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R. L. Greene, Director
Outline
Brief Overview
Faculty and their Research Interests
Impact of Center for Superconductivity Research (CSR)
Funding
Research Accomplishments
Future Directions
Issues
Summary
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Brief Overview of CSR
• 1987 - Discovery of High-Tc superconductors
• 1988
- CSR created by state funding directly from Governor as a quasiindependent unit involving Engineering, Chemistry and Physics faculty
- J. Lynn, Acting Director
• 1989
- Director hired (R. Greene from IBM Research Laboratories)
- Goals and philosophy defined
• 1990-1994
- 6 new faculty hired (Lobb, Anlage, Venkatesan, Webb, Ramesh,
Wellstood)
- 2 engineers and 4 administrative staff hired
- State budget cuts and buildup of external funding
- Major laboratory and office renovation completed in 1992
(CSR cost ~ $2 million)
- Concept of shared facilities established
- First review of CSR (early 1995)
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Brief Overview of CSR
• 1995-Present
- Initiated and supported related research areas
(e.g.,MRSEC)
- Increased external funding
- Decreased state funding
- Lost J. Lynn, 2/3 of T. Venkatesan, R. Ramesh and
R. Webb
- Added M. Fuhrer and I. Takeuchi as junior faculty
- Offer to senior materials physicist pending
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Brief Overview of CSR
• CSR Goals and Philosophy
– Achieve international recognition for our research, thereby enhancing the
reputation of the University of Maryland
– Hire outstanding faculty and research scientists.
– Work as a collaborative, interdisciplinary research center with shared
facilities and personnel
– Do basic and applied research on superconducting materials, other
advanced electronic materials, and superconducting electronics
– Train students and postdocs in areas of national importance in basic and
applied science
– Bring economic value to the state
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Brief Overview of CSR
• The CSR is a unique, interdisciplinary research unit
- Not traditional physics, traditional engineering, or materials science
- More applied research than physics, more basic science than
engineering
- Style of research is similar to former IBM Research and Bell Labs
• CSR does research focused in a few areas of condensed
matter physics/materials physics
- Advanced materials (crucial to everything CSR does)
- Fundamental studies of superconductivity
- Electronic applications of superconductivity
- Nano/meso physics and devices
- Spin transport electronics (spintronics)
• CSR does research of national importance (commercial and
defense)
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
• Faculty
S. Anlage (Prof.)
microwave properties of materials
M. Fuhrer (80%) (Asst. Prof.)
carbon nanotubes & nanoelectronics
R. Greene (Prof.)
superconductivity, magnetism, novel materials
C. Lobb (Prof.)
superconductivity, quantum computation
I. Takeuchi (25%) (Assoc. Prof. MS)
combinatorial synthesis
T. Venkatesan (33%) (Res. Prof.)
synthesis/characterization of oxide films
F. Wellstood (Prof.)
superconducting devices, quantum computation
• Research Scientists
- S. Ogale (50% MS)
- R. Vispute (50% EE)
synthesis/characterization of novel oxide films
wideband gap semiconducting oxides
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
• Former Faculty
-
R. Ramesh (50%)(Prof.)
R. Webb (50%)(Prof.)
T. Venkatesan (67%) (Prof.)
J. Lynn (50%)(Prof.)
ferroelectrics, novel materials
nano/mesoscopic physics
thin films, materials
neutron scattering
• Offer pending to outstanding senior materials physicist
• Currently
30 Graduate Students
11 Postdocs
10 Undergraduates
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
CSR FUNDING
• External Grants (annual)
See addenda #5 for details
$5.3 M
~$590K per faculty(9)
• State (FY05)
$2.35 M
Faculty salary
$750K
Staff salary (tech. and admin.)
$400K
Research salary (students, postdocs)
$400K
Operations*
$800K
*( lab renovations, facilities maintenance and replacement,
matching for proposals, startup funds, seed money for
new research, materials/supplies and telephones,
physics infrastructure support…)
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Impact of CSR
Scientific (1999-2003)
- Publications 451 (Nature/Science (10), PRL (46), APL (84), PRB (106))
- Citations
3853 (total since 1995: 15,752)
- Invited Talks
337 (at international conf: 184)
- Patents since 1995
23 (25 more are pending)
- OTC inventors of the Year (1998, 1992)
- Royalty return to University ~$250K
• Increased ranking of Maryland Condensed Matter Physics program since
1995 (#10 in US News rankings for past 5 years)
• Materials Science Department ranking has significantly increased since
CSR hired Ramesh
• Physics Department ranking has increased since CSR started
• CSR played a major intellectual role in ~2/3 of the first MRSEC in 1995 and
the successor in 2000 (and ~60% of departmental matching funds in 1995)
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Impact of CSR
• Faculty Recognition
- Webb
- Ramesh
- Greene, Venkatesan
-
Lobb
Wellstood
Takeuchi
Anlage
Buckley Prize, NAS, DUP, AAAS, APS fellow
Adler Award (APS), DUP, APS fellow
among top 200 most highly-cited
physicists since 1981 (ISI), APS fellows
DST, APS fellow
Sloan, Ferrell fellowships, APS fellow
ONR Young Investigator, NSF Career Award
NSF Career Award
• All CSR faculty rank highly in the department, many in top 20%
• Startup of two companies based on CSR developed technology
- Neocera, Inc.
35 employees
- Blue Wave Semiconductor
4 employees
• Equipment Donations of more than $3 million (see addenda #2)
• Many interactions with Industry & government labs (see addenda #3)
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Impact of the CSR
• Provides seed funding for new projects and can move
quickly in promising new directions
examples: Scanning SQUID, microwave microscopes,
quantum computing, spintronics (CMR and DMS)
• Engenders interdisciplinary interactions on campus
examples: Materials deposition and characterization facilities,
original MRSEC, quantum computing, combinatorial
materials synthesis,
• Brings new research culture to Maryland Condensed Matter
Physics program
THE SUM IS GREATER THAN THE PARTS: sharing of research
facilities, joint research projects, shared students
Other important impacts: see addenda #1
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Addenda #1
CSR Support of Physics Department and Other Departments
• Startup of the MRSEC in 1995
- Provided 60% of all departmental matching money (3 x physics)
• Attracted high-quality faculty which enhanced reputation of Physics
and Materials Science Departments
• Provided startup funds for non-CSR faculty and all CSR faculty
• Large overhead return (DRIF) on CSR grants has gone to Physics
-example: ~$500K from 1995 MRSEC
• Provided support to non-CSR faculty. Some examples are:
- Das Sarma
~ $20K/year for ~12years
- Drew, Yakovenko
students, postdocs, equipment
- Eichhorn (Chemistry)
$80K match for high pressure
synthesis equipment, postdoc
- Chi Lee (EE)
~$35K/year for 10 years
• Provided matching support on many equipment proposals
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Addenda #1
CSR Support of Physics Department and Other Departments
• $45K/year in infrastructure support to Physics Department in
addition to DRIF return on our contracts
• Provided significant funds for many physics laboratory and office
renovations over the years
• Transferred $51K to Physics Department for salary of Min Ouyang
(recently hired nanoscience Assistant Professor)
• Supported many first year physics graduate students as RAs
• Support 5-10 undergraduates per year to do research in the CSR
laboratories
• Bought SEM (~100K) for use in Engineering Materials
Characterization Facility and paid service contract (~10K for 10
years)
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Education and Teaching
• CSR is a research unit ….but actively supports the Department in
educating students. Many graduates, undergraduates and even some
high school students have participated in research at the CSR
• Faculty active in education and their teaching rated highly
- Anlage: headed revived Physics Honors program
- Fuhrer: taught large freshman physics course first semester at UMD
and is now the long-term mentor for the Physics for Engineers
sequence, handles assignments of undergraduate graders
- Greene: each semester runs weekly 2 hour seminar where all CSR
students present there work, helped rewrite Phys 275 lab manual
- Lobb: Distinguished Scholar Teacher, Dean’s Award for Excellence in
Teaching, Chair of Undergraduate Education Committee, member of
University's K-16 committee
- Takeuchi: teaching in both Physics and Materials Science
- Wellstood: Associate Chair for Undergraduate Physics (1999-2004),
helped create two new physics B.S. tracks and Physics Minor, served
on MD state committee to write rules for Associate Teaching Degree
for Physics in the state, with Chair helped create Phys 174 lab and
revamp Physics 261/271 labs, ...
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
CSR Alumni
• Since 1995 review, 56 CSR students got Ph.D.s (+ 3 Masters)
(Total CSR)/(Total Physics) ~ 56/266 = 21%
• Last year Physics graduated more Ph.D.s than any other program at
UMD, and CSR graduated more than any other unit in Physics
(Total CSR)/(Total Physics) ~ 10/35 = 28%
• We maintain a list of our former students and postdocs (addenda #7)
- most have gone to industry or government labs
- 11 former Ph.D.s or postdocs now have faculty positions,
including 5 women
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Research Accomplishments
(see addenda #6)
The CSR is internationally recognized for research in:
– Superconductivity
- Electron-doped high-Tc cuprates
- Vortex physics
- Josephson-junction array lasers
– Colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) materials
– Quantum computation with superconducting qubits
– Nanotubes, molecular electronics and mesoscopic physics
– Scanning SQUID and microwave microscopy
– Spintronics and ferroelectrics
– Combinatorial materials science
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Research on electron-doped high-Tc cuprates
GOAL: Understand the differences between n- and p-doped cuprates
and the origin of high-Tc superconductivity
R. Greene’s group and many collaborators, UMD and worldwide
N-doped
P-doped
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Accomplishments
• First determination of d-wave pairing symmetry in the
n-doped cuprates (PRL 85, 3700 and PRL 85, 3696);
• First observation of a low-temperature insulator-metal crossover
near optimal doping (PRL 81, 4720);
• First observation of a hidden low energy pseudogap (PRB 64,
104519);
• First violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law in any metal at very low
temperature (Nature 414, 711);
• First direct evidence for a quantum phase transition in any high-Tc
material (PRL 92, 167001).
• R. Greene invited to write a RMP review article on n-doped cuprates
This work is an example of CSR materials/physics expertise
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
8
SQUID Microscopy of Integrated Circuits
(Wellstood, Neocera)
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Center for Superconductivity Research
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Quantum Computing with Superconducting Devices
F.C. Wellstood, C.J. Lobb, J.R. Anderson, and A.J. Dragt, Univ. of Md.
[email protected] / http://www.physics.umd.edu/sqc/
Objectives
• Improve isolation and coherence times of
Josephson-junction qubits
• Make multiple coupled qubits and measure
MQT, energy levels, Rabi oscillations, and
coherence times
• Make and test CNOT gates
• Develop highly-efficient multi-qubit
quantum dynamics simulations
Major Accomplishments
• Rabi oscillations observed in LJ isolated
Nb/AlOx/Nb junction: coherence time
T'~ 10 ns, energy relaxation time T1~50 ns
• Calculated and observed energy levels in
3 coupled qubits (2 JJs & LC resonator)
• Avoided triple-crossing seen suggesting
entangled states of the macroscopic system
• varied qubit-lead isolation in situ, found T1,
March 2005
Center for Superconductivity
T2, T2Research
* versus isolation
Objective Approach
• Build Al-AlOx-Al and/or buy Nb multijunction systems with on-chip isolation
• Measure microwave spectroscopy, Rabi
oscillations, correlated escape rates, and
coherence times, T2 and T1, in coupled qubit
systems
• Use quantum dynamics simulations to
design, model, and interpret the qubit system
Quantum Computation: 3 Macroscopic Strongly-Coupled Qubits
~ 1 mm
LC resonator
Junction
Junction
1 1
Junction 2
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Quantum Computation: 3 Macroscopic Strongly-Coupled Qubits
Microwave spectroscopy
while sweeping J1 reveals
avoided triple crossing
when uncoupled J1(red), J2
(blue) and LC (green) levels
would coincide.
Theory gives good fit (dashed
lines), and implies at triple
degeneracy point the system can
be in entangled state of J1, J2 and
LC
|100> - |010> - 2|001>
|100> +|010>
|100> - |010> + 2|001>
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Future Directions
• Strategy: Use our strengths and be open to related new areas
• Synthesis and properties of advanced electronic materials
Superconductors
Spintronic materials
Multiferroics
Combinatorial materials
• Quantum computation with superconducting devices
More entangled qubits, quantum sensors, etc.
Increase interactions NIST, LPS, and AMO group
• Other superconducting electronics
- Superconducting meta-materials
• Nanoelectronics and nanomaterials
- Increase interactions with Keck nanosynthesis and
characterization laboratory
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Issues and Limiting Factors
• Need to attract high-quality faculty hires to replace loss of high-quality
people (Webb, Venkatesan, Ramesh, Lynn). This will require
commitment from College and Department
• Lab space, quality of space, and infrastructure for new faculty
• Lack of direct connection between CSR Director and CMPS Dean (and
Engineering Dean)
- CSR has grown significantly and faces limitations by not being an
independent unit
• Department and College lack understanding of CSR's
accomplishments and role in the Physics Department
examples: applied science unappreciated, misinformation
spread, CSR resources diluted, appointments opposed
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Summary
• CSR faculty are well recognized for their high-quality research,
teaching and service
• CSR has brought a significantly increased reputation to the Physics
Department and the University
• CSR contributes strongly to the education mission of the University
• CSR is a very effective research unit and should be used as a model
for setting up research centers at the University of Maryland
• CSR will help lead the department/university in new directions as we
have in the past.
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Addenda #2
Equipment Donations to CSR
RBS System
4 Circle x-ray
PLD System
Large Area PLD
Sputter sytem
SEM
2 AFMs & Controller
Dilution Fridge
Dilution Fridge
Ion Mill
Cascade semiconductor probe station
Center for Superconductivity Research
$1,000,000
150K
150K
75K
300K
200K
300K
350K
200K
200K
200K
March 2005
Addenda #3
Industrial and National Laboratory Collaborations
Argonne
ARL
Blue Wave Semiconductors
Brookhaven
Ceramare
Duracell
Intematrix
IBM
Intel
Interscience, Inc.
Fujitsu
Lucent
Motorola
Neocera
In-situ studies of oxide thin film growth
Synchrotron x-ray micro-diffraction
Nanotube Devices
UV detectors
XPS and spin-polarized photoemission
studies of magnetic oxides
Piezoelectric nanocrystals
Materials for batteries
New Microwave Microscopy techniques
Ferroelectric FET’s and CrO2 films
SQUID Microscopy
Oxides for bolometers
Ferroelectric memories
Raman Studies of Electron-doped Cuprates
MBE ferroelectric films and BST films
Microwave microscopy
Pulsed electron beam disposition
SQUID Microscopy of integrated circuits
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Addenda #3
Industrial and National Laboratory Collaborations
LPS
Lynntech
NIST
Northrop-Grumman
NRL
Rockwell
Seagate
Solid State Photonix
Telcordia
Texas Instruments
Quantum Computation
Metal oxide gas sensors
Quantum Computation, Neutron scattering on novel
oxides, Combinatorial materials, Microwave
Properties of Combi-materials
SC Quantum Computation
Nanotube transistors and high K dielectrics
Josephson-junction arrays
XMCD and Tunneling of surface spin
polarization in magnetic oxides
CMR bolometers
Probe-based data storage and pin valves
Ferroelectrics on Si for optoelectronics
Ferroelectric devices
SPM of Ferroelectrics
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Addenda #4 - MAJOR CSR FACILITIES
Materials Deposition and Fabrication
- Six KrF excimer pulsed laser deposition systems
- Two and four inch Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering systems
- Combined e-beam and sputter deposition system
- Thermal evaporation systems
- Class 1000 clean room for device processing, optical lithography
- Tube and box furnaces up to 1700 C
- High pressure oxygen furnace
- High Pressure Furnace-Rockland Research multi-anvil, up to 200 kbar, 2000C
- System for exchanging O18 for O16 in thin film and ceramic oxides
- DTA, TGA and DSC setups
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Addenda #4 - MAJOR CSR FACILITIES
Materials Characterization Systems
- Rutherford backscattering system (1.7 MeV NEC pelletron, with
channeling capability & Charles-Evans end station)
- Siemens D5000 x-ray diffractometer and Rigaku powder x-ray
diffractometer
- SEM with Microprobe and an SEM based patterning capability for submicron structures
-Electron microprobe for surface chemical analysis
-Sloan Dektac film profilometer
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Addenda #4 - MAJOR CSR FACILITIES
Measurement Systems - Electrical, Thermal, Magnetic,…
• Quantum Design PPMS system (14T, 300mK) and Quantum Design
SQUID magnetometer (0-5 T, 2-800 K)
• AFM/ STMs: Nanoscope III STM/AFM (Digital Instruments), home built
STM (0.3-300K, 0-12T), Omicron 4.2K STM with microwave attachment
• 4.2 K scanning SQUID microscope (SSM) (10 mm resolution), 2 room
temperature SSMs (50 mm resolution)
• 6 Tesla horizontal magnet with two orthogonal sample rotation axes
• 3 Oxford Instruments dilution refrigerators, including a 30mK unit with 018 T field capability
• 6 systems for resistivity, critical current, Hall effect, Thermo-power and
ac susceptibility, 1.5 - 400K, 0-10 T
• Specific heat apparatus, 0.3 to 300K, up to 14 Tesla
• Audio to 50 GHz test and measurement equipment, parallel plate
resonators, dielectric resonators, high-Q Nb cavities, coaxial
resonators, spectrum analyzers, lock-ins, microwave sources,…
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Superconducting Metamaterials
Steven M. Anlage, University of Maryland, NSF/ECS-0322844
Theorists have predicted remarkable new optical
properties for materials that have a negative index of
refraction. The most exciting prediction is that of a
“perfect lens” that is able to create an image of an
object with perfect clarity. Perfect lensing can be
demonstrated through evanescent wave amplification
under the ideal condition of n = -1 + i 0 precisely, but is
difficult to observe because current metamaterial
designs suffer from high losses due to metallic and
dielectric dissipation of the elements. We employ a
new metamaterial design that utilizes superconducting
metals and low-loss dielectric materials for the first
time to reduce the losses. We have measured a wire
medium, a split-ring resonator medium, and a
combination of the two at temperatures between 4.2 K
and room temperature. Evidence of negative effective
permittivity, permeability, and a negative effective
index passband are seen in the superconducting state
between 50 MHz and 18 GHz.
Submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett. (2004).
Photograph of wire array metamaterial made up of a lattice
of superconducting Niobium (Nb) wire inside a waveguide.
(Left) Photograph of Nb thin film split-ring resonators (SRR).
(Right) Data on transmission through superconducting (SC) and
normal metal (NM) SRR arrays in waveguide.
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
W. M. Keck Laboratory for Combinatorial Nanosynthesis and Multiscale
Characterization
Integrated laboratory for rapid synthesis and
probe of multifunctional materials at atomic level
Center forI.Superconductivity
Takeuchi, E.Research
D. Williams,
March
and G.
W.2005
Rubloff
Combinatorial laser MBE for creating arrays
of atomically controlled crystal structures
RHEED = Reflection
High Energy Electron Diffraction
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005
Multiscale Characterization using
Multimode Microwave Microscope
Macroscale library scan
(a)
STM/microwave
microscope cavity
cm~mm scale mapping
(b)
Submicron to atomic resolution
scan of individual
sites
Atomic resolution scan
(c)
0.1 mm scale scan
nm scale scan
Multiscale Microscopy
Mapping of various physical properties will be obtained at scales down to nm
Center for Superconductivity Research
March 2005