Download Colonization - Election of 1860

Building A Powerful Nation
American History to the Civil War
(Beginnings-1861)
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
A. First Americans
May have arrived as many as 40,000 years ago
by crossing a land bridge that once connected
Asia and present-day Alaska
Migrated southward over the centuries
The descendents of these people are called
Native Americans
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
B. Spanish Exploration
1492- Christopher Columbus sailed across the
Atlantic looking for a sea route to India
(resources)
He thought he had landed on the islands off the
coast of Asia called the Indies
He actually landed on the islands of the
Caribbean Sea
1499- Amerigo Vespucci confirmed Columbus’
discovery of the “New World”
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
Columbian Exchange – exchange of goods,
people, animals, disease, etc. among the people of
the Americas, Africa, and Europe
1500s- Spanish explorers, searching for wealth
(esp. gold), conquered civilizations in Central and
South America, including the Aztecs and Incas
1513- Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for
Spain
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
1565-St. Augustine, Florida became the first
permanent European settlement in North America
– oldest city in the U.S. today
Spain also claimed the land west of the
Mississippi River
Some settlements grew into colonies, or areas
settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by
their parent country
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
C. French / Dutch Exploration
1524- Giovanni de Verrazano, an Italian explorer
for France, explored the eastern coast of N.A. –
claimed northern U.S. and Canada for France
1608- French founded its first successful colony
in N.A. at Quebec
1626- Dutch (the Netherlands) established New
Amsterdam (now NYC)
Neither wanted to conquer the Indians, they only
wanted to trade with them
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
D. English Colonization
Roanoke, NC – first major attempt at settlement
-failed twice:
-1585 – starving settlers returned back to
England
-1587 – ended in a great mystery – supply
ship found only empty buildings
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
Jamestown, VA (1607) – first successful English
settlement – established by a group of investors in
the Virginia Company with the approval of King
James I
-tried to make money off tobacco, but failed
-King James then appointed a governor over the
colony
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
The governor shared his power with the House of
Burgesses (1619) – lawmaking body of elected
representatives – first example of self government
in the English colonies
The King didn’t have absolute power either –
Magna Carta (1215) made the King obey the laws
and granted many powers to the aristocracy (land
owners)
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
Tobacco was the only thing that saved Jamestown
John Rolfe was the first colonist to send tobacco
to Europe (1614)
Not raised in Europe- learned from Indians
Settlers then began to move out of Jamestown and
built huge farms, or plantations
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
E. Growth of English Colonies
By 1643 16,000 colonists were living in the
Massachusetts Bay Colony – most of these
settlers were Puritans (religious group who
wanted to “purify” the Church of England)
Came to N.A. for religious freedom – tried to
convert the Indians
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
Mercantilism – economic theory that said a
country should try to obtain and hold on to as
much gold and silver as possible – more money =
more power
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
To control colonial trade, King Charles II
approved the Navigation Act (1660) – required the
colonies to sell certain goods (sugar, tobacco, etc.)
only to England
Salutary Neglect – policy of England towards the
13 colonies during the early 1700s – colonists
were left alone as long as they:
1) Sent raw materials back to England
2) bought English goods
3) remained loyal to England
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
Colonial Economies – by the 1700s, the colonies
could be grouped into 3 regions, each with it’s
own economy:
1) Southern Colonies – plantation farming – rice
and cotton – VA, MD, NC, SC, GA
2) Middle Colonies – mixed economy of farming
and commerce (business) – tobacco – NY, NJ, DE,
PA
3) New England Colonies – small farms and long
distance trade – MA, NH, CT, RI
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
The new colonies relied on triangular trade (trade
between Americas, Europe, Africa)
The part of the journey that carried African slaves
to the Americas was called the Middle Passage
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
For enslaved African, the voyage to America
usually began with a forced march to the West
Africa coast, where they were sold to Europeans,
branded, and crammed into ships.
Packed together in the ships’ filthy holds for more
than a month the Africans could hrdly sit or stand.
Given minimal food and drink, and those that died
or became sick were thrown overboard.
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
F. African Americans in the Colonies
By the mid-1700s, 20% of all colonists were
from African descent
Using slave labor provided several advantages
for the colonists:
1) master had complete control over his slaves
2) cheap labor
3) slaves worked until they died or were sold
4) children of slaves became slaves
I. Exploration and the Colonial Era
The tasks of slaves were not the same because of
the diversity, or variety, of the colonial economies:
1) deep South – slaves worked on cotton and rice
plantations
2) middle colonies – slaves worked on tobacco
plantations
3) New England – slaves worked as
housekeepers, cooks, etc.
•Some Africans in the colonies were free – but
they were brought to the colonies against their
will and faced discrimination
II. The American Revolution
A.
French and Indian War (1754-1763):
1753: the Virginia governor felt the need to
protect his colony’s claim to the Ohio River –
sent troops, led by George Washington, to take a
French fort on the Ohio – failed
British and their colonists vs. French and their
Indian allies
The final struggle for control of eastern N.A.
II. The American Revolution
Most Native Americans allied with the French
because they thought they were less likely to
disrupt their way of life
The British drove the French out of New York and
Quebec – won the war with the capture of Quebec
Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war – forced
France to turn over Canada to the British
II. The American Revolution
B.
Events Leading to the Am. Revolution:
Colonists had helped the British win the war –
Americans thought they should have the same
rights as English citizens
G.B.’s attitude changed after the war – because
of huge debts following the war, Parliament
passed laws designed to collect more money
from the colonists
II. The American Revolution
G.B. also set aside their practice of salutary
neglect and began to interfere in local matters
Proclamation of 1763 – prohibited colonists from
settling the lands west of the Appalachians – they
wouldn’t have to spend money to protect those
lands
New policies angered the colonists – decisions
made without an American vote in Parliament –
should be “no taxation, without representation”
II. The American Revolution
Colonists began to boycott British goods
When G.B. refused to back down, the colonists
decided to meet and plan a united response – this
gathering became known as the First Continental
Congress
All the colonies except GA were represented by
the 56 delegates in Philadelphia in 1774 – called
for the people to arm themselves and form militias
II. The American Revolution
King George did not back down – called the
colonists “rebels”
April 18, 1775: 700 British troops marched
toward Concord, MA (20 miles from Boston) –
intended to seize a stockpile of weapons
In Lexington (5 miles from Concord) they met 130
protesting colonists and ordered them to give up
their guns – many refused
II. The American Revolution
No one knows who fired the first shot – 8
Americans died and 9 others were injured – the
British moved on to Concord and burned the
supplies
As the British troops were returning to Boston,
4,000 Patriots gathered along the road
When the Battles of Lexington and Concord were
over, more than ¼ of the British soldiers had been
killed or wounded
II. The American Revolution
C.
The Revolutionary War (1775-1783):
The Second Continental Congress met less than
a month after the battles – some wanted
independence others wanted a compromise with
the British – 2 things were decided:
1. Creation of a Continental Army – led by
George Washington
2. Olive Branch Petition – expressed the
colonists’ continued loyalty to the King and
begged him for a compromise
II. The American Revolution
King George refused the Olive Branch Petition
July 4, 1776: the Declaration of Independence
was signed – written mainly by Thomas Jefferson
– listed all the wrongs done by King George
against the colonists
G.B. didn’t expect a long war – troops were better
trained and better equipped
Washington knew the colonists must outlast the
British – would never give up, even after several
defeats
II. The American Revolution
After years of fighting the war came down to the
Battle of Yorktown in 1781
-British troops, led by Gen. Lord Cornwallis,
had moved to the peninsula between the York
and James rivers – waiting for reinforcements
-Washington moved a combined Am. and
French force south – the French also set up a
blockade off the VA coast
II. The American Revolution
-the French ships drove off the British navy
-a few days later Washington’s troops arrived
and began to pound Yorktown – Cornwallis
had no escape and was forced to surrender
Nearly two years later the Treaty of Paris (1783)
was signed – established the independence of the
U.S. and outlined the borders of the country
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
A. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Americans began to migrate westward
Pres. Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to
Paris to buy the city of New Orleans
He could pay up to $10 million for the land
Napoleon offered to sell all of the French land to
the U.S. (known as Louisiana)
Monroe offered $15 million for the land
Doubled the size of the U.S.
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) –
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the
Louisiana Purchase – 3 goals:
1) find a river route to the Pacific
2) make contact with the Indians
3) gather information about the natural resources
Hired a Canadian fur trapper and his wife,
Sacajawea (Shoshone Indian), to navigate and
interpret
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
Zebulon Pike – explored the Rocky Mts. and
then southward to Spanish held territories (18061807)
B. Foreign Issues
Embargo Act of 1807 – an embargo is a
restriction on trade with other countries –
Jefferson imposed an embargo on France and
England in response to attacks on American
trading ships – American businesses hated it –
eventually led to war with England
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
War of 1812 -U.S. v. England
-caused by England’s interference with American
trade and encouragement of Indians to resist
settlement of the West
-England had a superior navy - British burned the
Capital and the White House in Aug. 1812
-forced Pres. Madison to flee
-Treaty of Ghent ended the war - all old boundaries
restored
-Gen. Andrew Jackson became an American hero
following the Battle of New Orleans
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
C. Domestic Issues
1818 – Pres. James Monroe est. boundary
between U.S. and Canada
1821 – U.S. bought Florida from Spain
1823 – Pres. Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
which warned all nations against any
colonization in the Americas
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
Missouri Compromise (1820) – over the issue of
slavery in the West
-Missouri wanted to be admitted as a slave state
-northerners opposed it because it would give
slave states a majority in Congress
-Congress agreed to 3 provisions developed by the
“Great Compromiser,” Henry Clay:
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
1) Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
2) Maine (once a part of northern Mass.) would be
admitted as a free state
3) As the U.S. expanded westward, states north of
Missouri’s southern border would be free states
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
Indian Relocation – 1820s, wealthy plantation
owners were looking to expand westward into
Indian lands
-the “Five Civilized Tribes” of the Cherokee, Creek,
Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole lived in the
fertile lands of the South
-they had settled down and become farmers
-some states began to break treaties with the Indians
by taking land away from them
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
Indian Removal Act (1830) - Congress gave Pres.
Andrew Jackson the authority to give Indians land
in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for
land taken from them in the SE
-About 100,000 from the Five Tribes were
relocated
-For 100 million acres of fertile land the Indians
got about 32 million acres of prairie land in what
became known as Indian Territory (present-day
Oklahoma)
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
Because of their “American” way of life, some
Cherokee were allowed to stay in Georgia
However, gold was discovered in their lands
White miners moved in
Georgia took 9 million acres of Cherokee land,
violating treaties with the tribe
III. The United States
(1789-1830)
The Cherokee sued, but Chief Justice John
Marshall ruled that they had no legal standing in
the American courts, because they were not
citizens
Later in the Supreme Court Case Worcester v.
Georgia (1832), Marshall ruled that Georgia had
no authority over Cherokee territory
Georgia ignored the ruling
1838 – U.S. Army moved approx. 15,000
Cherokee on a journey now called the Trail of
Tears – 116 day march – 25% died
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
A. Western Expansion
Crowded conditions in the east is one reason why
people moved west
-Ex: 1780 - 2.7 million
1830 - 12 million
Manifest Destiny (1830s-1840s) – the belief that
the U.S. should control all of N.A. – Ex:
1) Oregon Territory (1846) - U.S. and England
agreed to divide Oregon along the 49th parallel
2) Land held by Mexico – led to war
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
B. War with Mexico / Gold in California
Conflict began when 1000s of Americans who
had settled in TX (Mexican territory) demanded
independence from Mexico
Those settlers formed the Republic of Texas in
1836
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
Mexico’s dictator, Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna, sent troops to TX to put down the rebellion
Became known as the Texas War for Independence
The Texans eventually won and became an
independent country
1845 – Texas was annexed (added) to the U.S.
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
Pres. James K. Polk wanted more from Mexico
than just TX
He wanted the land from TX to the Pacific
Offered to buy it from Mexico but they refused
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
Mexican War (1846-1848) – started over a border
dispute
Americans claimed the Rio Grande River was the
border between TX and Mexico
Polk sent in troops to protect the border
Mexico attacked and the war was on
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hildalgo:
- forced Mexico to give up NM, AZ, and CA to
the U.S.
- also established the Rio Grande as the border
Gadsden Purchase (1854) – U.S. bought 30,000
sq. miles from Mexico for $10 million (southern
NM and AZ)
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
California Gold Rush (1849) – gold was
discovered at Johann Sutter’s mill in CA in Jan.
1848
Reported by the newspapers and the rush was on
-1848- 14,000 people
-1849- 100,000 people
Disease killed 1000s of Indians
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
C. Growing Sectional Differences
1850s – U.S. realized that the nation’s 2 main
sections (North and South) were moving in
opposite directions
North
Population
21.5 million
Railroad mileage
21,700 miles
# of factories
110,100
# of factory workers 1.17 million
Value of products
$1.62 billion
Cotton (bales)
4,000
South
9 million
9,000 miles
20,600
111,000
$155 million
5 million
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
1)
2)
Major Events Over the Issue of Slavery
Missouri Compromise (1820) – see previous
notes
Compromise of 1850 – created by Henry Clay –
4 provisions:
a) CA admitted as a free state
b) people in NM and Utah territories given
popular sovereignty (right to decide to be
free or slave)
c) slave trade abolished (did away with) in
Wash. D.C., but not slavery itself
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
d) Fugitive Slave Act – ordered all Americans
to assist in the return of runaway slaves
3.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) – written in
response to the Fug. Slave law by Harriet
Beecher Stowe – portrayed slave owners as
brutal masters – southerners hated it
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
4. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – divided Kansas
and Nebraska into 2 states – each was given
popular sovereignty – a minor war broke out over
the issue of slavery (“Bleeding Kansas”) – Kansas
eventually admitted as a free state
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
5. John Brown’s Raid (1859) – John Brown was an
abolitionist (those that opposed slavery) who
invaded Harper’s Ferry, VA to steal a stockpile of
weapons to give to slaves – convicted of treason
and hung
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
Election of 1860 – differences over slavery split
the Democratic Party and allowed a Republican,
Abraham Lincoln, to win the election – carried
(won) all of the northern states (greater population
than the south) – some states had already promised
to secede (formal separation) from the Union if
Lincoln was elected
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
After the election, 7 states voted to secede and
form their own country (Confederate States of
America):
South Carolina (1st)
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
After a southern victory at Fort Sumter in
Charleston, SC (Union fort on Conf. soil) by
Conf. general P.G.T. Beauregard, 4 more states
voted to secede:
8. Tennessee
9. Virginia
10. Arkansas
11. North Carolina
IV. The United States
(1830-1860)
The northwest section of Virginia didn’t want to
secede from the Union, so they seceded from
Virginia and formed West Virginia