Download Competitive Equilibrium

超网络
--复杂决策问题中的应用
董琼 June Dong
上海理工大学
管理学院
超网络中心
School of Business
State University of New York at Oswego
网络到处可见
是 我们社会经济生活中的 基本
组成部分
复杂决策问题
 交通问题
– 地面网，高架网
– 不同的管理机构 ，不同的 目标，费用
– 动态
 供应链问题
– 交通网
– 信息网
– 金融网
– 人际网
 知识管理
 电力管理
特征
 多重 网络交互影响
 多种 流量
 费用是 流量的函数
 多个决策者，多目标
 有竞争， 有合作
 不确定性
供应链概述
制造商
供应商
配送中心
配送中心/
制造商网站
第三方物流
零售商
顾客
90年代以来，供应链管理对全球经济产生了变革的影响。
Sources:
plants
vendors
ports
Regional
Warehouses:
stocking
points
Field
Warehouses:
stocking
points
Customers,
demand
centers
sinks
Supply
Inventory &
warehousing
costs
Production/
purchase
costs
Transportation
costs
Inventory &
warehousing
costs
Transportation
costs
供应链冲突和后果
供应商
冲突
制造商
供应链各成员在利益、风险方面存在不同程度的冲
突，其局部利益和行为经常与系统目标不相吻合，
导致系统性能降低和成员收益受损。
Conflicting Objectives
in the Supply Chain
1. Purchasing
• Stable volume requirements
• Flexible delivery time
• Little variation in mix
• Large quantities
2. Manufacturing
• Long run production
• High quality
• High productivity
• Low production cost
Conflicting Objectives
in the Supply Chain
3. Warehousing
• Low inventory
• Reduced transportation costs
• Quick replenishment capability
4. Customers
• Short order lead time
• High in stock
• Enormous variety of products
• Low prices
供应链协调必要性
供应商
协调
制造商
设计和使用供应链协调机制，使供应
链成员的行为和系统目标统一起来，
从而提高供应链整体性能。
供应链 中的网络
Transportation Networks
Communication Networks
Energy Networks
Knowledge Networks
Financial Networks
Production and Distribution
Supply Chain Disruption Ripple
Effect

nearly halted production earlier last winter.
 Suppliers faced with much smaller incomes in
January 2009.
 Many of these suppliers manufacturer parts not
only for Detroit’s automakers, but for the foreign
transplants as well.
 So any disruption in the supply chain would have
ripple effects throughout the entire auto industry.
 Toyota has concerns with about 100
suppliers, particularly worried about 20 to
30 within that group.
 Toyota is developing workarounds to avoid
any problems should one or more suppliers
falter.
Extended Effect
 Pharmaceutical companies are in an extreme
shortage of acetonitrile, a common solvent. Why?
 Because of
– 2008 Summer Olympics
– GM
• the production of cars dropped significantly
 Switch to methanol
 Cause shortage in methanol and price increase
What is a Supernetwork?
A Supernetwork is a network, consisting of
nodes, links, and flows, that is over and
above existing networks.
Supernetworks: A New Paradigm
• Supernetworks may be comprised of such
networks as transportation, telecommunication, logistical,
and/or financial networks.
• They may be multilevel as when they formalize the study
of supply chain networks or multitiered as in the case of
financial networks with intermediation.
• Decision-makers may be faced with multiple criteria;
thus, the study of supernetworks also includes the study
of multicriteria decision-making.
Supernetworks
• Provide tools to study interrelated
networks
• Allow us to apply efficient algorithms
for computation
• Provide visual aids to see the
dynamic changes
Supernetworks
Supply Chain Supernetworks
Characteristics of Today’s
Networks
• Large-scale nature and complexity of network
topology
• Congestion
Alternative behavior of users of the network, which
may lead to paradoxical phenomena
• Interactions among networks
transportation versus telecommunications networks
• Policies surrounding networks today may
have a major impact not only economically but
also socially, politically, and security-wise.
Network problems also arise in other
surprising and fascinating ways for
problems, which at first glance and
on the surfaces, may not appear to
involve networks at all.
The study of networks is not limited
to only physical networks but also
to abstract networks in which
nodes do not coincide to locations
in space.
The Advantages of a Network
Formalism:
 many of present-day problems are
concerned with flows (material, human,
capital, information, etc.) over space and
time and, hence, ideally suited as an
application domain for network theory;
 provides a graphical or visual depiction of
different problems;
The Advantages of a Network
Formalism:
 helps to identify similarities and differences
in distinct problems through their
underlying network structure;
 enables the application of efficient network
algorithms;
 allows for study of disparate problems
through a unifying methodology
Decision Making
 Centralized
– System Optimal
 Decentralized
– User Optimal
Competition
 Equilibrium vs. Optimal solution
Interdisciplinary Impact of Networks
Finance and Economics
Interregional Trade
General Equilibrium
Industrial Organization
Portfolio Optimization
Flow of Funds
Accounting
Engineering
Energy
Manufacturing
Telecommunications
Transportation
Networks
Environmental Networks
Sustainability Issues
Environmental Science
Applications of Supernetworks
 Telecommuting/Commuting Decision-Making
 Teleshopping/Shopping Decision-Making
 Supply Chain Networks with Electronic
Commerce
 Financial Networks with Electronic
Transactions
 Social Networks and Supply Chain Networks
 Electricity Supply Networks
 Traffic Assignment with Environment concerns
 ….
新近的工作
 供应链经济
 网络有效性，鲁棒性 指标