Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Rise of the Absolute Monarchies Absolutism Sovereignty - the power and right to rule, resides exclusively with the King – The idea of the Divine Right of Kings became important Absolute Monarchs were limited in actual power and were not "totalitarian". Very practical - Developed modern ways of government – State bureaucracies – Committee structures of government – Standing armies Louis XIV (Ruled 1643-1715) Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) – Controlled France while Louis XIV a child – Effective ruler at first - continues policies of Richelieu. The Fronde 1649-52 Aborted revolution directed against Mazarin – revolt by nobles sick of absolute claims. – Psychological effect on Louis XIV, determined to be powerful Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) the “Sun King” L’état, c’est moi (“the state is myself”) Best model of absolutism in Europe Comes to power in 1661. Government under Louis XIV One of the first modern governments. – System of councils -real ruling of the country – Intendants - royal officials in provinces gives central control of the entire country. – Establishment of a standing army which Louis used in a series of expensive wars. Influence of Louis XIV's Government and Style Versailles and Louis' government were admired throughout Europe. – Versailles Palace: became a pleasure prison for the French nobility – Copycat palaces were built all over Europe: Vienna/Schonbrunn, St. Petersburg, Berlin. French became the language of many courts - e.g. Russia (ref. Tolstoy: War and Peace). Versailles Schönbrunn Palace Nymphenburg Louis XIV and Religion Divine Right was important in Louis' ideas. French church was like a state within in a state – – – – largely independent of Rome -tax free Church Courts had power over parts of life- ( marriage and wills) Louis supported the Church fervently. 1685 - Edict of Fountainbleau – Revoked Edict of Nantes, – Repressed Jansenism (a kind of Calvinism within Catholic Church) – 1/4 million Protestants left - (New Rochelle) Absolutism and Religion Absolutism did not allow, in France, liberty of conscience. Affects French Enlightenment thinkers. Anti-clericalism even from those who support monarchy. Louis XIV' successors tried to maintain the same system. Absolutist Fiscal Policy Main problem was that nobles would not pay tax. France remained under-taxed. Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1693) – Finance minister. – Promoted mercantilism – Goals was self-sufficiency for France; Built roads & canals Gov’t supported monopolies Cracked down on guilds Colbert's aim Trade balance in France's favor Established Mercantilism. – It centralizes economy – Close government control. – Relieves the need for direct taxes. – Expansion abroad - emphasis on exports and getting bullion into the country. Worldwide Effects of Fiscal Policies – Expansion of Mercantile empires in India, North America and above all the West Indies. – Development of Slave trade. Colbert’s Results By 1683, France leading industrial country: – textiles, – mirrors, – lacemaking – foundries for steel making and firearms Weaknesses: – Poor peasant conditions (esp. taxation) resulted in large emigration – Louis opted for army instead of navy; France later lost naval wars w/ England – War in later years nullified Colbert’s gains Louis at war for 2/3 of his reign Wars of Louis XIV: Initially successful but eventually ruinous to France – Creation of modern army William of Orange (later King William III of England) thwarted Louis’ expansionism – War of Devolution (First Dutch War), 1667-68 Second Dutch War (1672-78) – Invasion of the Dutch Rhineland – Peace of Nijmegan (1678-79) France took Franche-Comté from Spain League of Augsburg League of Augsburg (formed in 1686): HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Dutch Rep. – Resisted expansion into Germany Eng./Spain/Sweden/Bavaria/Saxony/Palatine – Louis Invades Palatine: League vs. France Peace of Ryswick: William and Leopold France did not expand into Germany War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97) – ( King William’s War): ended in status quo – William of Orange (now king of England) brought England in against France. War of Spanish Succession (17011713) – (Queen Anne’s War) – In the will of Charles II (Hapsburg king): all Spanish territories to grandson of Louis XIV – Succession of Charles II (Spain) – Louis and Leopold (Austria) Claim Louis’s Nephew: Philip of Anjou Gains Spain Grand Alliance: England, Dutch Rep., HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, Savoy Battle of Blenheim (1704) Treaty of Utrecht (1713): Britain was biggest winner: – Gained asiento from Spain- to sell slaves to Spanish colonies – Gained Gibraltar and Minorca. – Partitioned Spanish possessions: Belgium given to Austria – Louis’ grandson enthroned as King of Spain – Prevented unification of Bourbon dynasties. Kings recognized in Sardinia (Savoy) and Prussia (Brandenburg) Costs of Louis XIV’s wars: – Destroyed French economy, – Depopulation, – Weakened Louis XIV. Treaty of Utrecht Map Absolutism in Other States Some of the Older States Faded The Holy Roman Empire (the state which nominally included Germany and surrounding areas) faded. So did Poland and the Ottoman Turkey. Three new powers come to occupy central Europe in the 18th century. Poland - A failed state Nobles became too powerful. – A very large state in Eastern Europe. – The "Noble Republic" - the nobles elected the kings. – Any noble could veto any law in the parliament. Consequences – Complete collapse of central government. – The enserfment of the peasant population. – The eventual disappearance of Poland from map of Europe. The Hapsburgs Kept the HRE- relied on cooperation of different groups for power By 1714 – most of the Hapsburg territory was not in Germany – Empire was too diverse to be united Religions, Ethnic groups, Languages Leopold I – Kept the Turks from invading in 1683, and Louis XIV out Charles VI – Pragmatic Sanction- guarantee rule through his Daughter Maria Theresa War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) Involved almost all the major European powers, – Started with pretext that Salic “Frankish law” precluded female inheritance. – Maria Theresa inherited her fathers Charles VI - Habsburg dominions in 1740, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla. Ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) – Maria Theresa survived sacrificing only the territory of Silesia to Prussia. – Sparked the beginning of German Dualism between Prussia and Austria – Start of German Nationalism Prussia Copied France – Prussia became an important state under Frederick I Hohenzollern (1688-1713). Military emphasis: – The upper class ( Junkers) become the officers in the army. -300 other states in Germany remain divided. – Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740-1786) continued the trend. Built palaces, art and university patron Russia Peter the Great – Brought western ideas back to Moscow – Put down rebellion with torture and executions Arrested his own son for conspiring against him. – Developed a modern navy Great Northern War – Fought against Swedish king Charles XII – Gave Russia an ice free port and control over Estonia, Livonia, and part of Finland Founded St. Petersburg Built colleges- system of running the govt. Organized the social standing of the boyars Gained control over the Orthodox church Others Italy Remained divided with inefficient oldfashioned governments and some republics. Large population, Politically insignificant. Conclusion Absolutism is the political actuality of the Ancien Regime. Development of Early Modern, not medieval Europe. Background to French Revolution and also to the Enlightenment The Ottomans Individual Enhance – Here are the topics to include Religious Toleration Role of the Ulama End of Ottoman Expansion