ozone depletion Strategies for reducing ozone depletion Relevant laws and treaties B. Global warming Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect Impacts and consequences of global warming Reducing climate change Relevant laws and treaties C. Loss of biodiversity 1. Habitat loss Overuse Pollution Introduced species Endangered and extinct species 2. Maintenance through conservation 3. Relevant laws and treaties Environmental Science (Enger), 14thEdition 56, 373-377, 385 388, 391 25-27, 195, 376, 377, 410-411, 426-429, 430-431, 445, 448 432, 436-444 208, 426 324-326 428-429, 431-435, 445, 452-453, 458, 460 29-31, 44-50 28-29, 47 47-49 5-6, 10, 23, 54-56 382-383 382-383, 391 383, 391, 399 383, 391 383-384 384, 464-466 394-399, 407 78, 107, 255, 394-403, 407 186, 343, 403-407 11-13, 399, 405-406, 461-464 235-264 235-239, 243, 248-249, 251, 264 235-239, 264 11, 100, 138, 143, 251-253, 264 87, 235-236, 264 14, 80, 255-264 14, 80, 249, 255-258, 264, 457, 464