Download Surgical Methods to Enhance Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Review

Review Article
Surgical Methods to Enhance Orthodontic Tooth
Movement: A Review
Aggarwal Isha1, Nanda Madhurima2, Wadhawan Manu3, Dhir Vishesh4
Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital,
Ramnagar, Banur, Punjab, India, 2Private Practitioner, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Noida, Uttar Pradesh,
India, 3Private Practitioner, Mohali, Punjab, India, 4Post-Graduate Student, Department of Periodontics, B.R.S Dental
College and Hospital Panchkula, Haryana, India
1
ABSTRACT
The duration of orthodontic treatment is the most important concern of orthodontic patients. Long orthodontic treatment
time poses several disadvantages to the patients such as higher predisposition to dental caries, root resorption, and gingival
recession. Therefore, this increases the demand to find the best methods to increase the rate of tooth movement with the less
possible disadvantages. Orthodontic treatment is based on the fact that when force is delivered to a tooth, it is transmitted to
the adjacent investing tissues, certain mechanical, chemical, and cellular events take place within these tissues, which allow
for structural alterations and contribute to the movement of that tooth. Conventionally, this process is slow and orthodontic
treatment times can range anywhere between 12 and 48 months. By increasing the body’s response to these forces, tooth
movement can be accelerated. Many methods are available in the literature to accelerate tooth movement; among them,
surgical techniques are increasingly becoming popular such as corticotomy and piezosurgery. The aim of this article is
to review these surgical techniques, offering a clear idea of the scientific evidence available in literature and the possible
implications of these techniques in the future.
Key words: Interseptal alveolar surgery corticotomy, Orthodontic tooth movement, Piezocision
INTRODUCTION
In orthodontics, duration of the treatment is most
important for both the patient and the orthodontist. In
the past, a variety of techniques have been published
in literature focusing on the biological acceleration
of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Low-level
laser therapy, drug-related and surgical procedures,
or gene therapy1-6 are some of these techniques. The
procedures are varied, and in most of the cases, the
molecular base lying underneath remains yet unclear.
Out of these, surgical methods or surgically facilitated
orthodontic techniques have achieved increasing interest.
Corticotomy,1,7,8 osteotomy,9,10 and piezocision11,12 have
been the most frequently reported procedures and
different processes, regional acceleratory phenomenon
(RAP),13 or bone distraction14 have been suggested to
be the base underlying the clinical acceleration of OTM
observed. In this review, we will go through them, to draw
a clear sketch of the “state of the art” that could be useful
for clinicians and researchers with an interest in this area.
The surgical technique has been documented in many
case reports. It is a clinically effective technique used
for adult patients, where the duration of orthodontic
treatment may be critical in selected groups of patients.
The periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone
remodeling are the important parameters in tooth
movement, and bone turnover is known to increase after
bone grafting, fracture, and osteotomy. Several surgical
approaches that have been tried to accelerate OTM such
as interseptal alveolar surgery, osteotomy, corticotomy,
and piezocision techniques.
INTERSEPTAL ALVEOLAR SURGERY
Interseptal alveolar surgery or distraction osteogenesis is
divided into the distraction of PDL or distraction of the
dentoalveolar bone; an example of both is the rapid canine
distraction. The concept of distraction osteogenesis came
from the early studies15 of limb lengthening. Furthermore,
from surgical treatments of craniofacial skeletal dysplasia,
Corresponding Author: Dr. Isha Aggarwal, H. No-239 First Floor, Phase 3-A Mohali, Punjab, India. Phone: +91-9216997772.
E-mail: [email protected]
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Isha, et al.: Surgical Methods to Enhance Orthodontic Tooth Movement
this concept was later adapted in relation to the rapid
tooth movement. In the rapid canine distraction of PDL,
the interseptal bone distal to the canine is undermined
surgically at the same time of extraction of the first
premolars; thus, this will reduce the resistance on the
pressure site. In this concept, the compact bone is replaced
by the woven bone, and tooth movement is easier and
quicker due to reduced resistance of the bone.16 It was
found that these rapid movements are during the initial
phases of tooth movement, especially in the first week.17
In this technique, the interseptal bone is undermined
1-1.5 mm in thickness distal to the canine after the
extraction of the first premolar, and the socket is deepened
by a round bur to the length of the canine. The retraction
of the canine is done by the activation of an intraoral
device directly after the surgery. It has been shown that
it took 3 weeks to achieve 6-7 mm of full retraction of
the canine to the socket of the extracted first premolars.16
Rapid canine distraction of the dentoalveolar bone is
done by the same principle of the distraction of PDL,
with the addition of more dissection and osteotomies
performed at the vestibule.10,18-21
In all the studies done, both techniques accelerated
tooth movement with no evidence of significant root
resorption, ankylosis, and root fracture. However, there
were contradictory results regarding of the electrical
vitality test of the retracted canines. Liou and Huang16
reported 9 out of 26 teeth showed positive vitality,
whereas Sukurica et al.18 reported that 7 out of 20 showed
positive vitality after the 6th month of retraction. Hence,
there are still some uncertainties regarding this technique.
CORTICOTOMY
Over the past several years, corticotomies have become a
popular means of increasing the rate of tooth movement.
In corticotomy, the cortical layer is cut or perforated to
the depth of the medullary bone which is preserved.
During the bone healing process, an RAP takes place in
the periodontium.22 RAP is a natural localized reaction
of soft and hard tissues in response to an injury and is
associated with increased perfusion, bone turnover, and
decreased bone density. It is similar to the processes
associated with normal fracture healing which include a
reactive phase, reparative phase, and remodeling phase.
The reactive phase lasts 7 days, and it is characterized
by immediate constriction of blood vessels to mitigate
bleeding followed by hematoma within a few hours.23 The
cells within the hematoma die and a loose aggregate of
fibroblasts, intercellular materials, and other supporting
cells are then formed. This granulation tissue is formed
within approximately 2 weeks. A few days later, periosteal
cells surrounding the injury site and the granulation-tissue
fibroblasts are transformed into chondroblasts and form
hyaline cartilage. Periosteal cells in the vicinity of the
18
injury site develop into osteoblasts which form woven
bone.24 The association of the mass of hyaline cartilage
and woven bone is called callus which is then replaced by
lamellar bone in the subsequent phase. In fracture healing,
the time between callus formation and mineralization is of
1-4 months; corticotomies are expected to heal faster than
fractures (2-3 months). The last phase of healing takes
1-4 years, and it is characterized by complete remodeling
of the bone into functionally mature lamellar bone.25,26
Tooth movement should be faster in less dense alveolar
bone which is rapidly remodeled. For the same reasons,
tooth movement is faster in growing children than in adults.
Moreover, animal studies showed that corticotomies
provide three times as many osteoclasts, three times greater
bone apposition rate, and a twofold decrease in calcified
trabecular bone.27 Another study by Teixeira et al., in
2010, demonstrated that perforations in the cortical bone
increase the expression of 37 inflammatory cytokines,
which leads to more osteoclasts, and consequently, greater
bone remodeling process.28
Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment is quite
invasive as it requires extensive flap elevation and bone
surgery. A previous study proposed by Kotrikova et al.,
in 2006, stated the use of a piezoelectric knife instead
of a high-speed surgical bur to decrease surgical trauma
and still achieve rapid tooth movement.28 Due to their
micrometric and selective cut, piezoelectric devices have
been claimed to produce safe and precise osteotomies
without osteonecrotic damage.29 Taken all together, there
is twice as much tooth movement with than without
corticotomies. However, this window of opportunity used
to accelerate tooth movement is limited to 2-3 months,
in which 4-6 mm of tooth movement might be expected
(twice as much the normal rate).1 Nevertheless, further
controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the
actual effects of corticotomies.
DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS
Interseptal alveolar surgery or distraction osteogenesis
is divided into the distraction of PDL or distraction of
the dentoalveolar bone.17 The concept of distraction
osteogenesis came from the early studies by Ilizarov of
limb lengthening in 1988. Furthermore, from surgical
treatments of craniofacial skeletal dysplasia, this
concept was later adapted in relation to the rapid tooth
movement.30 In the rapid canine distraction of PDL,
the interseptal bone distal to the canine is undermined
surgically at the same time of extraction of the first
premolars; thus, this will reduce the resistance on the
pressure site.31 The majority of the individual canine
distractors currently used are custom made, intraoral,
tooth-borne devices. The distraction device is fabricated
from stainless steel and typically consists of: An anterior
segment adapted onto the canine, a posterior segment
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Isha, et al.: Surgical Methods to Enhance Orthodontic Tooth Movement
that includes a retention arm adapted onto the molar and
a grooved screw slot, a screw of standardized diameter
and a pitch, sliding rod that acts as a guidance bar through
which the anterior segment slides, and a screw wrench
or driver to advance the screw.32 In this concept, the
compact bone is replaced by the woven bone, and tooth
movement is easier and quicker due to reduced resistance
of the bone. It was found that these rapid movements are
during the initial phases of tooth movement, especially
in the first week.33 In this technique, the interseptal bone
is undermined 1-1.5 mm in thickness distal to the canine
after the extraction of the first premolar, and the socket
is deepened by a round bur to the length of the canine.
The retraction of the canine is done by the activation of
an intraoral device directly after the surgery. It has been
shown that it took 3 weeks to achieve 6-7 mm of full
retraction of the canine to the socket of the extracted
first premolars.18,34
Rapid canine distraction of the dentoalveolar bone is
done by the same principle of the distraction of PDL,
with the addition of more dissection and osteotomies
performed at the vestibule. In all the studies done, both
techniques accelerated tooth movement with no evidence
of significant root resorption, ankylosis, and root fracture.
Liou and Huang, in 1998, reported 9 out of 26 teeth
showed positive vitality,35 whereas Sukurica et al., in 2007,
reported that 7 out of 20 showed positive vitality after
the 6th month of retraction. Hence, there are still some
uncertainties regarding this technique.10
PIEZOCISION
In the late 1990s, the Wilcko brothers added the alveolar
augmentation to the corticotomies and developed the
Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics procedure and
claimed that the orthodontic treatment time could be
reduced by 75% in the majority of the orthodontic cases.
An alternative approach has been introduced by Park et al.
consisting of incisions directly through the gingiva and
bone using a combination of blades and a surgical mallet.
While decreasing the surgical time (no flaps or sutures;
only cortical incisions), this technique did not offer the
benefits of bone grafting to increase periodontal support
in the areas where expansive tooth movement was desired.
In addition, the extensive hammering in office to perform
the cortical incisions appears to be somewhat aggressive.
Moreover, dizziness and benign paroxysmal positional
vertigo have been reported following the use of the
hammer and chisels in the maxilla. In 2007, Vercelotti and
Podesta introduced the use of piezosurgery instead of
burs, in conjunction with the conventional flap elevations
to create an environment conducive to rapid tooth
movement. In 2009, Dibart et al. described a new minimally
invasive procedure that they called as piezocision.20 This
technique combines microincisions limited to the buccal
gingiva that allows the use of a piezoelectric knife to give
osseous cuts to the buccal cortex and initiate the RAP
without involving palatal or lingual cortex. The procedure
allows for rapid tooth movement without the downside
of an extensive and traumatic surgical approach while
maintaining the clinical benefit of a bone or soft-tissue
grafting concomitant with a tunnel approach.
Surgical Steps
1. The surgery is performed 1 week following placement
of the fixed orthodontic appliance.
2. After local anesthesia, vertical interproximal incisions
are made, below the interdental papilla, on the buccal
aspect of each jaw using a microsurgical blade or a
blade No. 11.
3. These incisions are kept minimal (microincisions)
except when made in the areas of bone grafting.
4. The incisions go though the periosteum, which allows
the blade to reach the alveolar bone.
5. A piezo surgical knife (BS 1 insert, Piezotome™, Satelec
Acteon Group, Merignac, France) is used to create the
cortical alveolar incision through the gingival microopening to a depth of approximately 3 mm.
6. When the corticotomies are finished, the areas
requiring bone or soft tissue augmentations are
tunneled using a small periosteal elevator through the
vertical incisions followed by grafting in the tunneled
areas. Vertical incisions are then closed using a
resorbable 5-0 suture.
7. The areas that have not been “tunneled” do not need
suturing.
8. If the patient is comfortable, he/she may go home
under antibiotic and analgesic cover.36
It is of paramount importance for the orthodontist and
surgeon to understand that the surgically induced high
tissue turnover is restricted to the immediate proximity
of the surgical cuts, creating what might be referred to
as a localized spatio-temporal window of opportunity.
Attention must be given to perform the bony incisions
only around the teeth where tooth movement is planned.
As such, the relative anchorage value of the teeth away
from the surgical site remains high, and anchorage
value of teeth adjacent to the surgical site is low. RAP is
transient, but continuous mechanical stimulation of the
teeth would prolong the osteopenic effect induced by the
procedure. Hence, it is imperative to see the patient and
adjust the orthodontic appliance every 2 weeks.
During treatment, a sharp increase in tooth mobility may
be observed, resulting from the transient osteopenia
induced by the surgery. Furthermore, it is important to
emphasize that higher forces are applied to the teeth
as compared to conventional orthodontic treatment to
maintain mechanical stimulation of the alveolar bone and
the osteopenic state, allowing rapid treatment.
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MICRO-OSTEOPERFORATIONS (MOP)
To further reduce the invasive nature of surgical irritation
of bone, a device, called propel, was introduced by propel
orthodontics. They called this process as alveocentesis,
which literally translates to puncturing bone. This device
comes as ready-to-use sterile disposable device. The
device has an adjustable depth dial and an indicating
arrow on the driver body. The adjustable depth dial can
be positioned to 0, 3, 5, and 7 mm of tip depth depending
on the area of operation. Previous animal studies have
shown that performing MOPs on alveolar bone during
OTM can stimulate the expression of inflammatory
markers, leading to increases in osteoclast activity and the
rate of tooth movement.
Alikhani et al. (2013) performed a single blinded study
to investigate this procedure on humans. They used a
nickel titanium closed coil spring, delivering a constant
force of 100 g to distalize the maxillary canine after
first premolar extraction. The spring was anchored
to temporary anchorage devices distal to the second
premolar and attached to the canine using a power arm
through the vertical slot of the canine bracket. Gingival
crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from each
subject to evaluate the level of inflammatory response.
GCF was collected before orthodontic treatment,
immediately before the start of canine retraction and at
each subsequent visit between 10 am and 12 noon. These
samples were taken from the distobuccal crevices of the
maxillary canine. GCF samples were collected with filterpaper strips (Oraflow, Smithtown, NY) inserted 1 mm
below the gingival margin into the distobuccal crevices
of the canine for 10 s. Cytokine levels were measured
using a custom protein array for the following cytokines:
CCL-2 (MCP1), CCL-3, CCL-5 (RANTES), interleukin-8
(IL-8) (CXCL8), IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, and tumor necrosis
factor-alpha (Raybiotech, Norcross, Ga) according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. Alginate impressions were
taken at the beginning of the study, immediately before
canine retraction and 28 days after canine retraction began
to monitor the rate of tooth movement. The impressions
were immediately poured with plaster (calcium sulfate).
Vertical lines were drawn on the cast over the palatal
surface of the canine and lateral incisor from the middle
of the incisal edge to the middle of the cervical line. The
distance between the canine and the lateral incisor was
assessed before and after canine retraction at 3 points:
Incisal, middle, and cervical thirds of the crowns. All cast
measurements were made using an electric digital caliper
(Orthopli Corp, Philadelphia, PA) with an accuracy of
0.01 mm. They concluded their study by stating that:
MOPs significantly increased the expression of cytokines
and chemokines known to recruit osteoclast precursors
and stimulate osteoclast differentiation. MOPs increase
the rate of canine retraction 3-fold compared with the
control group. Patients reported only mild discomfort
20
locally at the spot of the MOPs. At days 14 and 28,
little or no pain was experienced. MOPs are an effective,
comfortable, and safe procedure to accelerate tooth
movement during orthodontic treatment. MOPs could
reduce orthodontic treatment time by 62%.37
CORTICISION
“Corticision” was introduced as a supplemental
dentoalveolar surgery in orthodontic therapy to achieve
accelerated tooth movement with minimal surgical
intervention. In this technique, a reinforced scalpel is
used as a thin chisel to separate the interproximal cortices
transmucosally without reflecting a flap. In Young-Guk
Park’s lecture, he described the procedure in detail in
previously anesthetized subjects; the surgical blade is
inserted interproximally and parallels to the occlusal
plane 5 mm apical from the tip of the papilla. The blade
is tapped with a mallet to a depth of approximately 8 mm.
The angle of the blade to be changed to approximately
45° apically and the blade is tapped to a depth of
10-12 mm. The blade is changed after four to five slices.
The goal is to cut the cancelous bone between the roots
to 50-75% of the root length. To remove the blade, the
blade and handle are grasped, and the scalpel is worked up
and down a few times before pulling the blade out. The
blade is pulled rather than the handle to avoid breaking
the blade. Test the mobility of the teeth by forcibly
trying to move them slightly. Apply orthodontic forces
immediately. The patient is seen every 2 weeks and the
teeth are forcibly mobilized to induce minor trauma to
extend the effect; and according to Park, this is a minimally
invasive technique to induce accelerated tooth movement
by stimulating osteoblasts and bending alveolar bone that
has been surgically separated.38
The administration of exogenous biological molecules to
accelerate tooth movement during orthodontic treatments
has been intensively tested in animal experiments.39
However, clinical trials on humans are limited since they
must be administered occasionally by local injections that
can be painful and cause discomfort to the patients to
avoid systemic applications. Their side effects were also not
tested for long periods of time. However, administration
of certain molecules has shown promising results; for
example, cytokine, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D,
and RANKL/RANK/osteoprotegerin system play an
important role in bone remodeling and tooth movement.
Human relaxin does not accelerate tooth movement
in rats but increases tooth mobility by decreasing the
organization and mechanical strength of the PDL.
However, a lot of these mechanisms are not fully
understood, and the dose-dependent mechanisms should
also be further investigated. In the physical approach, the
low-level laser therapy is the most promising method;
however, contradictory results were shown. This is due to
International Research Journal of Clinical Medicine • Vol 1 • Issue 4 • Apr 2016
Isha, et al.: Surgical Methods to Enhance Orthodontic Tooth Movement
the different energies, duration, and experimental design.
Furthermore, most of these experiments were done in
only a few weeks, which are a very short time to notice
any side effects.
CONCLUSION
Surgical techniques, particularly corticotomy, are an
increasingly popular method to accelerate OTM. It is
generally considered in literature that they enhance tooth
movement by an average of two-fold. However, there is still
a lack of randomized clinical trials, as most of the published
articles are animal studies or case reports. Range of force,
design of the appliances, or times of study are too varied
to establish fair comparisons between them. Scientific
innovation in this field needs to standardize the procedures
used, to optimize the efficiency in the advancements
obtained. Methods based on higher scientific consistency
need to generalize their designs to be able to compare the
results. Although a tendency can be observed on making
the surgeries less aggressive, the risks and benefits must be
evaluated when it comes to speed up OTM, such as the
decay on the rate of acceleration after 4 months.
In general, all these techniques had drawbacks and
uncertainties that made them not commonly used
clinically. However, there has been a rapid increase in
the interest levels of product companies to enhance the
effects of biology in orthodontics. These new approaches
have the potential to be the next frontier for orthodontics
and its resources.
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How to cite this article: Isha A, Madhurima N, Manu W, Vishesh D. Surgical Methods to Enhance Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A
Review. Int Res J Cli Med 2016;1(4):17-22.
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Month of Submission: 02-2016 Month of Peer Review: 03-2016 Month of Acceptance: 04-2016 Month of Publishing: 04-2016
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International Research Journal of Clinical Medicine • Vol 1 • Issue 4 • Apr 2016