Download Psychology Ch 14 test Ch 14 test without answers

Ch 14
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize
a. passionate love.
b. social facilitation.
c. the mere exposure effect.
d. the fundamental attribution error.
e. overjustification effect.
____
2. Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her
conclusion best illustrates
a. deindividuation.
b. the bystander effect.
c. a situational attribution.
d. the reciprocity norm.
e. a dispositional attribution.
____
3. Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational
attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our own actions
performed long ago are ________ likely to involve dispositional attributions than our explanations
of our own very recent actions.
a. equally; less
b. more; more
c. less; more
d. more; equally
e. more; less
____
4. Observing yourself on a videotape is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior
to
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
social norms.
role-playing.
personality traits.
the mere exposure effect.
situational elements.
____
5. Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we
a. experience a sense of deindividuation.
b. feel incompetent or insecure.
c. can easily recall our attitudes.
d. are exposed to normative social influence.
e. have a rich fantasy life.
____
6. Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
a. central route persuasion.
b. normative social influence.
c. social facilitation.
d. cognitive dissonance.
e. peripheral route persuasion.
____
7. After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch “Be a Safe Driver” sign, California home owners were
highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive “Drive Carefully” sign in their
front yards. This best illustrates
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
c. the fundamental attribution error.
d. social facilitation.
e. deindividuation.
____
8. Studies of role-playing most directly highlight the effects of
a. group size on social loafing.
b. personal anonymity on deindividuation.
c. an audience on social facilitation.
d. actions on attitudes.
e. bystanders on altruism.
____
9. Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
a. equity theory
b. scapegoat theory
c. cognitive dissonance theory
d. social exchange theory
e. the two-factor theory
____ 10. Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to
a. the bystander effect.
b. cognitive dissonance.
c. the fundamental attribution error.
d. group polarization.
e. social loafing.
____ 11. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
a. the reciprocity norm.
b. peripheral route persuasion.
c. social loafing.
d. conformity.
e. obedience.
____ 12. Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
a. only when the group was composed of at least six members.
b. even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
c. even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment.
d. only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment.
e. only when the group was composed exclusively of males.
____ 13. Mr. Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He
personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students
with below-average grades. Mr. Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if
a. the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.
b. he stated his personal opinion early in the committee's discussion.
c. committee voting is done by private ballot.
d. he has a high level of self-esteem.
e. he personally dislikes the other committee members and wishes he were on a more
prestigious college committee.
____ 14. Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
a. clarify reality.
b. maintain personal control.
c. gain social approval.
d. demonstrate self-restraint.
e. avoid deindividuation.
____ 15. Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to
date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids
from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion
best illustrates the power of
a. deindividuation.
b. normative social influence.
c. the mere exposure effect.
d. informational social influence.
e. social facilitation.
____ 16. Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
a. play the role of the prison guards.
b. write an essay supporting a position they didn't believe in.
c. deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
d. participate in a team tug-of-war by pulling on a rope as hard as they could.
e. pretend to give an incorrect answer to a simple question.
____ 17. The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate
one of the potential dangers of
a. deindividuation.
b. social facilitation.
c. the bystander effect.
d. the fundamental attribution error.
e. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
____ 18. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
a. neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a
group.
b. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
c. experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.
d. lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
e. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
____ 19. Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone
working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. the bystander effect.
c. social facilitation.
d. group polarization.
e. deindividuation.
____ 20. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called
a. group polarization.
b. social facilitation.
c. ingroup bias.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. central route persuasion.
____ 21. Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
a. little communication is possible.
b. individuals share a similar opinion.
c. each individual has a unique perspective.
d. individuals have not formed any opinion.
e. diverse opinions are shared.
____ 22. Norms are best described as
a. personality traits we inherit from our parents.
b. a person's characteristic emotional reaction to stress.
c. rules for socially acceptable behavior.
d. buffer zones we like to maintain between ourselves and others.
e. our deeply held beliefs about what is moral and ethical.
____ 23. Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of
a. natural selection.
b. temperament.
c. the mere exposure effect.
d. norms.
e. collectivism.
____ 24. Even though many chairs in the library study area are unoccupied, Wang chooses to sit right next to
Annest. Annest is most likely to feel uncomfortable because Wang has violated her
a. role.
b. gender schema.
c. personal space.
d. temperament.
e. gender identity.
____ 25. Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority, he should
a. express some uncertainty about his position.
b. be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint.
c. be the last member to speak and present his argument as briefly as possible.
d. address his arguments specifically to the member of the majority who seems most
disagreeable.
e. find out whether fellow jurors have similar backgrounds.
____ 26. Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
a. argue positions widely divergent from those of the majority.
b. make use of emotional rather than logical appeals.
c. acknowledge the wisdom of the majority position.
d. unswervingly hold to their own position.
e. pretend to agree with the majority opinions.
____ 27. Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.
a. superordinate goals
b. social identities
c. deindividuation
d. reciprocity norms
e. social traps
____ 28. During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on
the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that their own
team was the better one. The girls' beliefs best illustrate
a. the fundamental attribution error.
b. deindividuation.
c. the reciprocity norm.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. ingroup bias.
____ 29. Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of
hostility can best be explained in terms of
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. the just-world phenomenon.
c. the bystander effect.
d. scapegoat theory.
e. social facilitation.
____ 30. White children are better at recognizing White faces than Black faces. This illustrates
a. deindividuation.
b. the fundamental attribution error.
c. group polarization.
d. the other-race effect.
e. scapegoat theory.
____ 31. An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins
best illustrates a potential consequence of
a. deindividuation.
b. ingroup bias.
c. the bystander effect.
d. the just-world phenomenon.
e. the mere exposure effect.
____ 32. The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is
NOT
a. a reaction to frustration.
b. influenced by social norms.
c. an unlearned instinct.
d. a product of deindividuation.
e. a result of group polarization.
____ 33. Handling and describing a gun has been found to increase ________ in research participants' saliva.
a. serotonin
b. testosterone
c. endorphins
d. insulin
e. dopamine
____ 34. The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when
a. false stereotypes influence perceptions of others.
b. an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.
c. there are striking differences of opinion among group members.
d. self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced.
e. attitudes affect actions through normative social influences.
____ 35. Research on the relationship between aversive events and aggression indicates that
a. hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility.
b. aversive events often distract people from acting on their hostile intentions.
c. frustration inevitably leads people to act aggressively.
d. aversive events lead to hostility in males but not in females.
e. some individuals are more likely to be aggressive and commit aversive events.
____ 36. Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called
a. social scripts.
b. situational attributions.
c. superordinate goals.
d. mirror-image perceptions.
e. social-responsibility norms.
____ 37. Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of
personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The
professor's emphasis best illustrates
a. attribution theory.
b. the reciprocity norm.
c. social facilitation.
d. a biopsychosocial approach.
e. social exchange theory.
____ 38. Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been
found to
a. experience fewer angry feelings.
b. see the real world as less dangerous.
c. get into more arguments and fights.
d. earn better grades in school.
e. experience less fear in stressful situations.
____ 39. Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class
sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had
attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.
a. zero
b. 2
c. 5
d. 15
e. 25
____ 40. A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. social facilitation.
c. groupthink.
d. self-disclosure.
e. normative social influence.
____ 41. Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
a. groupthink.
b. deindividuation.
c. companionate love.
d. social facilitation.
e. ingroup bias.
____ 42. Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam?
a. Gita's older brother, who probably has nothing better to do that evening
b. Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from
her employer
c. Gita's father, who always points out how differently men and women think and act
d. Gita's younger sister, whose boyfriend just canceled their date for the next evening
e. Gita's co-worker, who stayed late after work to chat with Gita.
____ 43. People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is
known as
a. group polarization.
b. social loafing.
c. the bystander effect.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. social facilitation.
____ 44. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared
to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did
not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. the fundamental attribution error.
c. social loafing.
d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
e. the bystander effect.
____ 45. According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by
a. calculations of costs and benefits.
b. feelings of social responsibility.
c. reciprocity norms.
d. family ties.
e. self-esteem.
____ 46. Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test.
According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if
a. your parents helped you study for tests when you were younger.
b. your classmates are slow learners who really need your help.
c. you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request.
d. you know that someone else helped them prepare for an earlier test.
e. your classmates cannot afford to pay for a private tutor.
____ 47. An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the
a. ingroup bias.
b. just-world phenomenon.
c. superordinate goal.
d. social-responsibility norm.
e. bystander effect.
____ 48. Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she
yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend
himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best
illustrates
a. scapegoating.
b. deindividuation.
c. the reciprocity norm.
d. superordinate goals.
e. mirror-image perceptions.
____ 49. Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their
cooperation as
a. implicit.
b. deindividuated.
c. companionate.
d. superordinate.
e. altruistic.
____ 50. If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of
campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to
a. hold highly publicized athletic contests between the two countries.
b. minimize their trade and economic exchanges.
c. conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars.
d. allow citizens of each country the right to freely immigrate to the other country.
e. encourage open communication and exchanges of ideas.
Short Answer
1. David's history teacher asked him why so many German people complied with Hitler's orders to
systematically slaughter millions of innocent Jews. David suggested that the atrocities were
committed because the Germans had become unusually cruel, sadistic people with abnormal and
twisted personalities. Use your knowledge of the fundamental attribution error and Milgram's
research on obedience to highlight the weaknesses of David's explanation.
2. A crowd at a soccer game starts to boo, yell at the home team, and throw cups and trash at the
players after the team loses a very close match. Explain how social facilitation and deindividuation
contribute to the crowd's behavior.
3. Research indicates that we often form more positive impressions of beautiful people than of those
who are physically unattractive. Explain how advertisements and movies might encourage this
tendency. Use your knowledge of the factors that facilitate interpersonal attraction to suggest how
people could be influenced to feel more positively about those who are physically unattractive.
Essay
1. Ken, Elizabeth, and Charlie are in charge of a week-long Chinese language summer camp. This year,
they promised the children's parents that they would try to get the children to spend at least five
hours a day practicing their Chinese: In their experience, however, campers usually prefer other
camp activities (hiking, canoeing, etc.) to language practice. Explain how Ken, Elizabeth, and
Charlie could use the psychological principles below to encourage campers to complete their five
hours of language practice per day.
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Central route persuasion
• Peripheral route persuasion
• Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
• Superordinate goal
• Conformity
• Obedience