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Forudsætninger for brugen af den tilgængelige information Informationen, der ligger til grund for denne præsentation, er udgivet til fri afbenyttelse i forbindelse med videnformidling om dansk frøarbejde. Eneste betingelse er, at der bliver refereret til Danseed. Ligeledes må de mange billeder benyttes til videnformidling, forudsat at de bliver krediteret til angivne ophavsmænd eller til Danseed hvis ingen anden kilde er angivet. Med venlig hilsen Danseed – Center for Frøvidenskab Indholdsfortegnelse Kort introduktion (THO) Korn (JRJ) Markfrø (BIO) Havefrø (BIO) Træfrø (MJ) Roefrø (HC) Organisering (THO) Uddannelse (CHOL) Frøkontrol (ULBM) Sameksistens (BIO) Nordisk Genbank (CA) Udviklingslande (OSL) Teknologi (BIO) Danske aktører (SVTN) Introduktion Thomas Holst Dansk Landbrug, Frøsektionen Under udarbejdelse Thomas Holst, Plantedirektoratet Korn Cerealienetværket http://www.cernet.dk/ Johannes Ravn Jørgensen Aarhus Universitet Hvede anvendelse - global Hvede er primært anvendt til human ernæring Hvede kvalitet Udbytte Forarbejdningsegnethed ensartethed, farve, udseende, kemisk sammensætning Human ernæring Industriel anvendelse Foder Udsæd Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Rug anvendelse - global Rug er som brødkorn kun overgået af hvede i betydning, og det vigtigste brødkorn i Skandinavien og Østeuropa Uden for Europa er rug hovedsageligt brugt til fodder En lille del anvendes til destillering Human ernæring Industriel anvendelse Foder Udsæd Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Byg anvendelse - global Den primære udnyttelse af byg er til: foder for husdyr, især svin til maltning og brygning ved fremstilling af øl og ved destillation til whisky Til human ernæring Human ernæring Industriel anvendelse Foder Udsæd Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Havre anvendelse - global En lille del af havreproduktionen formales til produkter der indgår i den humane diæt: havremel til grød og havrekager valset havre til grød,mel, babymad og til fremstilling af morgemadsprodukter Hovedparten anvendes dog til foder, traditionelt heste. Human ernæring Industriel anvendelse Foder Udsæd Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Produktion og anvendelse af korn i Danmark Havre og blandsæd 3.2% Vårbyg 27.5% Vinterbyg 10.4% Triticale 1.8% Rug 1.5% Vårhvede 0.4% Vinterhvede 55.2% Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Anvendelse af korn i Danmark Mel, gryn mv. (4,2%) Udsæd (3,4%) Industri (malt), (3,9%) Foder (88,5%) Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Kvalitetsanalyser i korn Maltbyg Spireenergi Protein Fusarium Kernestørrelse Brødhvede Meludbytte Protein/gluten Faldtal Mykotoxiner Foder Energi Stivelse Protein Mykotoxiner Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Kornkvalitet Fysiske egenskaber Sundhed Renhed Skader Vitalitet Kemiske egenskaber Kemiske indholdsstoffer Uønskede sporstoffer Proces kvalitet Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Kornkvalitet fysiske og kemiske egenskaber Kvalitet Fysiske egenskaber Kemiske egenskaber Sundhed Tilstand Renhed Skader Protein Uønskede sporstoffer Urenheder Vand Rumvægt Varme skade Fremmedlegemer Myko-toxiner Stivelse Kernestørrelse Insekt-skader Frø af andre arter Pesticider Olie Farve Spiring Sorts-renhed Ukendte Fiber Vand-indhold Misfarvning Ekskrementer Mineraler Umodent korn Mider / skadedyr Aminosyrer Knækkede kerner Meldrøjer Gluten Johannes Ravn Jørgensen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Markfrø Det regionale vækstmiljø Frøvækst Øst http://www.froevaekst.dk/ Det regionale teknologicenter Seedland http://www.seedland.dk/ Birte Boelt Aarhus Universitet Under udarbejdelse Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Havefrø Det regionale vækstmiljø Frøvækst Øst http://www.froevaekst.dk/ Det regionale teknologicenter Seedland http://www.seedland.dk/ Birte Boelt Aarhus Universitet Grass seed production area Oregon Canada New Zealand EU-25 Denmark 2002 2003 700.000 600.000 Acres 500.000 400.000 300.000 200.000 100.000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2004 2005 The Danish Seed Council Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Production area EU-25 18 35 7 4 Denmark Germany France Netherlands Poland Czech Others 11 11 14 The Danish Seed Council Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Species in production in Denmark Main species Perennial ryegrass Red fescue Kentucky bluegrass Others Tall Fescue Cocksfoot Italian ryegrass Hybrid ryegrass Meadow Fescue Timothy Bentgrass Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Danish production area Per ryegrass Ital ryegrass Cocksfoot Red fescue Tall Fescue Kent bluegrass 100.000 90.000 80.000 70.000 Acres 60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 The Danish Seed Council Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Restrictions on pesticide use Tax on pesticides Restrictions on a national level No specific restrictions at farm level Registered pesticides Many pesticides are not registered anymore Few new products Off label use Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Registered pesticides Many pesticides are not registered anymore Few new products Off label use Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Restrictions on nitrogen use Crop standard 10-15% below economic optimal rate Total amount of Nitrogen per farm per year Nitrogen budgets Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Establishment Light and space especially for slow growing species Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Screening of Pesticides Flowering 6 tillers 2-4 leaves Control 25 50 100 200 g/ha Solvejg K. Mathiassen, DJF, Flakkebjerg Spinach seed production - more than 70% of world production Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Vegetable and flower seed Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Seed tecnology Image analysis Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Træfrø Martin Jensen Aarhus Universitet Under udarbejdelse Martin Jensen, Aarhus Universitet Roefrø ? ? Under udarbejdelse ?, ? Organisering af markfrøbranchen Thomas Holst Dansk Landbrug, Frøsektionen Aktører i den danske frøbranche 4.000 frøavlere Markfrøfirmaer m. kontraktavl 2 danske 1 hollandsk Dansk Planteforædling A/S Dansk Landbrug (Frøsektionen) Forskning og forsøg Forskningsprogram frøavl AU DJF, Frøafgiftsfonden, DFFE innovationsloven Projekter finansieret direkte af Frøafgiftsfonden Dansk Landbrugsrådgivning, Landscentret AU DJF KU LIFE Thomas Holst, Plantedirektoratet Uddannelse Christian Olsen Selandia, CEU The Danish education system **) Primary and lower secondary school http://www.studyindenmark.dk **) After schoolstart 7 years old. Christian Olsen, Selandia, Slagelse Education in Agriculture Upper secundary education Diploma programmes Higher educations (Kort videregående uddannelser) (Universitetsuddannelser) (Gymnasium) Vocationel training BSc in natural resources (Naturressourcer) (Erhvervsuddannelser) •Jordbrugsmaskinfører •Faglært landmand •Jordbrugsassistent Futher educations •Grønt bevis •Grønt diplom •Agrarøkonom •AMU-kurser Links: http://www.ug.dk/Internationalt.aspx AP graduate in Agricultural Science (Jordbrugsteknolog – landbrug) MSc in Agricultural Science (Agronom) PhD / http://www.studyindenmark.dk/ Christian Olsen, Selandia, Slagelse Frøkontrol Ulla Blicher-Mathiesen Plantedirektoratet Seed testing since 1871 E. Møller-Holst Ulla Blicher-Mathiesen , Plantedirektoratet Training www.danseed.dk/training Ulla Blicher-Mathiesen , Plantedirektoratet Expert assistance Ulla Blicher-Mathiesen , Plantedirektoratet Authorisation Percent authorized sampling and analysis Ulla Blicher-Mathiesen , Plantedirektoratet Sameksistens Birte Boelt Aarhus Universitet Sameksistens / Coexistence Denmark first EU country to make rules on coexistence between genetically modified, conventional and organic crops Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg The Danish model Coexistence Three groups appointed The expert group (scientific analysis) The legal group (liability) The contact group (stakeholders) Scientific report Discussions Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg "Act on the Growing etc. of Genetically Modified Crops" Danish Act No. 436 of 9 June 2004 http://www.fvm.dk/fvm_uk Ministerial order 31 March, 2005 Revision ? March 2008 - applies to commercial growing, handling, sale and transport of genetically modified crops as far as the first buyer Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg The Act implies rules for Control measures isolation distance, cropping intervals, cleaning of farm equipment, handling and storage facilities Education and certification Information / communication Liability and compensation Birte Boelt, DJF, Flakkebjerg Nordic Gene Bank Christian Andreasen Københavns Universitet Nordic Gene Bank A presentation… Utilizing Gene Banks today; - Key words: Focus & Diversification Nordic Gene Bank Who we are… Material Documentation International collaboration Utilization Global Seed Vault - Svalbard Nordic Gene Bank What we do… Collect, Secure - and Use Conserve and document genetic variation in Nordic material from plant species useful for agriculture and horticulture. Make genetic resources and allied information available for plant breeding, research and any other bona fide use. Nordic Gene Bank What we do... - Mandate The Nordic Gene Bank (NGB), an institution which Reports to the Nordic Council of Ministers Is a centre for the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources in the Nordic countries Has mandate to conserve and document the genetic variation in Nordic material from plant species useful for agriculture and horticulture Is to make stored material available for plant breeding, research and any other bona fide use Is to foster rational co-operation between the Nordic countries in their efforts to use plant genetic resources for plant breeding and plant breeding research Is to participate in international co-operation in the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. Nordic Gene Bank Activities focused on Contribute to a sustainable use of plant genetic resources Conservation and documentation of Plant genetic resources from or of relevance for the Nordic Region - cultivated species Knowledge transfer by participating in research and education in the Nordic Countries and elsewhere NGB surveys international trends scientifically and politically aiming at influencing the international agenda and to advice National authorities on matters concerning Plant Genetic Resources Nordic Gene Bank How we are… organized - structure NB: Reorganization undergoing: From 1st Jan. 2008: Will include: NORDGEN Nordic Gene Bank Nordic Gene Bank Farm Animals Nordic Forestry Seed and Plant Counsel Mandate: Biodiversity – genetic resources Nordic Gene Bank How we are… organized - structure “Internal”: Staff - 25 persons 4 Departments Seed Store Biology Department, (Agriculture & Horticulture) incl. molecular and in vitro Lab IT- and Documentation Unit Administrative Team Nordic Gene Bank How we are… organized - structure “External”: Working Groups Working Groups Cereals Fruit and Berries - with external experts representing scientific community, plant breeders and other relevant partners for the Gene Bank Cereals Fruit and Berries Potatoes (ad hoc) Forage Crops Vegetables Oil Plants (ad hoc) Spicers and medicinal plants (project group) Potatoes Forage Crops Vegetables Root Crops, Oil Plants and Pulses Nordic Gene Bank Based on the principle that gene banking should be: Inexpensive and durable Basically available for any national and regional program at reasonable cost Not require: much advanced planning in terms of a large storage facility huge initial investments to get started. Nordic Gene Bank Partners: Working Groups!!!! National programs!!!! Other gene banks Universities & research institutions Scientific projects Breeding companies Government departments and authorities Museums Botanic gardens & parks Schools & education centers Hobby growers / Associations ”NGO’s” - networks etc. Nordic Gene Bank Conservation Ex situ (off-site conservation) seed gene bank field gene bank in vitro Cryo-preservation In situ (on-site conservation) on farm protected natural habitats / wild parks wild habitat Nordic Gene Bank Ex situ seed bank Active Collection (Alnarp, Sweden) Distribution, characterisation, multiplication, germination tests Base Collection (Årslev, Denmark) Long term storage, rejuvenation Safety Collection (Svalbard, Norway) Duplication of base collection samples Nordic Gene Bank Material Primary collections: 17532 5067 153 557 6446 156 14 16 1554 app. 300 Special collections: Cereals Forage Fruits & berries Potato Oil crops Vegetables Industrial crops Landscape Forest trees Spices and medicinal plants (in process) Lundquist mutant collection 9760 MacKey NIL-collection(in process) Other special cereal collections New special collections (in process) app. 5000 MIT – future/soon? 400 1321 Varieties? - Hybrid parents? - GMO’s? - Research material? Nordic Gene Bank International activities Expert consultation, development of regional PGR programs SIDA based programs: IT +: SADC - since 1989 Baltic region Eastern Africa – EAPGREN, since 2006 Balkan region – SEEDNet, since 2004 CAC, from 2007 GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility TDWG – Biodiversity Information Standards ECPGR, EPGRIS3, EURISCO BioCASE - Biological Collection Access Service for Europe GCP – Generation Challenge Program , on behalf of Bioversity Crop Wild Relatives – Global Portal, on behalf of Bioversity ABCD 2.06 - Access to Biological Collection Data (Berlin Botanical Garden) ALIS - Global Accession Level Information System (in process), together with Bioversity Safety Storage: Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Seed distributions, international, conferences, workshops, seminars) Udviklingslande Ole Søgaard Lund Københavns Universitet Danish Seed Health Centre for Developing Countries The centre works for reduction of poverty through improvement of seed quality and seed technology in developing countries. Particularly, the centre has expertice in seed-borne pathogens. The centre is part of Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of LIFE Sciences, University of Copenhagen. http://www.dshc.life.ku.dk/ Teknologi Birte Boelt Aarhus Universitet Under udarbejdelse Thomas Holst, Plantedirektoratet Danske aktører Svend Tveden-Nyborg Aarhus Universitet Under udarbejdelse Svend Tveden-Nyborg, Aarhus Universitet