Download Animal Structure and Function

Animal Structure and
Function
Thermoregulation
► Ectotherms
 Obtain body heat from the environment.
 Poikilotherms
►Invertebrates,
►“cold
amphibians, reptiles and fish.
blooded”
► Endotherms
 Generate their own body heat.
 Homeotherms
►Mammals
►Warmblooded
Temperature Regulation
► Cooling
evaporation
 Sweating
 Panting
► Warming
by metabolism
 Shivering
► Adjusting
surface area
 Changing the volume of blood flow
 Countercurrent Exchange
The Respiratory System
► Direct
contact with the environment
 Cells have large surface areas with which they can
have exchange with the environment.
► Gills
 Evaginated structures that create large surface areas.
► Tracheae
 Chitin lined tubes that permeate the body.
 Oxygen enters the tracheae through opening called
spiracles.
► Lungs
 Invaginated structures which allow gas exchange
Human Respiration
► Nose,
pharynx, larynx
► Trachea
► Bronchi, bronchioles
► Alveolus
► Diffusion between alveolar chambers and blood.
► Bulk flow of O2
► Diffusion between blood and cells
► Bulk flow of CO2
Circulatory System
► Open
Circulatory Systems
 Blood is pumped into an internal cavity-hemocoel
 The tissues and organs are bathed in hemolymph.
 Hemolymph returns to the heart through holes called
ostia.
► Mollusks,
► Closed
insects
Circulatory Systems
 Blood is confined to vessels.
► Annelida
Octopuses, Squid, Vertebrate
Human Circulatory System
► Basics:
 Arteries  arterioles  Capillaries Gas and
waste exchange  Venules  Veins  Heart
Pumping Blood Through the Heart
►
Right Atrium
 Deoxygenated blood enters via the superior vena cava and inferior
vena cava
►
Right Ventricle
 Blood moves through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve
or AV valve) to the right ventricle.
 Right ventricle pumps the blood to the pulmonary artery through
the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs.
►
Left Atrium
 Oxygenated blood returns to the left Atrium through the pulmonary
vein.
►
Left Ventricle
 Blood moves through the bicuspid (mitral or left AV valve) to the
left ventricle.
 The blood is then pumped from the heart via the aorta through the
aortic semilunar valve and to the body.