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Psychology 30:
Developmental Psychology
Unit One
What is Developmental Psychology?
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Psychology 30
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Unit 1
Psychology 30
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Unit 1
Unit One: What is Developmental
Psychology?
Concept Map
The following concept map illustrates the major topics presented in this unit.
Introduction
Unit One gives the framework for understanding developmental psychology and its
lifespan perspective of examining change from birth to death. Through reading,
listening, viewing, researching, and completing hands-on activities, you learn about
some of the ideas, theories, and issues related to human development, growth, and
change.
You may come to appreciate the diverse nature of the field of developmental
psychology and the career prospects it holds for you.
A discussion of research methods used by psychologists provides a reference point
for the many types of research that you are asked to conduct throughout the course.
After working through the activities presented in Unit One, you will be asked to
respond to the questions in the first assignment.
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Reflecting on the Topic
Have you ever wondered how your life’s path may
have been influenced by family or friends, world
events, and your own adventures?
What is the sum total of one’s life? How do humans
develop, grow, and change?
Consider the influences that may have helped to
shape the lives of your Grandparents or elderly people
in your community and the legacy of memories that
motivated someone to describe one of them as “an
extraordinary person.”
Consider how economic or social events might affect
decisions a person makes? How do relationships with others influence where to
work and lifestyle choices?
If you asked your grandfather and grandmother to look back on their lives, what
stories would they tell you? Perhaps, they have advice for you. Seniors have
learned so much about life, change, and growth. Their stories are rich and teach us
about relationships, joys and sorrows, and about having a place in the world.
Human development happens at every age and throughout one’s lifespan.
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Lifespan Perspective
What are the characteristics of human development across the
lifespan?
Lifespan refers to the time an organism, a
material, or an object can survive or last.
How might we select the factors that describe human development?
Complete this checklist to see if you know the nature of human development.
Check only one box in each row that you think applies to a definition of human
development.

life-long
or

dominated by one age period

only about the physical
dimension
or

multi-dimensional

stable over time
or

multi-directional

outcomes are predetermined
or

“plastic” (many possible paths)

influenced by historical
conditions
or

not affected by environment, or
society of the time, or events

studied by many professionals
or

only of interest to
psychologists

influenced by only one context,
such as culture
or

dependent on many contexts
To see how well you fared, examine the graphic on the next page.
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Life-long
No age period dominates.
Multi-dimensional
Developmental consists of
physical, cognitive,
socioemotional, and spiritual
dimensions.
Contextual
The individual continually
responds to and acts within
contexts, which include a
person’s biological makeup,
physical environment, social,
historical, and cultural
contexts.
Multi-directional
Some aspects of
development increase,
while others decrease.
Multi-disciplinary
Psychologists, sociologists,
anthropologists,
neuroscientists, and medical
researchers all study human
development and share a
concern for unlocking the
mysteries of development
throughout the lifespan.
Plastic
Historically-embedded
Depending on the individual’s
life conditions, development
may take many paths.
Development is influenced by
historical conditions.
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Psychology and Developmental Psychology
What is psychology?
Psychology is the science of behaviour and
cognitive or thought processes.
A variety of subsets or fields of study exist
within psychology. For example, cognitive
psychologists look at thought processes and
the physiology of the brain. Counselling
psychologists help people who are experiencing
difficulties in every day life that cause distress.
Sports psychologists look for ways that athletes
might improve their performances, perhaps
through visualization exercises. Educational
psychologists look at the factors involved in
learning and educational processes.
What is developmental psychology?
Developmental psychology is the branch of
psychology that studies measurable changes that
individuals undergo as they traverse the lifespan.
Developmental psychologists try to measure, explain, and predict changes from
conception through the aging process in the areas of physical, social, emotional,
and cognitive growth. Developmental psychopathology is the subfield that
specializes in abnormal child development, including disorders such as autism,
hyperactivity, and attention deficit disorder.
Developmental psychologists examine
patterns of growth, change, and stability in human
behaviour throughout each stage of life.
Although there is some evidence to suggest that some aspects of human behaviour
remain stable, people as a whole grow and change right up to end of their lives. No
particular single period of life governs all development. This is the lifespan
approach that developmental psychology takes.
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What do developmental psychologists do?
Developmental psychologists generally attend graduate school to obtain an
advanced degree that enables them to pursue careers in many areas of health,
education, and social welfare. The work of developmental psychologists is varied.
They may teach, do research, or work in certain settings, such as hospitals or
schools. They may specialize in a particular stage of development and conduct
research and/or work with people in the community. For example, they may work
with parenting groups, or support groups for parents with children with special
needs. They may specialize in geriatrics, the study of aging, so that seniors in our
society are better able to experience happy and active lives. A developmental
psychologist may become a school or counselling psychologist or work with
educators to help children with developmental problems and learning disabilities.
Extend your learning about developmental psychology as you work
through Activity A. Submit the completed activity along with your
assignment for this lesson.
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Activity A
(4)
1.
Psychology is one of the younger social sciences. As a science,
psychology relies upon inquiry. Generate four reasonable and
effective questions regarding human behaviour that you or your
friends/family may have pondered on at one time or another.
Complete the following statements similar to the example.
Example: Inquiring minds want to know _why we dream_.
Inquiring minds want to know _______________________________________ .
Inquiring minds want to know _______________________________________ .
Inquiring minds want to know _______________________________________ .
Inquiring minds want to know _______________________________________ .
(4)
2.
In your own words discuss how the following terms are related to
psychology.
Term
Definition
philosophy
psychiatrist
psychologist
theory
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3.
Psychologists do not rely on common sense (everyday wisdom or folk
psychology as it may be called,) when studying human behaviour; instead,
they adopt a scientific way to test their questions through research. Research
findings must be credible, unbiased, reliable, verifiable, and observable.
(3)
a.
Write a common sense statement and, then, suggest one
scientific way that this behaviour may be studied. Follow the
example provided.
Example: Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
(common sense saying)
A scientific research method to study
this topic could be a survey or
questionnaire sent to a large group of
spouses of the soldiers sent to a war
zone.
common sense saying:
scientific research method:
(2)
b.
Suggest two reasons why scientific research methods may be
More reliable than simply observing or experiencing a particular
Issue.
.
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(3)
(7)
c.
Can laboratory research explain all of the mysteries of human
Behaviour? Identify and briefly discuss one observable
Behaviour or phenomenon that is best studied in a holistic or
True-to-life setting. Describe the realistic setting in which to
Study and observe this behaviour or phenomenon.
.
behavior or phenomenon:
.
realistic setting:
4.
Respond to the following questions related to the career work of a
Psychologist. You might use your imagination to create this profile.
You might also refer to the information in the lesson to support your
work.
a.
Identify what you think would be two influences on a person
who makes a decision to become a psychologist.


b.
Identify a life experience and a career that might help someone
to develop a deeper understanding of psychology.
Life Experience
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c.
Name a specific area of psychology that you might be
interested in choosing as a Psychologist. Give one reason for
your choice.
d.
Discuss whether or not you would enjoy conducting research in
Psychology. Give one reason for your choice.
e.
Give one reason why Psychologists are needed in our health
care region.
____
(23)
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Research Methods and Issues
What types of research are used in developmental
psychology?
There are two basic categories of research: quantitative research and
qualitative research. Quantitative research begins with a research question that is
translated into a hypothesis or prediction.
Hypothesis is a statement or prediction
that is assumed to be true. It is used as a
basis for gathering research data.
The research condition is set; data is gathered and analyzed. The
hypothesis is either rejected or supported by the data. Quantitative
research relies on the scientific method and experimental
conditions. Oftentimes, it provides numerical data, such as statistics
and percentages.
On the other hand, qualitative research methodologies presuppose that daily life can
be studied and that human beings give meaning to daily life. Researchers begin
with an inquiry rather than a hypothesis.
An inquiry seeks information and is an
investigation of a topic or issue.
Study is usually conducted in the field or a day-to-day setting and, when performed
effectively, results in rich descriptions of the issue. Researchers may also create a
space that allows for natural human social interaction.
We will not explain quantitative research and qualitative research in any depth in this
course; however, we will use a combination of these two types or research
methodologies to conduct research.
Read through the following descriptions of the types of research conducted in
developmental psychology. In the box beside each description create a list of
research experiences related to the specific research methodology that is described.
Your experiences may include:




personal experience
something that you have seen or heard
something that you have read about
something you have seen in a movie or a television show
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Experimental methods examine variables
and try to determine cause and effect
relationships. Using the experimental
method, the researcher deliberately assigns
participants or “subjects” randomly to two or
more groups. One group is given the
independent variable and the other group
only thinks it has been given the same
condition. Then the researcher measures
the effects on both groups and compares
the results.
Experimental methods examine
variables and try to determine cause
and effect relationships.
Interviews typically involve a face-to-face
meeting in which a researcher (interviewer)
asks an individual a series of questions.
The interviewer usually tape records or
writes down the participant’s responses. A
researcher might interview a number of
people to obtain data or only one person for
an in-depth look at a particular issue.
Interviews typically involve a
face-to-face meeting in which a
researcher (interviewer) asks an
individual a series of questions.
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Systematic observation involves direct
observation of the spontaneous behaviour of
an individual, or group of people in a natural
setting. This type of research is called
naturalistic observation. The observer is
not usually a part of the group and remains
aloof and observant. Participant
observation is when the researcher is
actively involved as a member of the group
or builds a relationship with one individual in
order to research a particular issue. The
group is unaware that it is being studied.
Systematic observation involves
direct observation of the
spontaneous behaviour of an
individual, or group of people in a
natural setting.
A case study is an intensive study of one
individual or a human phenomenon.
Typically, the case study is based on
interviews with or stories gathered from the
subject(s) regarding his/her background,
present thinking or actions. A case study
approach may also include interviewing
others who know the individual or
experience the phenomenon. Additional
case study material may be obtained
through observation, experiments, and
standardized testing, such as personality
inventories and intelligence tests.
A case study is an intensive study
of one individual or a human
phenomenon.
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A topical research study involves finding
information on a specific topic or issue. The
information is gathered, synthesized,
compiled together, and presented. Topical
research examines the scope of the topic or
issue. Typically, topical research involves
both searching paper-based as well as webbased resources. Additional information
may be gained through the use of other
research methods and strategies. For
example, an interview with an expert, or a
survey completed by those involved in the
topic may add additional information.
A topical research study involves
finding information on a specific
topic or issue.
Survey research involves going out and
asking questions, or sending out
questionnaires about a phenomenon of
interest. The survey method is especially
useful for collecting data from a large
number of people and is often the only way
of obtaining data about thoughts, feelings,
and private behaviour not open to direct
observation.
Survey research involves going out
and asking questions, or sending
out questionnaires about a
phenomenon of interest.
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Did you create a list of research experiences in the boxes beside each type of
research method?
Perhaps you have conducted an experiment that focuses on your energy level.
One day you ate breakfast and then you went to the gym to work out. You counted
the number of repetitions you performed with a piece of equipment and how many
minutes you jogged around the track. The next day you skipped breakfast, went to
the gym, and compared your results.
If you called your friends to find out their thoughts and feelings
about attending a particular party, then you were conducting a
survey.
If you have ever written a research essay, then you were
conducting topical research. Research is a part of everyday
life. Through research we learn about ourselves and we are
supported in making informed decisions.
Research is exciting!
In Activity B that follows you are asked to demonstrate your
understanding of the terms related to research by using them
appropriately in a crossword puzzle.
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Activity B
(7)
1.
Complete the crossword puzzle below to become familiar with the
terms used in research: biases, confidentiality, debriefing, informed consent,
reliability, sampling, validity.
ACROSS:
2.
Potential subjects understand exactly what is expected of them during the course of
research and that investigators protect participants from physical and psychological
discomfort, harm, and danger.
4.
The extent to which research methodology measures what it is suppose to measure.
6.
Preferences or inclinations that cloud impartial judgement.
DOWN:
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1.
The right of privacy for people/subjects concerning their participation in research.
3.
The extent to which the research yields the same results each time it is applied to the
same issue.
5.
The research participants be given full information about all aspects of the study after
they have participated in it, thus assuring that they leave with a full understanding of
its purpose and receive full disclosure of the information gathered.
7.
Relates to the group of people selected to participate in the research study in that the
participants are truly representative of the group concerned with the issue and with
enough numbers so as not to skew the results.
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(8)
2.
Read about actual research endeavours described in each of the
boxes. Then, identify the type of research method used.
a. In 1959 John Howard Griffin dyed his skin black and shaved his head
so that he could enter and explore the race relations in the American
deep south. His personal journey lasted six weeks. He documented his
experiences and tells his story in the book, Black Like Me, first
published in 1961.
Type of research: __________________________________________
b. The Centre for the Sociology of Sport at the University of Leicester in
the United Kingdom conducts research into a variety of issues related
to sports. One such research endeavour involved analyzing the
responses of 2 163 active soccer club fans, a representative
geographical sample. The purpose of the research was to find out
more about supporter preferences for the location of a new national
stadium in England.
Type of research: __________________________________________
c. In the autumn of 2000, the Equal Opportunities Commission (whose
subtitle is Women. Men. Different. Equal.) hired Christine Skelton and
Elaine Hall at the Department of Education, University of Newcastle to
conduct a review of the literature and summarize current research
findings related to the topic of gender identity. They compiled research
that addressed the development of gender roles in young children aged
between three and seven. Their report also recorded the main
theoretical approaches towards gender development and organized
what other researchers considered the key influences on young
children.
Type of research: __________________________________________
d. Psychological research has shown that seeing violence on television
has a major effect on children. In one study created at Pennsylvania
State University, about 100 preschool children’s behaviour was studied
both before and after watching television; some watched cartoons that
had a lot of aggressive and violent acts in them, and others watched
shows that didn’t have any kind of violence. The researchers noticed
real differences between the children who watched the violent shows
and those who watched non-violent ones.
Type of research: __________________________________________
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e. Oltmanns, Neale, & Davidson conducted research into abnormal
psychology and published their findings in a book. The book contains
the stories of 23 patients or clients with a variety of behavioural
disorders. Each story presents the client’s history, their symptoms, the
treatment, and the outcome. Clients were interviewed; their doctors
contributed information as well as family members. Their research
takes mental disorders into the complex reality of human lives rather
than into the realm of theory.
Type of research: __________________________________________
f.
As a result of Jane Goodall’s research which began in 1960, the idea
that we have much in common with chimps, is now widely accepted.
Goodall began her research with chimpanzees in their rugged mountain
home at Gombe Stream National Park in the East African nation of
Tanzania. She became intimately familiar with the lives of chimps in
one troop. She trailed them in the forest, watched their interactions,
and recorded their habits. Goodall shocked the research community
with her findings. She reported that chimps were highly intelligent,
emotional creatures living in complex social groups.
Type of research: __________________________________________
g. In November 1995, Martin Bashir, a journalist with the BBC current
affairs program “Panorama,” talked with Princess Diana in a one-hour
program. Princess Diana responded to his questions and the viewing
audience learned about her life.
Type of research: __________________________________________
h. Research findings reported in the Whitehorse Star in 2000 showed that
when alcohol was given to laboratory rats, it caused a dramatic
reduction in the nerve cells in the brains of these rats. The researchers
concluded that their findings had implications for pregnant women and
the well-being of the fetus.
Type of research: __________________________________________
____
(15)
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Four Domains of Human Development
What aspects of human growth are studied by developmental
psychologists?
Developmental psychologists look at all dimensions or domains of human existence.
They attempt to measure, explain, and predict changes that we go through from
conception to death. Developmental psychologists look at physical processes,
social/emotional processes, cognitive processes, and spiritual growth.
Review the graphic to understand each of these domains.
Physical
Social/Emotional
Changes in the physical body
include:
 genes inherited from
parents
 organ development
 motor skills
 cardiovascular system
Changes in relationships with
others include:
 emotions
 personality
 attitudes
Cognitive
Spiritual
Changes in thought, intelligence,
and language include:
 problem solving
 learning from experience
 imagination/creativity
Connections to an essence or
power include:
 giving meaning to our lives
 sense of awe and mystery
 expressed through the arts
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Developmental psychologists conduct research to discover who we are as human
beings; how we change as we grow; and the influences that affect our decisions and
further growth. Worldview, culture, values, and beliefs are major influences to be
considered in any research endeavour.
How does worldview influence how we think and behave?
Worldview is how we view our relationship to
our environment, both natural and human; our
interpretation of our surroundings..
How you view the world around you is shaped by your beliefs over time and the
social and cultural environment in which you live. Your worldview provides you with
a set of beliefs that help you deal with the reality in which you find yourself. Culture
helps to create a worldview that ultimately affects how people and societies
approach such issues as education, health, parenting, and spirituality.
According to the Native peoples of North and South America, all of life is connected
through a circle.
The Medicine Wheel teachings show
both the connectedness and the
interrelationship of all aspects of life.
The circle is multilayered with each circle organized into four equal parts. For
example, in the Medicine Wheel, the life cycle is seen as birth and childhood,
adolescence, adulthood, and old age and death. Potentially, the seed (the child) has
a mighty tree within it. The four elements are air, water, fire, and earth.
Mental
Physical
The four dimensions of human
nature, as seen in the Medicine
Wheel, are the physical, the social/
emotional, the mental, and the
spiritual. When these aspects are
equally developed within an
individual, First Nations’ wisdom
says, that person is well-balanced.
Spiritual
Social/Emotional
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Theoretical Perspectives
Do psychologists view human development through a variety of
perspectives?
Developmental psychologists look to a number of broad conceptual perspectives
representing different approaches to development. Each perspective encompasses
a number of theories, explanations, and predictions concerning a variety of topics of
interest to psychologists.
A theory provides a framework for understanding the
relationships among certain principles or facts.
There are six major theoretical perspectives in psychology.
Theoretical Perspective
Focus
Characteristics
1. Psychodynamic

focus on the inner
person
Behaviour and mental processes
are influenced by the interaction of
various conscious and unconscious
mental or emotional processes.
The struggle is between impulses
that satisfy the self and the need to
play by the rules of society.
2. Behavioural

focus on the outer
person
This approach sees rewards and
punishments affecting behaviour
and mental processes. A person’s
learning style and history shapes
the individual.
3. Cognitive

looks at the roots
of understanding
Perception and information
processing influence patterns of
behaviour. How people take in,
mentally represent, and store
information affects decision-making,
problem-solving, interpersonal skills,
and intelligence.
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4. Humanistic

focus on the
unique qualities of
human beings
People’s unique perceptions and
not their instincts, or thought
processes, or rewards and
punishments, affect our capacity to
choose how to think and act.
People are essentially good, in
control, and seek to grow to their
greatest potential.
5. Evolutionary

biology is seen as
a determinant of
behaviour
Evolution and adaptation of species
holds that human and animal
behaviour is the result of anatomy,
adaptation, biological factors, and
environmental conditions.
6. Sociocultural

emphasizes
systems of support
External surroundings and social
interactions provide incentives and
pathways for growth. Human
ecosystems include both the
physical environment (climate,
space per person, living
arrangement) and the social
environment (the people, the
culture, the economy).
Key Issues in Developmental Psychology
What are the key issues and questions in developmental
psychology?
Several key issues and questions have dominated the field of developmental
psychology. Among these issues are:

the nature of developmental change

the importance of critical periods

lifespan approaches

influential factors in development

the issue of nature versus nurture
Activity C that follows focuses on understanding these key issues.
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Activity C
Throughout Psychology 30 you will be asked, in a journal, to reflect and comment
on the issues, topics, and concepts presented in the lesson. This journal is called
Highlights of Experience because you are asked to respond from your experience
as well as the knowledge that you gain throughout the course.
Your entries are evaluated according to a rubric. This rubric will be used throughout
the course to evaluate your responses. The writing in the journal is informal yet
thoughtful. Develop your ideas fully and use language that indicates a working
knowledge of the topic. Twenty marks will be allotted to the journal entries. Give
detailed responses.
Marking Scale
No entries.
Points
Teacher’s Comments
0
Inadequate entries. Ideas are not clear;
some questions are missed or responses
are too short.
1-5
Ideas are limited and over generalized.
Understanding of the concepts/topics is
limited.
6 - 10
Ideas are straightforward and clearly
stated. Insight and self-reflection on the
concepts/topics are evident. Responses
are detailed and show some enthusiasm
for the learning.
11 - 15
Ideas are well constructed and explained
clearly giving additional information.
Responses show that learning is evident
and connections are made with other
concepts/topics. The vocabulary shows
that the definitions of the concepts/terms
are understood. Learning has also been
applied to experience.
16 - 20
Your first journal entry is related to the key issues and questions in developmental
psychology.
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Highlights of Experience: What do you think?
1.
a.
Some people say that a fully developed person (who is mature and
has applied learning) grows gracefully into old age as a result of being
engaged at each stage of life. Support this viewpoint with an example
of how a well-known person showed signs of commitment and
dedication from childhood on.
b.
Some people say that a fully developed person grows gracefully into
old age as a result of dynamic learning that occurred at one particular
age period. Support this viewpoint by giving an example of a wellknown person who was inspired at one time to do something or
become something.
c.
Now explain which side of the issue you believe most and why.
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2.
It has been said that humans change and grow on a continuous and gradual
basis, which means that potential growth occurs because of previous levels
or stages. In other words, we can count on a number of changes happening
throughout life. Give an example that supports this statement.
3.
Humans change and grow according to the distinct focus of each stage or as
a flower bursts open according to the right conditions. Human development
is discontinuous; which means that if we work successfully through a stage,
then we experience significant change. Each stage is complete in itself and
change is dramatic within the separate stages. Give an example that
supports this statement.
4.
Are there specific ages or periods when an individual is best suited to
develop a skill and, if missed that skill will never be fully developed? For
example, research has indicated that language development happens at an
early age and only when necessary environmental stimuli are present. Do
some research and find out when you spoke your first words and could
construct a simple sentence. Describe what you learned in your research.
Who did you ask?
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5.
6.
What is the value in studying developmental growth as seen over the
lifespan?
a.
Should we try to understand all of human behaviour according to what
we know about a particular period? Discuss the idea that if we are to
understand a baby’s development, then, we must look to the stage of
infancy to compare this baby’s growth to the norm. Give an example
to support this understanding.
b.
On the other hand, to understand one’s growth and development, we
must also look at the specific environmental influences. For example,
to study a child’s development and growth, we must also look at the
effects of the parents and their social environment. Do you think
parents influence how a child grows and develops? Give an example
to support your understanding of this idea.
Is development multifaceted?
a.
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Does everyone go through the same developmental processes/stages/
aspects of growth and change? This is called universality. For
example, do all people mature at certain times or after particular
experiences? Apply this idea to how obtaining a learner’s license is
allowed at the same age for everyone in this province.
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b.
7.
Although people seem to develop abilities at approximately the same
age, other factors, such as culture, family dynamics, and spiritual
values and beliefs also influence development. Consider how you are
influenced by popular culture. Popular culture is expressed in the mass
circulation of items from areas such as fashion, music, sport, and
movies. Discuss one way that a popular culture belief conflicts with
one of your own beliefs and values.
How much of our behaviour is as a result of nature? nurture?
Psychology seeks to understand how much of our behaviour is as a result of
hereditary factors and biological or genetic makeup and how much is as a
result of nurturing or facets of our environment.
Nature refers to what we are born with or, in other
words, biological and genetic factors that we inherit
from our parents and grandparents.
What is in our nature is relatively constant over time.
Nurture refers to what we learn from others,
especially our parents and those who raise us,
and the environment in which we live.
The aspects of ourselves that are nurtured change over time and are affected
by our environment.
a.
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Think of how nature and nurture are at work in your own life. Examine
yourself according to your character traits and personality. What have
you inherited from your family as a matter of birth? What have you
learned from them through your upbringing?
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b.
Give an example of a trait that you have acquired through nature (you
were born with it) and then provide an example of a trait that you have
learned through others (nurtured). Explain how this trait is an aspect
of nature or nurture.
Dimension
Physical
dimension
Emotional
dimension
Cognitive
dimension
Spiritual
dimension
Psychology 30
Trait of Nature
Trait of Nurture
Trait:
Trait:
Explanation:
Explanation:
Trait:
Trait:
Explanation:
Explanation:
Trait:
Trait:
Explanation:
Explanation:
Trait:
Trait:
Explanation:
Explanation:
32
Unit 1
Marking Scale
Points
Teacher’s Comments
No entries.
0
Inadequate entries. Ideas are not
clear; some questions are missed or
responses are too short.
1-5
Ideas are limited and over
generalized. Understanding of the
concepts/topics is limited.
6 - 10
Ideas are straightforward and clearly
stated. Insight and self-reflection on
the concepts/topics are evident.
Responses are detailed and show
some enthusiasm for the learning.
Ideas are well constructed and
explained clearly giving additional
information. Responses show that
learning is evident and connections
are made with other concepts/
topics. The vocabulary shows that
the definitions of the concepts/terms
are understood. Learning has also
been applied to experience.
11 - 15
16 - 20
___
(20)
Psychology 30
33
Unit 1
Looking Back: What do you recall of the concepts presented in the
unit? Review the concept map.
As you work through the assignment that follows, you may need to re-read those
topics that require clarification or review. Combine the information in the unit with
your own experiences as you answer the assignment questions. This will make your
learning more relevant and useful.
Psychology 30
34
Unit 1