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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZED EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ANDIZHAN STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER Z.M.BOBUR ON MANUSCRIPT RIGHTS UDK ______________ DEPARTMENT EDUCATION OF MAGISTRACY CHAIR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE “Approved” by the head of the department N. I. Askarov _____________________ “_____” “_____” 2016 “Allowed to the defend” by the head of the chair B. T. Jalilov ___________________ “_____” “_____” 2016 MAGISTER DISSERTATION «PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMATIZATION OF ENGLISH SUFFICES AND CHOICE OF THEIR UZBEK CORRESPONDENCES» Done by: G. R. Abduvaliyeva A graduate student of the specialty of 5A111401-Foreign language and literature (English language) Scientific superviser: doc. I. S. Soliyev Andizhan-2016 CONTENTS Introduction.............................................................................................................3 I. Theories and means of word creation in world languages……………..…...11 1.1. Affixation as a word and a form creating means..............................................11 1.2. The status of suffixation as a word creating means..........................................26 II. Problems of systematization of suffixes in Modern English.........................33 2.1. Principles of systematization of word creating suffixes in English.................33 2.2. Structural, functional, semantic, stylistic and etymological characteristics of word creating suffixes.............................................................................................43 III. Stylistic features of translation of English suffixes and pedagogical technologies of forming word creation skills.......................................................60 3.1. Stylistic features of suffixes as morphemic translation units...........................60 3.2. Pedagogical technologues of forming word creation skills with the help of English suffixes.......................................................................................................64 Conclusion..............................................................................................................69 Bibliography...........................................................................................................73 Appendixes……………………………………..…………...................................80 2 INTRODUCTION Today, the importance of our people’s perfect knowledge of foreign languages can scarcely be exaggerated as our country aspires to win a decent place in the word community, because our people see their great future as an in mutual accord and cooperation with their foreign partners. However, it is necessary to remember always that the study of foreign languages should not be carried out at the expense of oblivion to the mother tongue. It is hard to understand and justify a specialist, especially one holding a high post, who is unable to choose fine and appropriate words to express his idea, concisely and precisely, in his mother tongue. On December 10, 2012 President Islom Karimov officially declared the decree “On the measures of further improvement of the system of teaching foreign languages”. According to this decree from September 2, 2013 English is being taught at all schools in form 1. Speaking of the achievements in touching foreign languages Mr. President pointed out shortcomings that we are facing in order to overcome the existing problems he recommended to work out modern untraditional methods of teaching using computer and information technologies. In the work “Yuksak ma’naniyat – yengilmas kuch” Mr. Karimov said: “The future and the progress of our country is at the hand of our young generation”. [2, 27] The main objective is to treat young generation to have a free talk with foreigners, alongside with this to create conditions to get acquainted and use achievements of the world civilization in their activities. It’s unanimously acknowledged among linguists like any living organism, that language as one of the major attributes of social life is always in action. Itdevelops and gets perfect. This process is closely connected with the history, stages of development of the society and people the language used by. Alongside any human language has its present, past and future. So, while studying the language phenomenon it’s desirable to take into consideration historical 3 development of it as it gives most valuable and full historical and practical information to the scholars who are involved in this field of science. The afore said mostly belongs to lexical layer of the language. Enrichment of the vocabulary as one of the most essential factors of language development represents it’s dynamic character. Changes in lexical layer is notable than other layers (phonological, grammatical). All the changes take place in conformity with language laws. There appear new objects, phenomenae, notions belonging to social life, science, technology, medicine, physics etc. with the development of afore mentioned spheres of life. Exactly speaking, they first come into being among small groups of people, and then they become known through mass media, on the pages of special literature. But they get an official status of a new entry in dictionaries, after being engraved in them. They are represented by new words, which express new meanings or shades of meanings. They may be in different structures, various meanings and functions. The problem of rise and usage of new words is not a new one.It was and is still in the focus of attention of such prominent linguists as V.V.Vinogradov, Akhmanova, R.G.Zyatkovskaya, P. M. Kaushanskaya, V.S. Kubrayakova,O.D. Meshkov, I. V. Arnold, S. R. Rakhimov, U. K. Yusupov, Adams, V. G. Gak, A. D. Zverev, O. M. Muminov, A. Hojiev. Having studied the existing literature on the theme it turned out that the problem of suffixation has not been solved fully yet. The following burning issues are still remaining untouched by linguistics: - the perfect classification of suffixes does not exist nowadays; - the full list of word creating suffixes is not presented by anybody; - asymmetic nuture of suffixes has not been fully studied yet; - translation issues of suffixes has nont been investigated yet; - foremost pedagogical technologies of teaching suffies are not worked out. 4 This fact makes up the basis of the theme. The actuality of the theme is seen in the following: 1. Determination the status of suffixation among other word creating means; 2. Working out acceptable clas sification by all based on structural, semantic, etymological, stylistic and functional peculiarities; 3. Making up the list of noun creating, adjective creating, adverb and numeral creating suffixes, basic models and their possible variants in the languages under comparison; 4. Throwing light to the nature of a group of suffixes in English and Uzbek. 5. Studying the best and possible ways of inter language correspondences of suffixational lexemes painting out common and specific features; 6. Finding out the most effective technologies of teaching the theme“Word creation” with the help of suffixes to the learners of English. The object of the dissertation is the system of the noun, adjective, verb, adverb and numeral forming suffixes of the English and Uzbek languages. As the subject matter of the dissertation serve such essential peculiarities of suffixes as morphemic structure, lexical meanings, functional features, expressive potentials, corresponding forms and lingua-didactic tasks of suffixes. The main objective of the dissertation is to systematize, as well as to create many-sided classification of suffixes and to solve linguo-didactic and translation problems of suffixes as a means of word creation. The following concrete tasks will be solved during the investigations: a) selection and study of theoretical sources connected with suffixation; b) contrastive study of all existing ways of word building and determine the place and role of suffixation in this process; 5 to c) Working out major criteria and principles of classification of suffixes from morphological, semantic, etymological, stylistic and functional points of view. d) Systematization of suffixes, synonymic, homonymic and antonymic relations of suffixes amongst one another e) Translation issues of suffixes from English into Uzbek and vice-versa; the foremost technology of teaching;creation of words with the help of suffixes to the learners of English as a foreign language. The novelty of the investigation is seen in the following; a) the functional status of suffixation, as well as certain types of suffixes is determined; b) a new, multi-sided classification of suffixes based on structural, semantic, etymological, stylistic and functional features of suffixes are suggested; c) basic models of suffixational lexemes are presented; d) asymmetric peculiarities of certain types of suffixes are disclosed and productivity and non-productivity of suffixes are shown; e) chief means of correspondence of English and Uzbek suffixes are determined. f) an effective technology, including a system of exercises, of teaching word creation ways to the learners of English is worked out. The issues waiting for their solution are the following: - structural semantic, functional-stylistic, etymological characteristics of word creating suffixes; - multisided classification of suffixes; - interlanguage correspondences of suffixes; - teaching problems of derivational lexemes; - compiling the list and dictionary of suffixational words; - determining basic patterns of suffixational lexemes, etc. The hypothesis of the dissertation is that suffixation is one of the most productive means in the process of enriching and widening of the word stocks of 6 both English and Uzbek language, having isomorphic and allomorphic peculiarities. Comments on the used literature. As to the materials of the dissertation work served works of well-known Uzbek and English writers, Websters third new international dictionary (1993, Konemann), Complete English-Russian,Russian-English Dictionary (2013, Moscow,Oxford),Advanced learners dictionary of Current English (1982, Oxford), English-Uzbek Uzbek-English dictionary (2013, Tashkent), O’zbek tilining izohli lug’ati (Explanatiory dictionary of the Uzbek language) (2006, Tashkent) and others. R. G. Zyatkovskaya’s book “Suffixational system of modern English” offers criteria of determining the morphemic status of the suffix based on distributional, functional, syntagmatic characteristics of suffixes. The author compiles the list of suffxes though the list is not full. While studying functional features R. G. Zyatkovskaya pays attention to the functions of suffixes that indicate lexico-grammatical classes of words, including semantic functions. She tries to give detailed analysis of suffixes: segmentation of the stem, phonology of morphemic border. The suffix “-hood” as a noun forming derivative suffix is described in the following way: 1. Allamorph: - hoodⁿ [hud] – hood, examples: adulthood, childhood, falsehood; [hed] – head, example: godhead 2. Phonemic invariant: [hd] 3. Types of joining: free, example: mother//hood, hard//i//hood 4. Phonology of the theme: not stressed suffix 5. Distribution. Final position: comes after – li- , -en-, -ster-, -or-in liked//li//hood, maid//en//hood 6. Grammatical function: indication of the noun, etc 7 In traditional linguistics classification of suffixes is carried out of it: etymology and division into class of words. G. Marchand includes the list of morphemes such allamorphs as [әns] -ance, - ence and [әnsi] -ancy, -ency, [si] -cy. O. Jesperson in his turn considers two morphemed -trix and -erer as suffixes. Lohile making the list of suffixes he omits such morphemes as -ade, -ase, -enne, -ifer, -oma, -oid, -us etc. So, he points out 77 suffixes and 5 semisuffixes. More detailed classification can be observed in I. V. Arnold’s book “The English Word”. He divides morphemes into roots and affixes. The latter is subdivided into prefixes, suffixes and infixes. According to their functions and meaning suffixes are divided into derivational and functional suffixes. He gives the list of word forming suffixes but it’s not full. Stylistic peculiarities, basic models, translation issues of suffixes stay out of his focus of attention. l. S. Barkhudarov and D. A. Shteling consider affixation (prefixation and suffixation) as an element which is added to the stem, expressing a grammatical meaning ((e)s, -ed, er/-est, etc) As we are there is not a unanimous approach of linguistics to the classification of suffixes. Methods used in the work. In accordance with the tasks contrastive, selective, translation, componential, modeling and statistic methods have been used in the study of the theme. Theoretical value of the results of the dissertation is seen in the following: a) new theoretical views concerning suffixation( or postfixes) can be used in lecturing the part “ Word building” of lexicology, comparative typology of English and Uzbek, the part of translation units of the theory of translation b) the results of the investigation can also be used while writing graduation papers, dissertations for getting doctors and masters degrees, course papers as well as. 8 Practical value of the results of the dissertation can be explained by the following: a) materials and results can be used while compiling English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English dictionaries; b) the list of suffixes of the compared languages is available at the seminar classes; c) the scope and means of interlanguage correspondences of suffixes will be helpful to the specialists, who are engaged in the practice of translation; d) the technology of word creation skills helps the language learners to get rid of possible mistakes and to master the language within a short period of time; e) The concrete approaches done in the work help the learners when and how to use suffixes in concrete situations and styles, etc. Structural characteristics of the dissertation is the following: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendixes. Chapter one is entitled “Theories and means of word creation in world languages”. This chapter consists of two subparts, the first of which deals with the determination of the place and status of affixation as a means of word formation and grammatical forms.The second subpart of the chapter is devoted to the contrastive study of suffixation with the other ways of word creation. Chapter two is entitled “Problems of systematization of suffixes in Modern English” and consists of two subparts. The first subpart deals with the issues of suffixes systematization criteria and classification, assimmetric features of suffixes (synonymy, homonymy and antonomy). The second subpart is devoted to study of functioanal-semantic and stylistic features of the English suffixes. The third chapteris entitled “Stylistic features of translation of English suffixes and pedagogical technologies of forming word creation skills”.The chapter consists of two subparts, the first of which deals with stylistic features of suffixes as a translation unit.The second subpart is devoted to the creation of pedagogical technology of forming creation of lexemes with the help of suffixes. 9 Conclusion is the part of the dissertation in which the results of investigation as well as the confirmation of the hypothesis of the work is shown to our satisfaction, that suffixation is one of the most productive means of word creation in English and Uzbek. Bibliography presents a good and important selection of the authors dealing with the subject of the investigation and some internet sites connected with the same subject. It also presents the list of dictionaries used in the work and literary sources by English and Uzbek writers. Appendixes present the alphabet list of suffixes and the English-Uzbek dictionary of suffixational words. 10 I. THEORIES AND MEANS OF WORD CREATION IN WORLD LANGUAGES 1.1. Affixation as a word and a form creating means It is universally acknowledged that languages (except dead ones), like living organisms change, develop and become perfect. These changes take place and can be seen in the phonetic, grammatical and lexical systems. Changes and development in the phonetic and grammatical forms take place slowly. But it is vice versa in lexics. Enrichment of the vocabulary of the language is one of the important factors of the development of any national language. New words appear in the language in connection with extra-linguistic and linguistic factors. By extra linguistic factors we mean appearance of new words in accordance with necessity to call new subject, phenomena belonging social life, technology science, economy etc. By intra linguistic factors of word creation we understand all the linguistic means of word creation within one language or other languages. As the word reflects all the changes taking place in the life of speaking collective, we dare call it “the mirror of life”. They call it as the central unit of the language, because of its multifunctional character. Phonetic changes, grammatical forms get realized within the word, the latter plays a chief role in the formation of the sentence as a communicative unit. For the absence of the unanimously adopted term for the case under study, they use the terms “word-formation”, “word building” in English “slovoobrazovanie” in Russian, wort bildung in German, “so‘zyasash” in Uzbek. In our opinion the terms word formation and word building are far from expressing the real feature of the phenomenon under study. They seem to express formal (morphological) structure of the word. That’s why we suggest the term word creation (so‘zyaratish) instead of them. So, the term word creation has got two major meanings: 1) the term expresses the constant process of creation of new words in the language; 11 2) it denotes the part of linguistic science, which studies processes and laws of creation of lexical units. We suggest calling this part of lexicology as word creation. The chief task of word creation part is to study formal, semantic, genetic and other laws, peculiarities of creation of new lexical units, appearing in the process of language development. Every language has got its word creating models. They may be productive models or means of word creation. English has various means of word creation. To them belong word creation, word compounding, conversation, abbreviation, adjectivization, substantivization, reversion, lexical-semantic way, sound interchange, phonological way(change of the accent of the word, sound imitation, and back-formation. [30,77-163] Some of the above mentioned means take an active part in word formation process, some of them are considered to be passive means of word creation. Before turning to the definition of word creating means we’d like to throw light to the morphological structure of English words. The word is an antonymous unit of language that has a particular meaning and a particular sound complex and capable of a particular grammatical use mainly to be a sentence. There is a difference between a word and a morpheme. A morpheme has also a meaning and a sound form. But unlike a word, it’s not autonomous. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words. This means that they can’t be used independently. Besides they are indivisible units, they can’t be divided into smaller meaningful units. In other words morphemes are minimum meaningful language units. The term morpheme is of Greek origin, morph “form”+eme, the smallest distinctive unit. According to I.V.Arnold a form (morpheme) may be of two types: free and bound [30, 77] 12 L.Bloomfield shares the same opinion and says that a word may occur alone with its exact meaning. That’s why he is right saying that a word is a minimum, free form. Bound forms are forms that have lost their independence and always bound to something inside the word structure. For example, ball, help, six, south are all free forms, but -ship,- er, -ist, - ism, -teen, -ful in friendship, photographer, socialist, pluralism, sixteen, southward, helpful are bound (or dependent) forms. They never occur outside the structure of the word. However one should take into consideration cases of homonymy between free and bound morphemes. While speaking about the morphological structure of the word, one should differ roots and affixes. The latter can be divided into prefixes, infixes and suffixes according to the position. In their turn affixes may be derivational and functional affixes. I.V. Arnold calls functional prefixes and suffixes endings or outer formatives. In connection with word structure, we’d like to express our points of view concerning the term “stem” (o‘zak in Uzbek). So the part of word without a derivational and functional affix is the stem. The stem unlike affixes expresses lexical and the part of speech meaning: Happy=glad, an adjective To die= be killed in action, a verb Dance= an original social event where people go to dance, a noun The above mentioned words are the examples for simple stems. Or the stem of paradigmbusy-busies-the busiest is busy. Busier and the busiest are grammatical forms of the word busy. As busy consists of a root morpheme and an affix it is not simple but derived. As we see a stem consisting of one or more affixes is a derived stem. Thus in the word dedicatory, dedicative, dedicate the adjective forming affixes -ory, ive, - ate the remaining part dedicate cannot form a separate form, because it is 13 bound. But it’s vice versa in such derivative words as deafen (verb), citizen board(noun), carpet less (adjective), clockwise (adverb), nineteen (numeral), where the derived stems (deaf, citizen, carpet, clock, nine) are free Our analysis showed that bound stems are characteristic of loan words. They are the words of French, Latin, Greek origin: radical, cosmical, economical, hysteria, benzyl, importance, coward, courage, legible, tolerable. If we take away the affixes the remaining stem look like, rad, cosm, econom, hyster, benz, import, cow, cour, leg, toler and have no independent meanings. A root as the common element of words within a word-family can be regarded as the constituent element. The point can be illustrated by the following word-family, given by I.V.Arnold: heart (common root), hearten, dishearten, heartily, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heart-broken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly etc. [30, 78] They may be classified into one(single) root and multiroot (compound) words. Among them heart, being the common root, is unsegmentable. Other members of the word-family are segmentable, consisting of two or more distinct morphemes. They may be of three subtypes: 1) those formed by affixational derivatives. The basic models of them will be English stem+suffix; prefix+English stem, prefix+English stem+suffix: prefix+English stems: English stems+suffix: traitor, prewar, manship, piggy, slowly 2) the second group of words are such compound words which are made up of two or more simple or derived stems: bookkeeper, ball-terrior, bunk-feeder, sweetheart, heart-broken. They are usually built according to the following basic models. Stem-stem+suffixes, stem+stem+suffixes, stem+stem I.V. Arnold differentiates one, more subtypes. He calls as derivational compounds or phrasal derivation(kind heart)+ed [30, 78-79]. But we think that the 14 second and the third types represent the same subtype. That’s why we accept the first two subtypes. As we said before affixation comprises prefixes infixes and suffixes. The difference among them is not only their position but their function and meanings also. I.V.Arnold defines suffix in the following way “A suffix is a derivational morpheme, following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class”[30, 80] Approving this definition we’d like to give more detailed definition of the suffix: A suffix is a derivational bound morpheme, standing after the stem alone or next to other suffixes), creating words belonging to the same or to different word class polysemantic, stylistically coloured or neutral, native or borrowed, productive and non-productive. Suffixes render general lexico-grammatical meaning. Here below most common suffixes express the following meanings: Suffix -able, Meaning - Wor dclass adject can be done ible Examples Comfortable ive -al, -ible -er, -or -ion,-tion -less having characteristics of one who act process without adject Personal noun noun adject actor, hunter occasion, attraction Fearless adject Joyous ive ive -ous,eous,-ious -ian possessing the qualities of ive activities of a man noun historian, Canadian, Russian A prefix is a derivational morpheme which stands at the beginning of the root and gives a certain type of meaning. Most common prefixes in English are: 15 Prefix Meaning Key word Anti- against Antifreeze De- opposite Defrost Dis- not, opposite of Disagree En-, em- cause to encode, embrace Fore- before Forecast In-, im-,il-,ir not Impossible, injustice Inter- between Interact Mid- middle Midway Mis- wrongly Misfire Non- not Nonsense Over- over Overlook Pre- before Prefix Re- again Return Semi- half Semicircle Sub- under Submarine Super- above Superstar Trans- across Transport Un- not Unfriendly Under- under undersea The most frequent prefixes account for 97 percent of prefixed words in printed school English [Hemigway, 62] P. V. Tsaryeva devided prefixes into two groups: 1) prefixes with negative meaning: 2) prefixes expressing relation to a place, time, degree. To the first group of prfixes belong un-,in-,il, im-,ir, dis-, mis-,,non-,de-, anti- and counter-(unfamiliar, unseen, incapable, immorial, dislike, disapprove, to 16 misunderstand, to misprint,non-religious, non-stop, nongovernmental, degasify, devalue, deforest, anticolonial, anti-tank, counterblow,counter-revolution etc. Prefixes, belonging to the second group, are devided into 5 subgroups by P.V. Tsaryeva and she calls them: 1) prefixes expressing existence out of something, excess, superiority, redundancy of something. To this subgroup belong words with such prefixes as out-, extra-, ultra- and trans-: outdoor, outsider, extrahuman, extraformal, ultracomplex, ultra-English, transmarine. 2) Prefixes expressing situation over(upon) something, excessivness of something For example: overproduce, oversadly, overdeepen, superpower, supernatural,superprofit 3) prefixes expressing situation Under something, lower something subordination to someone: underbuy, undertime, underground, subfloor, subway, substractive, subtype etc. 4)prefixes expressing presence of something between some things, relation with something: (kutubxonalararoaloqa,almashinuvi) inter-for interurban example: interlibrary (ikkishaxaro‘rtasidaturuvchi), interdependent (o‘zarobir-birigabog‘liq,tobe) interactive (interfaol), intercontinental rockets (qitalararoraketa); 5) prefixes expressing fore going, posteriority in time; pre-, post-, prearrange, preborn, preseason, post-war, post-graduate, post-roman.[60, 87-116] From the point of view of etymology, affixes can be subdivided into two main groups: the native affixes and the borrowed affixes. The term affix refers both to suffixes and prefixes. By native affixes we mean original suffixes and prefixes that existed in English in the old English period and formed from old English words. We know that affixes are bound forms but some of them developed from free forms once upon a time. To such kind affixes belong “dom”, “-hood”, “lock”, “-ful”, “-less’’, “-like”, “-ship”. Suffixes “-dom” and “-hood” developed 17 from the word state. They were the second elements of compound words. Later on they lost their status of being a stem and become suffixes. The same can be said about prefixes. “-dom”, “-hood”, “-d”, “-ed”, “-en”, “-fold”, “ful”, “-ing”, “-ish”, “-un-”, “over-”, “ under-”, “in-”, “ de-”, “ ex-”, “re-”, are Romantic, “sym-”, “hyper-” are Greek prefixes. But there are some disputable cases concerning some prefixes as ad-, “ac-”, “re-”, “de”, “corn”. A group of linguists consider that words with them are all simple words. But we think that “ad-”, “ac-” should be treated as prefixes accompany, adlink, borrowed from Romanic languages. Like suffixes prefixes may be mono-and polyfunctional. For example, the verb- forming, prefixes ”be” –and”en-” can express functional meaning with a certain variety of lexical meanings at once. “Be”-forms transitive verbs with adjective, verb and noun stems and changes intransitive verbs into transitive verbs: beliitle (v) “to make little”, benumb (v) “to make numb”, befriend (v) “to treat”. As we said before language is the mirror of the society. It reflects all the changes taking place in social, cultural, scientific, political, economic life. These changes take their names as new concepts, objects and ideas. As we know these new words are not created from nowhere. The process of coining new words, besides affixation covers some more major and minor processes. We can point out three major processes, namely, affixation, conversion, abbreviation and compounding. We have discovered eight minor types, namely, blending, clipping, acronymy, back formation, words from proper names, reduplication, neo-classical formation and miscellaneous. Conversion is one of the means of word creation. Inthis case one part of speech is created from another: Verb-noun, adjective-noun, adjective -verb, adjective-adverb, etc. Teach-teacher, wide-widen, red-redden, economy-economize 18 As we see conversion is particularly common in English, because basic form of nouns and verbs is similar in many cases. This is because grammatical genders, declensions and conjugations do not exist in English. The status of conversion is a bit unclear. It is part and parcel of wordcreation. But there are some doubts about whether it must be considered a branch of derivation or a separate process by itself. Despite this undermined position in grammar, some scholars say that conversion will become even more active in the future believing that it is a very easy way to create new words in English. Conversion as a characteristic feature of the English word-building system is often called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation. But the second term seems to us inapplicable because of one sidedness of the term. Besides that there are other types of word building in which new words are also created without affixes (most compounds contrasted words, sound-imitation words, etc). So conversation is understood by us as a phenomenon of creating a new word from some existing word by changing the category of a part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. The newly created word has a meaning, which differs from that of the original one though it can more or less be easily associated with it. Besides it has also a new paradigm peculiar to its new category as a part of speech. We must point out the fact that the term “conversion” was created by Henry Sweet in his book “New English Grammar” of 1891. Our analysis showed different approaches to the definition of conversion. Professor A.I.Smirnitskiy treats conversion as a morphological way of forming words. According to him one part of speech is formed from another part of speech by changing its paradigm. To form the verb “ to phone” from the noun “phone” we change the paradigm of the noun (“a phone”, “phones”) for the paradigm of a regular verb (I phone, he phones, phoned, phoning).[55, 103] A.Marchand treats conversion as a morphologicol-syntactical word-creation [85, 76].Because we have not only the change of the paradigm, but also the change 19 of the syntactic function: Karim bought a ship for me (the noun ship is the object in the sentence). They ship the cargo.(The verb ship is the predicate in the sentence). Nouns and verbs are the two parts of speech especially affected by conversion. English verbs made from nouns are the most numerous among the words produced by conversion. Eg: “to face”, “to eye”, “to mouth”, “to hand”, “to stage” and many others. English nouns are frequently made from verbs: “to make”, “to run”, “to catch”, “to show”. English verbs can also be made from adjectives: “to yellow”, “to cool”, “to grey”. Converted verbs can denote: a) instrumental meaning when they are formed from nouns denoting parts of a human body eg. to eye, to ginger, shoulderetc. or tools, instruments to hammer, to nail. b)action of the living being: to crowd, to wolf, to ape c) acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed from nouns denoting an object, e.g: to dust, to paper, to fish, to peel d) an action performed at the place denoted by the noun from which they have been converted, e.g. to park, to garage, to bottle, to pocket. e) an action performed at the time denoted by the noun from which they have been converted e.g. to winter, to week-end etc. English nouns can also be formed by means of conversion from verbs.So converted nouns can denote: a) instant of an action e.g. “a jump”, “a move”, “a crash” b) process or state e.g. “sleep”, “walk”. c) agent of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has been converted e.g. “a help”, “a flirt”, “a scold” d) object or result of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has been converted e.g. “a bura”, “a find”,“a paradise”; 20 e) place of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has been converted e.g. “drive”, “a stop”, “a walk”. Our investigations showed that a number of nouns converted from verbs are used only in singular number and express momentareous actions. Such nouns often come with “to have”, “to get”, “to take”, “to have a try”, “to give a push”, “to take a swim”etc. Besides we’ve discovered cases of conversion from form words (proposition, conjunctions etc.) I want to know ins and outs. We shan’t go into the whys and wherefores. My boss is familiar with ups and downs of life. We shift to abbreviation as a process of word creation. In some sources we can find such terms as shortenings, clippings. It is common knowledge that in the process of communication we try to express our thoughts in a laconic way. But the causes of shortening may be either linguistic or extra-linguistic. By linguistic causes of abbreviating words we mean the demand of rhythm, the rules of borrowed words and criteria of new words on the basis of anology. By extra-linguistic causes we mean changes in the life of people. In modern English many new abbreviations, acronyms, initials, blends are formed because tempo of life is increasing and it’s becoming necessary to give more and more information in the shortest possible time. O. S. Akhmanova differentates two types of shortenings: graphical and lexical. [64,207] If the abbreviated within form lends itself to be read as though, it were an ordinary English word and sounds like an English word, it will be read like one. Such words are called acronyms. The term is of Greek origin(“acrs”-end+“onym”name). This way of creating new words is becoming more and more popular in all spheres of social life including especially political and technical vocabulary. 21 To them belong such shortenings as U.N.O., N.A.T.O, NOW(National Organization for women), FD (Forced draft), DC (dust collector), CFA (Canadian Federation of Agriculture), SALT (Strategic Arms limitation Talks) Acronyms of the type SALT, NOW are often homonymous. So in meeting the needs of communication and fulfilling the laws of the lexical system is undergoing modification in its basic structure: namely it forms new elements not by combining existing morphemes and proceeding from sound forms to their graphic representations but the other way round-coming new words from the initial letters of phrasal terms existing in texts. The other subgroup consists of initial abbreviation with the alphabetical reading retained. In other words they are pronounced as a series of letters:BBC-the British Broadcasting Corporation; H.P-horse-power; MM-motor mechanic, MC-manual control;PP-power plant; O.S.-oversize; MT-mechanical transport;VH-Vehicle, MP-member of parliament. One of the essential features of abbreviations is its freely use in colloquial speech. The term abbreviation can also be used for a shortened form of economy of space and effort. Abbreviation is made by omission of letters from one or more parts of the whole: Bedg-for building, govt- for government, LTD- for limited, BA-for Bachelor of Arts. Abbreviation of words means clipping a part of a word. As a result of this process weget a new lexical unit where either the lexical meaning or the style is different from the full form of the word. In “fantasy” and “fancy”, “difference” and “defense” we have different lexical meanings and we have different styles with “laboratory” and “lab” Unlike affixation and conversion abbreviation does not change the part of speech meaning. It produces words belonging to the same part of speech. U and unit (apparat, mexanizm) remote control are both nouns. Our analysis of the dictionary “English-Russian dictionary of agricultural machinery” (Publishing House Sovetskaya encyclopedia, Moscow, 22 1985) showed that nouns mostly undergo abbreviation. But this phenomenon can be observed with verbs (to rev from to revolve) and adjectives combined with suffixation(in school slangs):tptr-transporter(konveyer, transporter), TIMTDtrailer-mounted (pritsepgaulangan), coller=collector (yig‘uvchi, to‘plovchi); Pronouns, numerals, interjections, conjunctions are usually not abbreviated. Fif (fifteen), teenager, in one’s focus are exceptions. English lexical abbreviation isclassified according to the part of the word which is clipped. Usually the end of the word is clipped, because the root makes up the beginnings of the word and it expresses the lexical meaning of the word. In linguistics this type of abbreviation is called either “deflexion” or “apocope”: cov (for cover), colf (for cocficient), col (for collector), cond(for condenser), eng (for engine), diaph (for diaphragm), dig (for digging), inst (for installation)etc. But there are cases beginning of the word or middle of it is clipped:chute (parachute),versity (university), copter (helicopter), dvr(driver), dnge(drainage). Composition is considered to be one of the most productive word creating processes. Compound words are lexical units consisting of at least two stems which occur in English as free forms: depth-charge(chuqurlikbombasi)endgame(shaxmato‘yininingoxirgiyakunlovchipallasi). English man(ingliz), fir- needle(archaningignalibargi). The elements of a compound word function as a separate lexical unit in a sentence. Compounding(composition) is the way of word creation when a word is formed by forming two or more stems to create one word. The structural unity of a compound word depends upon: a) the unity of stress; b) solid or hyphenated spelling; c) semantic unity; d) unity of morphological and syntactical functioning. English compounds usually have one uniting stress(on the first component); hard-cover, best-seller. Double stressed English compounds have main stress on the first component, secondary stress on the second component; blood-vessel. 23 Compound words may be idiomatic and non-idiomatic. The first type of compounds is such compounds where the meaning of the whole is not made of meanings of its components: skinhead, to ghostwrite, brain-drain etc. In the second case semantic units in non-idiomatic compounds is not strong: airbus, to bloodtransfuse etc. There are more than one classification ways of compound words. The first is the type according to the type of composition and the linking element: 1)juxtaposition without connecting elements: heartache, heart-felt, heartbreak etc. The second type is made of a vowel or a consonant as a linking element: speedometer, Afro-Asian, handicraft etc. The third type is represented by preposition or conjunction stress: down-andout, mother-in-law, pepper-and-salt, wall-to-wall. According to the structure they may be classified into: a) compounds consisting of simple stems: headache, film-star; b) compounds with at least one derived stem: chain-smoker, smooth- tongued, smoking-carriage etc. c) compounds with at least one clipped stem: moths-stress, H-bag (handbag), Xmas(Christmas) d) compounds with at least one constituent is a compound stem: wastepaper-basket According to the parts of speech compounds may be: 1. Noun compounds. They may be of six types: -subject+verb; headache- the headaches, crybaby-the baby cries -verb+object: pickpocket- to pick pockets, house-keeping- to keep house -verb+ adverbial: swimming pool-to swim in the pool, drinking cup-to drink out of a cup -subject+object: gaslight-the gas produces light, honeybee-the bee produces honey 24 -restrictive elements where the first element restricts the meaning of the second:raindrop of raining; evening school, “a school in the evening” -appositive relations where the first element is in opposition to the second one: a peasant girl’ the girl is a peasant. 2. Adjective compounds. They also may be classified into the following subtypes: -subject+verb: thunder-strick(houses), weather-beaten(rocks) -verb+object: fault-finding “to find fault”, peace-loving-“to love peace” -verb+adverbial: ocean-going “to go across oceans”, hardworking “to work hard” -noun+adjective: taxfree “free from tax”, seasick “to sailing in the sea” -coordinating relationship: bittersweet “sweetbut bitter” 3. Verb compounds fall into the following groups according to their method of formation; - those formed by back-formation (a reversal of derivation) house keep is formed by deleting “-ing” and “ –or” form housekeeping, housekeeper; -those formed by convertion: to blue pencil, to honeymoon, to machine-gun, to nickname. So according to their structure compounds are subdivided into: a) compound words consisting of two stems: train-sick b) derivational compounds: ear-minded, hydro-skimmer; c) compound words consisting of three or more stems: cornflower blue, eggshell thin d) compound shortened words: Vj-day, camford, tourmobile etc. 4. There may be the following relations according to the relations between the components of compound words: a) subordinate compounds one of the elements of which is semantic and structural centre and second is subordinate. The relations between them may be: -comparative: honey-sweet, eggshell-thin, dog-cheap 25 -objective: gold-rich, cause: love-sick, space: top-heavy, time: spring-fresh; b) coordinative compounds are compounds elements of which are semantically independent: women-doctor, Oxbridge, fifty-fifty, no-no, walkietalkie etc. One can observe direct and indirect order of the components inside compound words: kill-joy, nuclear free, rope-ripe etc. Though not productive sound interchange, also takes part in word building processes. It can be considered as a remnant of previous stages of language development. That’s why I.V.Arnold is right saying “Synchronically sound interchange should be considered as a method of word-building at all, but rather as a basis for contrasting words belonging to the same word- family and different parts of speech or different lexico-grammatical groups” [66, 145] Some of them, he says, are due to ablaut or vowel gradation characteristics of Indo-European languages and consisting in a change from one to another vowel accompanying a change of stressAbsolute can differentiate words too. The examples are: bite(v)bit(n), ride(v)-road(n), abide(v)- above(n) etc. 1.2. The status of suffixation as a word creating means Extralinguistic (external) and intralinguistic (Internal) factors play an important role in the growth of the vocabulary of any language. By extralinguistic factors we mean the necessity of naming changes, relations in social, economic, political life’s science and techniques. Such factors do not depend on language laws. By intralinguistic factors we understand creating of new words in accordance with the human language laws. We consider that prefixation, suffixation, conversion, compounding, shortening change of word stress happen within the framework of the language rules. In this part of the dissertation work we try to throw light to the following items of the theme: role and place of suffixation among other means, its definition, meanings, degrees of productivity of suffixes in creating certain class of words. 26 The language as a means of communication among people has its past, today and future. In this sense the language like any living beings changes, develops, grows and becomes perfect and rich. Language development depends on the life of the society. In other words all the changes taking place in social, cultural, economic and scientific life are registered in the language owing to the necessity of naming anything new. This process is called differently in world language (as we said before) The major task of this branch is to study specific features (formal, semantic, stylistic, pragmatic, genetic) and laws of newly created lexemes. They are not created by chance, but according to the basic models existing in the language. This also refers to the derived words (with suffixes) the basic general model for all of them is S+suf=NW1 In modern English one can differeniate the following methods of word creation: creation of new words for something new (sugar-came, underground), word compounding (hedgehog, blackmail, daydreamer, shortening (VIP-very important person, GM-General Motors, UFO-unknown Flying Object), conversion, adjectivization (harm-harmful, beauty-beautiful), substantivization (to play-player, act-actor), verbalization (wide-widen, deep-deepen)adverbialization (quick- quickly, deep=deeply), reversed word building ( top-pot, tip-pit), 1. “S” for the stem, suf. for the suffix, NW for the new word lexical- semantic waynose: 1)burun 2) tumshuq (samolyot,kema,qayiqkabilarniold (burun) tomoni 2. hard: a) kuchli, 2) qiyin, 3) qattiq, 4) sovuq, 5)shiddatli, o‘tkir, quloqniqomatgakeltiradigan, 6) xasis, ochko‘z 3. change of sounds (cat-fat, mice-rice, tall-fall) change of word stress (`mankind-erkakzoti), mankind-insoniyat, odamzod, to ‘garage - garajgaqo‘ymoq, ..ga’rage (n)-garaj), imitation (ding-dong, cuckoo, tick-tack). As we see they are thirteen of them. All of them can be productive, less productive and minimum productive suffixes according to the degree of productivity. 27 Our analysis of the Oxford Dictionary of Current English [70] by Catherine Sowns showed that new word creation and word compounding are productive (86%), conversion, lexic-semantic way less productive, change of sounds and word stress change as the degree of minimum productivity (2%) The term productivity refers to word creating models and their meanings too. We discovered the following models that create different parts of speech: Verb+suffix=NW (noun): teacher, sailor, development Noun+suffix=NW(noun): childhood, mankind Noun+verb+suffix=NW(noun): potatomasher, woodcutter Adjective+ suffix=NW(adverb): clearly, perfectly, recently Noun+suffix= NW (adverb): Southward, Northward Noun+Verb+ suffix= NW (noun): baby-sitting, baby-jumper, baby-sitter, day-dreamer Adjective+ suffix=NW (verb): to widen, to realize, to deepen According to the number of stem and suffixes we discovered the following basic models: One stem+ one suffix= NW: Kingdom, traitor, important; Multistem+ one suffix= NW: stagemanager, day—dreamer; One stem+ multisuffix= NW: reactionist, activity, heartless: Multistem+ multisuffix=NW: multinationality, ballpointedness Taking into consideration that suffixes stand after stems(stem+one (or more than) suffix) we discovered the following: -ary+ly= fragmentarily (adv); -less+ness= friendlessness (noun), heartlessness (noun); -ible;-abli+ty: irresponsibility (noun); -tion +ist: rreactionist (noun); -ize+er: fertilizer (noun); -er+ship: membership (noun); -iza+ tion: colonization (noun); 28 -iv+ity: activity (noun); -ive+ness: activeness(noun); -al+dom: officialdom (noun); According to the degree of activeness or passiveness in a certain period of language development suffixes may be: 1) synchronic word creating suffixes: protector, spaceship; 2) diachronic word creating suffixes: kingdom, freedom; To the first group belong- fy (clarify), -er (fighter), -ment,-en,-al, -ly, -we, ity, - tion.etc. The second group of suffixes is those which were actively used in Old and Middle English but rarely occurring in Modern English. They are- dom, -aster, ule, -esque,-us, -ia; Some of the suffixes are specialized to form only one group of word classes, but others may be used to create more than one word classes. Accordingly they may have one or more than one meanings. According to these criteria we classify them into the following types: a) momofunctional and monosemantic; b) polysefunctional and polysemantic; To the first group of suffixes belong:-ship, -ism, -ify, -let etc. To the second group of suffixes belong:-ant, -ive, -an, -ea, -ly, -y,-er, -al, ant, -ary, -ate, -ful, -etc. Statistic analysis of the English-Uzbek dictionary by SH.Butayev [68, 218236 p.p] showed the degrees of activeness of derived words (belonging to this or that part of speech); N Word class 1 Nouns 2 Adjective Suffixation al words 343 % 56,9 . 157 . 29 25,9 3 Adverbs 39 6.3 4 Verbs 66 10,9 5 The sum 605 100% . . . As we see from the table noun forming suffixes are more productive than adjective forming suffixes. There is a great difference between noun and verb forming suffixes. The origin of suffixes can be morphemes or independent words. From the stylistic point of view suffixes may classified into two groups: a) stylistically neutral; b) stylistically marked; The first group of suffixes can be met in official style. According to the position of word creating suffixes we divide into two groups. That’s why-ship, -hood, -ness, -al, are absolutely postpositive suffixes (readership, heartlessness, abstractionism). But –er, -less, -ive, -al, ous, are interpositive suffixes. We came across the following noun creating suffixes which precede other suffixes: 1. V+er+ship= Noun: leadership, sponsorship 2. V+iz(a))+tion=Noun: mechanism, legalization, popularization 3. N+iv+ity=Noun: activity, correlativity 4. N+ive+ ness= Noun: competitiveness 5. N+al+dom= Noun: officialdom 6. Stem+ibi+ity= Noun: possibility, responsibility Adjective forming suffixes-ive, -ful, -less may precede –ly: attentively, beautifully, harmlessly. 30 Russian linguist P.M.Karashuk, in his book “Word formation in English”, devides derived nouns into nouns with agentive suffixes and noun with abstract suffixes”. [46, 303] The suffix –er is productive. It is added to noun and verb stems and denotes the doer of the activity (action) expressed in the stem: drinker, carter, writer. This agentive suffix can be found in old English texts as –ere. In Middle Ages it created builder, bookbinder, hatter, hunter, saddler, weaver. In this period-er gained a new meaning a resident of a place: Londoner, Englander, villager. From time to time hand made machines and apparates started to do things. So –er was added to their names. This way –er gained the meaning of “a tool”: a roller- valik, knocker- eshikzulfi(dvernoemolotok). Nowadays –er can be added to adjectives and numerals too. Such words are made of the model: chegaraxuddudidayashovchikishi, S+S+er=Noun;S+er=Noun: borderer- villager-qishloqdayashovchikishi, islander- oroldayashovchikishi etc. Noun forming suffixes –er while added to a numeral means a man of that age: fifteeners or sixteeners-o‘nbeshyokio‘noltiyoshlio‘smirlar, fourty- ninerqirqto‘qqizyoshlikishi. There are some examples that –er can be added to a prepositional verb phrase and nouns are formed: to look on-on looker, to come by- comer by, to dine out-diner out, to find out-finder out. But in English if a stem with –er expressing a noun is a noun, there is a tendency to use the latter: student-studier. This case is possible with homonymous stems created by-er: bettingman-better (one who bets)garovo‘ynovchiis used in place of it because it expresses the comparative degree of adjectives. Its main reason is the necessity for the choice of correcting meanings, for correct understanding and use. Noun forming –er can be found in jargons (V+-er=N). To blight (umumanpuchgachiqarmoq) –blighter (yoqimsiz, zerikarlikishi) to bound (sakramoq, chopmoq) –bounder (tarbiyasiz,to‘polonchi,janjalkashkishi), to cram 31 (miyagaquymoq,Imtixonga majburlab olib bormoq)-crammer (repetitor,imtixonga tayyorlovchi). Out investigations showed that –er is used to create not only simple derived nouns but compound derived nouns too: can-opener (konservaochqich), icebreaker (muzyorarkema), tooth-picker (tishtozalagich), onder(kelishuvchilikkabormaydigankishi), (premeragaqatnashuvchikishi), three decker first (uchpalubalikema), betternighter twoseater (ikkio‘rinliavtomobil), six-bedder(oltio‘rinlixona). As we see compound derived nouns are created by putting together two or more words and suffixes. We think this way of creating lexemes should be considered as an independent means of word creation. So, suffixation occupies the third position in word creation process after word creation and compounding means. The following chapters of the work will be devoted to the study origin, morphology, semantics and functional characteristics of word creating suffixes. 32 II. PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMATIZATION OF SUFFIXES IN MODERN ENGLISH 2.1. Principles of systematization of word creating suffixes in English It is of common knowledge that every language has in its vocabulary a variety of words identical in meaning but different in form. Semantically, they are the same or close to one another. They belong to the same part of speech. The term synonym is of Greek origin. Its basic form is synonymous (the same name): to die, to join the majority, to pass, to be gone, to be no more, to kick the bucket are synonym word families. The same can be observed in Uzbek o‘lmoq, vafotetmoq, olamdanko‘zyummoq, o‘tmoq, oxirginafasiniolmoq, bandaliknibajokeltirmoq, etc. Usually we often come across the following definition of synonyms. Synonyms are words only similar but not identical in meaning”. We think the definition is not perfect and one sided. The most acceptable one is the definition suggested by I.V.Arnold. “Synonyms are two or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearby identifcal denotational meanings unchangeable at least in some contexts without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning, but differing in morphemic composition, phonemic shade, shades of meaning, connotation, style, valancy and idiomatic use” [66, 195]. The definition states that synonyms may have one or more identical or nearly identical meanings. One and the same word may belong in its different meanings to several different synonym groups. For example, to look-to gaze-to stare, to appear (paydobo‘lmoq), to appear (look, seem). I.V.Arnold illustrates it by the following: A fresh metaphor-fresh: original: novel: striking To begin a fresh paragraph-fresh: another: different, new Fresh air-fresh, pure, invigorating A freshman- fresh: inexperienced: green, raw 33 To be fresh with smb-fresh: impertinent, rude Though two or more words may become synonyms, one of them should be dominant of the synonymous group. This dominant can be used in all possible contexts. For example, look is dominant among gaze, stare, o‘lmoq(to die) among other synonyms (vafotetmoq, jonbermoq, uzilmoq): to be no more, to join the majority etc.I.V. Arnold calls this phenomenon semantic neutralization. [31, 288] We fully agree with him when he writes, “synonyms may be also differ in emotional colouring. Lonely and alone are synonyms. They express are being apart from others. But lonely means longing for company, sadness of loneliness. Alone locks the meaning of sadness at being by oneself. One can see difference of synonyms in valancy. The difference may be syntactical, morphological and lexical. After seem, appear we can see an infinitive or a that-clause. But it is impossible with look. The synonym nouns glance, look (a glance, look and glimpse are used with verbs give and have: to give a look (glance and glimpse). Glance and look can be used with cast, take, to cast a look, to take a glance. Glimpse is out of the question here. Synonyms can be interchangeable (ask and inquire, take and receive and get); She asked (inquired) her husband. But this does not mean that all the synonyms are interchangeable: hard words, soft words (loose can’t take the position of soft here) From this point of view I.V.Arnold is right classifying synonyms into contextual or context- dependent synonyms and total synonyms. The first ones are such synonyms that require specific distributional conditions. To this belong to get, to buy, to like, to dove, to adore, gift, talent, genius. I.V.Arnold does not consider them synonymous but we do. Because they differ in the degrees of meanings and usage. Total synonyms are such synonyms that can replace one another in a synonymic group. Mostly it is characteristic to special (scientific) literature: ximiya, kimyo,noun- substantive, ega-subekt, kesim-predikat. 34 They are usually devoid of stylistic and emotional coloring, I.V.Arnold writes that dialectal words can’t be synonyms with their specific names (terms). We can not agree with him here. The reason is that, though belong to different dialects of the language, they express the same notions with the help of different forms of words: Digitalis(a plant) = foxglove, fairy-ball, fingerflower, jimferroot, dead mans bells, shotinarvon. Synonym words may be stylistically neutral, literary, borrowed and learned words. Here belong we useI.V.Arnold’sexamples [31, 301]: Native English words Words borrowed from French Words borrowed from Latin to ask to question to interrogate belly stomach abdomen to gather to assemble to collect to end to finish to complete They may have derivatives(prefixes or suffixes), synthesis= composition, periphery-circumference, sympathy-comparison. They are of Hellenic and Roman origin. Alongside with this we should point out the fact dialects also play an essential role in enriching the synonymic vocabulary of Englishmen. We can illustrate it with the help of British-English and American-English words: radiowireless, long distance(telephone)call- trunk-call, girl-lass, lassie or charm (Scotish) While speaking of synonyms it’s desirable to pay attention to the following aspects of the question: semantics, stylistics and functional-stylistic features. By stylistic synonyms we understand a group of words(in our case suffixes) belonging or forming one and the same class of words, having common semantic base, differing in stylistic meanings. 35 Taking into consideration the above mentioned we divide suffixes into stylistically marked and neutral suffixes. Our analysis showed that –er, -or, -ist, -ment, - dom, -ness, -hood, -ship, age, -y, -ful, -less, -y, as productive suffixes make up the neutral layer of the style, others, for example, -tion, -ic, -logy, -graphy, -ist, -ism etc characteristic to this or to that field of science . Suffixes as part and parcel of lexemes can be synonymous. To noun forming synonym suffixes belong: -er=-or: carburetor=carburetter, consigner=consignor, conjurer-conjuror, adviser=advisor -cy=-ship: chaplincy=chaplainship, abbacy=abbotship, accountancy=accountship -er=-aire: concessioner=concessionaire -tion=-ture: abbreviation= abbreviature -xion=-tion: deflexion=deflection -er=-ist: lampooner=lampoonist -ship=-hood: citizenship=citezenhood -er=-ee=-y: coachee, coacher, coachy -ship=-dom: kingship=kingdom, citizenship= citezenhood -ie=-y: chappie=chappy -cy=-ence: decadency=decadence -ency=-ancy: advertency=advertancy -ance=-cy: abberance=abberancy -ial=-ance: defial=defiance -ance=-ing: acceptance=accepting -ness=-ity:absurdness= absurdity, audibleness= audibility -ment=-al: acquitment = acquittal -ancy=-ship=ing: accountency, accountship, accounting Before studying the theme under study it’s desirable to find answers to the questions “what is homonymy (synonymy and antonymy)? What are the types of 36 homonyms (synonyms, antonyms)? How do they appear in the world languages? etc. So, homonyms are such lexical units which have the same form but differing in their meanings. The term is of Greek origin (homos” the same, onyma-name”). It can be formed in all languages of the world. The examples are: Back(n) “part of the body”, back (adv) away from the front, back; Ball(n) a round object used in games, ball (n) a gathering of people for dancing; Bark(n)-the nise made by a dog, bark (v) to utter sharp explosive cries, bark (n)-the skin of a tree, bark (v) -a sailing ship from English. Luk-rasteniejluk-orujiyadlyaistaniyastrelbklub-dыmapilibklubuchrejdeniebkulturыfromRussian, o‘t (grass),o‘t (fire),o‘t(topassby), ruh (mood), ruh (a metal), yosh (age), yosh (young) from Uzbek. L. L. Kasatkin and other authors of the book Russian language differentiate full and partial homonyms. Words having the same forms are full homonyms. For example:luk1-luk2, back1-back2 -back3, o‘t1-o‘t2-o‘t3etc). Words having partially the same grammatical forms are partial homonyms. But I. V. Arnold gives the following definition ‘Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and origin are called homonyms [66, 182] Russian scholars L. L. Kasatkin and others differentiate three types of homonyms (phonetic, graphic, morphological) [47, 287] while I. V. Arnold classifies them into: homonyms proper, homophones and homographs. [66, 184185] According to I. V. Arnold homonyms proper are words identical in pronunciation and spelling (back1-back2-back3-back4, ot1-ot2) 37 Homophones are words of the same sound but of different spelling and meaning: air-heir, by-buy, night-knight, knot-not, reign-rain, right-write, pvestivezti, rud-prut, kod-kot, bal-ball, rok-rog, tur-to‘r, tush-tush etc. To‘dadanajralganto‘rgatushar; Mehmonlarnito‘rigao‘tqazishdi;Laylakkeldiyozbo‘ldi,qanotiqog‘ozbo‘ldi;Ukangga tez-tezxatyoz! The night entered the palace. The night fell on earth. You are right. We write essays. They buy newspapers every morning. I read a novel by U. Khashimov etc. Words different in speech and in meaning but identical in spelling by chance are homonyms. The examples are wind [wind]-wind [waind], raw [rau], -row [rou],hozir(just now), xozir (now), to‘k(tok), tok (uzum), zamok-zamok, atlas (geograficheskiy)atlas (matoturi) By morphological homonomy I. L. Kasatkin and others mean identity of words belonging to different parts of speech in one of a number of forms: by-buy, tri (numeral),tri (imperative of the verbteret), pech (verb) –pech (noun),olma (noun) – olma (verb imperative) etc. Homonym words and homonym forms cause misunderstandings or difficulties in communication. Really, having heard or having seen the word we can’t realize it in speech context.For example, thought1and thought2 belonging to different parts of speech and coinciding in some of forms. Their identity is due to a common root (the past simple of think). He thought of his future life, his thought was far from reality. Homonymy is not only the characteristic feature of words but also components (suffixes, prefixes) of them. The author of the article “Typology of affixation in the languages of different systems “ A. M. Muminov [51, 24-30] confirms, our afore said point of view and gives the list of homonym pfefixes and suffixes:--or (sailor), -or2 (minqor), -ly (brotherly), -ly2(deeply); -let (cloudlet), -let2 (armlet); -er(teacher), er2 (Londoner); -ish (yellowish), -ish2 (British), -ish3(jeverish); -some (darksome), -some2 (toursome); -ful (careful), -ful2 (basketful); -less (endless), 38 -less2 (cloudless); -ee (adoptee), -ee2 (coatee); -al (refusal), -al2 (monumental); -un (untruct), un2 (unloose), in-(inearth), in2 (inoffensive); -for (forblack), for2 (forbear); -be (bebelted), -be2 (behead) in English; -ak (yo‘lak), -ak2 (qarsak); -jon (dadajon), -jon2 (roxatijon); –oq (baqiroq), -oq2 (qochoq); cha2(qisqacha); -xon(kitobxon), -xon(Salimaxon); -cha(qo‘lcha), - -chiq(qopqich), -chiq2 (sirpanchiq)etc. As the author says the number of such suffixes is less than in Uzbek (37 to 79). As we see homonymy is characteristic to both English and Uzbek languages. Our analysis of the existing dictionaries as well as texts gave us a chance to add some more homonymous suffixes to the list suggested by A. M. Muminov. The list includes the following [51, 24-30]: № Homo nymous suffixes 1 -ee= ee 1 Exam ples Meanings Levee kemalarto‘xtaydi ganjoy davlatboshlig‘ini ngqabuli Word class Noun Noun Levee 2 2 -ic=-ic Cathar surgidori ichsuradigan tic 1 Noun Adjective Cathar tic 2 3 -er=-er Writer longer yozuvchi uzunroq 4 -y=-y Coach aravakash quyoshli y 5 sunny Stam -er=-er duduq duduqlanmoq mer Noun comparativeadjecti ve Noun adjective Noun Verb stamm er 6 -ling=ling ng Duckli starlin O‘rdakcha Suvkesgich, muzyorarkema g 39 Noun Noun 7 ese 8 -ese=- Chine se Japane se noutbook -ly=-ly Ugly Xitoylikayol Yaponnoutbugi Noun Adjective Xunukbadbashar Adjective Sekin-asta, oxista Mevachilik o‘qish Adverb Noun gerund Kanadalikkishi(a Noun a 9 ing slowly Orcha -ing=rding readin g 1 0 ian -ian=ian 1 1 ed -ed=- 1 2 en -en=- 1 3 oid -oid=- 1 4 ory 1 5 ate 1 6 ful 1 7 1 8 gy Canad -ory=- yol) Arme Armansharbati nian wine Woun Yaradorlar ded Yopiq Close (yopilgan), qulflangan d, locked Golde Oltin n kengaytirmoq widen Typho Tif, ichterlama id (med) Oqsilsimon, oqsilgao‘xshagan albin minoid Decla Notiqlikkaoid, matory balandparvoz Kuzatishpunkti, observ rasadxona atory -ate=- Advoc ate Himoyachi, tarafdor Himoyaqilmoq To advocate -ful=Beauti Chiroyli, go‘zal ful Qandaydirbirnars capful ato‘la -th=-th Growt O‘sish h to‘rtinchi fourth -gy=Stingy Ziqna ecolog ekologiya 40 adjective Noun Participle I as an adjective Adjective verb Adjective Adjective Adjective Noun Noun Verb Adjective Noun Noun Numeral Adjective Noun y 1 9 ive -ive=- E’tiborli vakil Attent ive Adjective noun repres entative 2 -ite=Islami Musulmon Noun 0 ite te Musulmonlargaoi adjective Islomi d (xos) te 2 -ant=Defen Aybdor Noun 1 ant dant muxim Adjective import ant In modern Uzbek we discovered the following homonym suffixes: 1 -lik -lik 2 -dosh -dosh 3 -kash -kash Yoshlik, bolalik, yettilik, yozlik h 4 -soz -soz z 5 -cha -cha Youth, childhood, Noun Adjective numeral sevenfold, tenfold, summer Sinfdosh Classmate Nouns Sirdosh Person Phrase yondosh enpowered to act Noun for somebody adjective Patience, endurance, durability, parallel, adjacent, near to, close Aravakash Coachee, Noun coacher, mehnatkas coachman noun Worker, tailor Soatsoz Watchmak Noun er Apportunis zamonaso tic (person) adjective Timeserver, trimmer,opportun ist Etimcha Orphan Noun/adj Ispancha (boy) ective O‘zbekcha Spanish, 41 ruscha Uzbek, adjective Russian 6 -dor Jilovbardo HorseNoun -dor r holder Adjective Qarzdor Debtor adjective Laganbard Toady, or lickspittle, footYelkador man, lackey, samarador servant, broadshouldered, fruitful, resoltative, effective, intensive, profitable, resulting 7 -ak Yo‘lak Passage, Noun -ak corridor, path, qarsak pavement, Noun sidewalk, applause, pat 8 -jon Dadajon Dad, daddy Noun -jon roxatijon enjoyable Adjective 9 -oq Baqiroq Loud, Adjective -oq qochoq yelling, hollering, Noun shouting, crying refugee 1 -xon Kitobxon Reader, Noun 0 -xon Irodaxon bibliophile, lover Noun of books, Irodakhon 1 -cha Qisqacha Shortly, Noun 1 -cha Kitobcha brief, concise, Noun Cho‘chqacha booklet Adverb buzoqcha Piggy Noun Calfling 1 -chiq Qopchiq Sachet Noun 2 -chiq sirpanchiq slippery adjective As we can see homonymy can be sees in both compared languages. But we fully agree with A.Muminov concerning the number of homonymous suffixes. It is 37 to 79 in English and Uzbek. Lexical units with homonymous suffixes may have the following basic language models: 42 N+ed=N, V+er=Adj; N+en=Adj; N+oid=N; N+oid=Adj; N+ory=adj; Stem+ate=N; Stem+ate=V; N+ful=Adj; V+th=N; Stem+gy=Adj; Stem+gy=N; Stem+ive=N; V+ive=N; N+ite=N; N+ite=Adj; V+ant=N; Stem+ant=Adj; N+lik=N; N+lik=Adj; N+dosh=N; Adj+dosh=Adj; N+kash=N; N+kash=Adj, N+soz=N; N+soz=Adj; Our analysis showed correctness of L. L. Kasatkin and others’ opinions concerning the appearance of homonyms in the language. According to L. L. Kasatkin, they appear owing to the following processes [47, 287]: 1) because of the coincidence of forms of the native words with the forms of the borrowed words o‘sma (o‘t), o‘sma(kasallik), club(English)-klub(Russian), brak(German); 2) as a result of coincidence of forms of words borrowed from other languages but in different meanings (raid(English)- reyd(Russian, Uzbek)reyd (Holland)(ravanadagisuvxavzasi), note -musiqanotasi, nota, diplomatikxujjat? Nota; 3) as a result of divergence of meanings of polysemantic words in the process of their historical development. For example: hand (qo‘l), hand (soatstrelkasi) in English. 4) as a result of phonetic and morphological processes:louk’-luk, (rastenie)=luk2 (orujie) 5) as a result of adding affixes to the stem of words (affixes, having various meanings), zadut (nachatdut), zadut (pachkat)(47, 84) According to I. V. Arakin these two main causes of homonymy: 1) homonymy through convergent sound development when two or three words of different origin accidentally coincide in sound; 2) homonymy developed from polysemy through divergent sense development. Convergent development of sound may consist in a) a phonetic change only, b) phonetic change ombined with less of affixes, c)independent formation from homonymous bases by means of homonymous affixes. 43 On the other hand the second may be of three subtypes: a) limited within one lexico-grammatical class of words; b) combined with difference in lexico-grammatical class and therefore difference in grammatical functions and distribution; c) based on independent formation from the same base by homonymous morphemes. 2.2. Structural, functional semantic, stylistic and elymological characteristics of word creating suffixes In this part of the dissertation we try to systemize word creating suffixes, paying attention to their semantic, structural and stylistic features. Suffixational nouns belonging to this group express people of concrete profession type of activities they are engaged in on social and political views. But there are cases such nouns mean different kinds of subjects or machines. These suffixes-er(-or)express 1) a profession or type of activities: They are made up of the following basic model: Verb+-er (-or)=Noun A tutor, a worker, an actor 2) action: he does or his state. Watch (kuzatibturmoq)=watcher (kuzatuvchi) Think (o‘ylamoq) =thinker (mutafakkir) Invent(kashfetmoq) =inventor(kashfiyotchi) Buy (sotibolmoq)=buyer(sotiboluvchi, xaridor) 3) a subject or a thing Receive (olmoq) =receiver (telefongo‘shagi) To mix(aralashtirmoq)=mixer (mikser) Boil(qaynatmoq) =boiler (suvqaynatadiganqozon, idish) The model N+-er=Noun creates nouns expressing: 1) a person’s profession according to his activities. A garden (bog‘)= a gardener(bog‘bon) 44 A hat (shlyapa)=a hatter(shlyapado‘z) 2) the activities of a person or his activities are disclosed by the stem: Room (xona)=roomer(xonadayashovchi) Prison (qamoqxona)=prisoner( maxbus) 3) nationality, place where he comes from or lives: London (London)=Londoner(Londonlik) Village(qishloq) =villager(qishloqi, qishloqdankelgankishi) Such type of nouns can also be formed by the model adjective+er: eastern (sharqiy)=easterner (sharqdayashovchikishi),southern (janubiy) =southerner (janubdayashaydigankishi) Our analysis showed the following differences between-er and-or. 1)-er is productive, but-or is less productive 2)-er is of English origin, but-or is of French origin. 3) diachronic approach to the study of the problems showed that –or(andour) came to English with the words belonging to techniques and science. They were bookish. As a result of reduction of vowel suffixes in Latin and French words-or and-our coincided in pronunciation with the suffix-er as well as in writing.For example, the word of French origin interpretour took the form interpreter in the XXI century. The suffix-or, that’s why, can be met in the words belonging to techniques and science (chemical, technical, physical terms); adopter, generator, carburetor, indicator, illuminator, radiator refrigerator. But it’s worth to point out the fact that in some cases both-er and-or can be met in the words. Carburettor=Carburetterconjurer=conjuror, adviser=advisor, adapter=adaptor, consigner=consignor 4) in modern English-or is added to the roman stems, expressing only instrumental meanings, but-er can be added to the noun, verb and adjective stems. 5) verb stems with –or can express notions belonging to scientific language, forming scientific and technical terms. But –er can be met in all styles as a neutral suffixe. 45 6) suffix –or can be formed in two syllabled and multistructure of monosyllabic words, but seldom in pollysillabic stems: prosecutor, visitor, booker, baker, collector, a book-keeper 7) The suffix –er is usually added to a noun, verb and sometimes to an adjective stem, while-or is added to verb stems or to participle II forms of the verbs with-ate: to cultivate, cultivator, to conspirate-conspirator, to direct-director, to select-selector, to collect-collector etc. 8)The words with -or are characteristic to scientific styles while –er is often used in grammatical English: radiator, cultivator, deflector, carburetor, boozer(conv)-aroqxo‘r, piyonista, bootmaker –etikdo‘z, broker-xisobchi.but this does not mean that-er can’t be used as an element of scientific and technical terms: distributer, bunk-feeder (agr)-avtomatikravishdaishlaydiganoxur, broiler-broyler, bumper (tech)-bamper, amortizator. 9) The verb stands on majority of means with the suffix-or (agentive meaning) can easily be separated and they often make up semantic classes (juridical and political). But such words are not of English origin. They were borrowed from Roman languages:-chancellor. Nouns created with the help of –ee often express a person to whom the action expressed by the verb is directed. The universal model of words with this affix can be verb stem+-ee= Noun. For example, adoptee-asrandibola maslaxatberilayotgankishi, employee- (asrabolinganbola), ishlabberuvchikishi, yukniolibberuvchikishi, deportee- deportatsiya (quvilgan) sovg‘aoluvchikishi, appettee-aybdorqilingankishi, adviseeconsignee- kishi, dancee- amputee-oyoq(qo‘li) kesganodam. Our analysis gave some examples where this meaning does not exist. To them belongs noun stem+-ee=Noun models: goatee-echkisoqol, abandoneebo‘ladiganfalokatdansug‘urtalangankishi, qarzberuvchikishi, coachee-aravakash. 46 absentee-kelmaydigankishi, debtee- The suffix –ee came to English as an element of French terms belonging mainly to jurisprudency and administration: donee, presentee, assignee, appellee etc. The suffix is not widely used as a word creating element in English. The reason is that the verbs that can form a new word by the help of this suffix. It is not great.That’s why it is considered to be a less productive suffix. Such verbs usually mean “to render (give) smth to smb”, to transfer-molmulkinixatlab(o‘tkazib) bermoq=transferee-uyokibunarsagaxatlabberilayotgankishi, ishonibtopshirmoq, trustee-otalikhuquqi, to ishonchberilganshaxs,to trustlegate - merosqoldirmoq= legatee -merosxo‘r, to promise -va’dabermoq = promise va’daberilayotganodam. Though this suffix is less productive the process of creating new words, with –ee is going on: telephonee-telefonqilinayotganshaxs, quizzee- birovgatashayotganodam, selectee-xarbiyfaoliyotgachaqiriluvchishaxs, amputeeoyoq-qo‘likesibtashlanganodam etc. The suffix-ist existed in French (-iste), Latin (-ista), in Greek (-istes). It can be met not only in words of Roman origin but in the structure of new words. In old times and nowadays too -ist formed new words with noun stems, rarely with objective stems. The new words with-ist are formed by the following models: 1) Noun+-ist=Noun; 2) adjective+-ist=noun; 3) Verb+-ist=Noun. The affixe expresses a person who actively does something. It can acquire definite shades of meanings. 1) Nouns expressing tools or instruments of labour. In these cases-ist expresses a person whose activities are connected with the subject, expressed by the stem. For example: motor-motorist, harp-harpist, machine-machinist etc. 2) Nouns expressing different fields of human activities (science, culture, literature, art etc) in connection with-ist such words express persons, engaged in this or that field of activities. For example: technology-technologist, geologygeologist, physics-physicist, chemistry-chemist etc. 47 3) Nouns denoting names of prominent people; the authors of different theories, branches in science and teaching The following tables are sure to give a good impression on the origin of suffixes Su ffixes dom hood ship So urce O E. dom‘judgem ent’ Mn.E.do om O E.had‘state’, ‘d egree’ O E. scipe ‘shape’ Suffixes Noun Suffixes of Germanic Origin Table A Prod uctive or Function Nonproductive Forms nouns with the meaning: 1. ‘digniti’, ‘office’, ‘dominion’,‘real m’, or ‘juristiction’ 2.’state’, ‘condition’,or ‘fact of being’ Nounforming suffix denoting in general state, condition,quality , character Denotes: 1.state,con dition, or quality 2.office, dignity, or profession Examples I I I pr. kingdom, dukedom, earldom, non- martyrdom, pr. squiredom, Christiandom, freedom, wisdom, boredom, manhood, boyhood, childhood, non- motherhood, pr. friendship, clerkship, non- authorship, pr. *In Table A, those suffixes are included which were used in OE, both as independent words and as suffixes. 48 Table B S uffix Meaning Pro ductive or Non productive Examples I II Means ‘to non- quicken, make’, ‘to render’ pr. whiten -er Forms; rider, miner, 1. nouns from pr. worker, teacher verbs denoting the agent Londoner, 2. nouns from pr. Islander, New nouns or adjectives of Zealander place, denoting resident of one living in tinner, cutter, 3. nouns from pr. beater, embosser nouns,with the sense of ‘one who has to do with’, esp. as a matter of trade, profession, -ier,etc. gondolier, cashier, cav yer Noun-suffix non- grenadier,lawyer alier -ing equivalent to -eer pr. Suffix denoting ash ‘belonging to’, ‘of the noneling, kind of’, ‘descended pr. shil -ing from’ reading, learning, ling Forms nouns feeling, teaching, from verbs, bearing, boating It means: pr. 1.‘act’, ‘fact’, ‘art of doing’ *In Table B, those suffixes are included which have always been used as suffixes. -en 49 Continued Prod Examples Su uctive or Meaning ffix NonI II Productive 2. ‘that which does’ covering, or ‘that which result sweepings, from’, ‘accompoines’ mooring -ling Conveys a diminutive pr. firstling, or a depreciatory ducling, force seedling, nestling, hireling, underling, princeling -ness Forms nouns non-pr. goodness, denoting state, carelessness, witness, condition, quality, or forgiveness, wilderness degree darkness spinster Originally denoted the female agent. -ster In Mn E. the suffix is non-pr. songster joined to nouns and roadster, more rarely to gangster, adjectives, the notion oldster, of agency tending to youngster, be lost, and the suffix dabster, often having a rhymester depreciatory meaning Forms nouns of state -th or quality from pr. breadth, adjectives length, width, birth Form diminutives strength -ie,-y non-pr birdie, auntie, laddie, lassbirdie, auntie, granny, Billy, aunty, Noun suffix denoting Johnny -y result of action augury, perjury 50 Noun Suffixes of Romanic Origin S uffix So urce -ade L, ata; F, ade -age L,aticum; OF,age -an,ian L,-anus, -aneus Fr.-ain,en Function Forms nouns indicating:an action doneor the product of an action or process on raw material Suffix used to form nouns denoting: 1.act or process 2.collectio n,aggregate,or sum total of things in,or arising from 3.when added to the verbs, it expresses the action 4.a person Forms primarily adjectives which howeverare often used substantively,wit h the senses of ‘belonging to’, ‘followinga system of doctrine’ Inhabitant of a place Pro ductive or Non productive Non-pr Non-pr Non-pr Non-pr Non-pr Pr Examples I Colonnade, blockade, Lemonade Passage, marriage, pilotage Postage, average, shrinkage, Mileage Breakage, leakage Hostage Guardian, republican, Librarian, grammarian Oxonian, Lelingradian 51 II Savage dean Continued Pro ductive or S Sour Function Non uffix ce productive -ence, L.-antiam, Forms nouns of Non-pr. -ance -entiam action as in -ancy, F.-ance OF,and nouns L.-antia indicating state -ency or quality as in L. Examples I II guidance, hindirance, arrogance, obedience brilliancy, vacancy, emergency, constituency -ant, -ent -ar -art, -ard L.-antem, -entem; F.-ant L.-aris,-are Low.Lardus; OF. –ard, -art OF.-ier -er -eer, -o(u)r Suffix used to form: 1.adjectives 2.nouns denoting a person or thing acting as an agent Signies: ‘belonging to’, ‘pertaining to’, ‘like’, ‘of the nature of’ Forms derivative nouns which have an intensive often contempiuous force Forms nouns denoting a person or thing connected with Denotes agency Denotes state or quality Non-pr. errant, defiant, student, claimant Non-pr. uclear, consular Non-pr. drunkard, braggart Non-pr archer, butier practitioner, officer, carpenter, grocer charioteer, cannoneer fervor(u)r, error 52 merchant podant servant coward Suffix -ate,-at -cy -ee, -ey,-y -ess -let -ice -ine, -in Suffix Productive Examples or Source Function NonI II productive L.-atum, Forms nouns Pr. chlorate, magnate, -ate denoting hydrate, curate chemical nitrate, Terms mandate, Denotes Non-pr legate, function or consulate, person magistrate, advocate, diplomat, L.-cia,tia Forms nouns Non-pr idiosy, curacy indicating bancruptcy, state, diplomacy clergy,jury, L.-atus, Conditionoff Pr devotee, bailee, -ata; ice absentee, attorney,ally F.-e,-ee Denotes the refugee object of an grandee, action trustee, assignee, grantee The poetess, L.-issa; one to whom Pr lioness, F.-esse an action is countess, done or on goddess, whom a right adventures, is conferred murderess hamlet Forms leaflet, feminine Pr brooklet, derivatives cloudlet, Forms nouns booklet, F.l+et with a Non-pr service, diminutive justice Sense Denotes Non-pr arsine, bulletin L.-ituis, act,quality,co chlorine -itia, ndition -itium; Forms nouns OF.-ice indicating L.-inus, imitations, -ina; derivat F.-ine ive products Source Function Productive Examples 53 -ion -ive -ence -ment -mony -or L.ionem -ion L.-ivus Forms abstract nouns Signifies: L.-entia 1.having a nature or quality of (a thing) 2.given or tending to Form nouns L.chiefly from mentum verbs and F.-ment means: 1.state,qulity, or condition 2.action 3.process,con tinuance,man ner Suffix in nouns L.denoting monium resulting F.thing or monie abstract condition Agent or person or NonI productive non-pr affirmative conclusive II union, opinion, session, legion non-pr existence non-pr amazement, abridgement, government, concealment, payment, judgement, development, non-pr ceremony testimony, patrimony, matrimony, non-pr actor,warrior, professor doctor, emperor L.-or Suffix Source -our, -eur, -eer L.-ator AngloFrenchour Function Forms nouns indicating: 1.agent or person 2.quality or state Productive Examples or NonI II productive non-pr engineer amateur, grandeur, pioneer, behaviour, favour hauteur 54 -ory L.orius; F.-oire Forms nouns denoting:a genetal collective sense,a state or condition non-pr signatory, dormitory, pr -ry, -ery F.-rie,erie Forms nouns from verbs and denotes action,state,and concrete instance or result machinery, slavery, trickery, husbandry, poetry, fairy revolution, resolution, organization dictation pr -tion F.-tion Forms nouns and is equivalent to -ness non-pr -tude L.-tudo Forms abstract nouns of -tude quality,state,condit ion non-pr -ty L.-ias, -itas, F.-te -ure Forms nouns indicating:act, process,being:or result (of an act),state;result non-pr longitude, promptitude fraternity, liberty, cruelty, poverty, frailty culture, furniture, picture, seizure, (public) figure L.-ura; F.-ure Noun Suffixes of Greek Origin Suffix Source -asm -ast -ic, -ics Function Forms abstract nouns Forms agent nouns denoting ‘one who does or makes the practice of’,’one who Gk.-ik, adheres to’ Forms adjectives with -os L.-ic,- the senses: ‘after the manner of’, ‘of the us Gk.asm Gk.aster Productive or Nonproductive non-pr non-pr non-pr non-pr 55 Examples I II enthusiasm, enthusiast, gymnas cynic, phonetics, sceptic, mathematics, cleric physics logic,music -ine -ism -ist F.-ique Gk.ine; F.-ine Gk.ismos L.ismus Gk. -istes, -ite, L.-ista L.ita -ite -oid -y -ia Gk.-o -eides Gk,-ia L.-ia nature of’, ‘pertaining to’, ‘art or science’ Forms feminine names Forms nouns of action naming the process, the comple-ted action, or its result; forms the name of a system or theory or practice etc. Forms nouns denoting or person who practices some method or art or who adheres to, or advocates a given doctrine, system, cause Forms adjectives and nouns with the senses: ‘connected with’ or ‘belonging to’, ‘a native or citizen of’, ‘one of a party’, ‘sympathizer’, ‘follower’ Means: ‘like’, ‘in the form of’ Forms abstract nouns Forms nouns, chiefly Modern Latin terms of pathology and botany non-pr herone pr realism, abolitionism Artist pr romantist, dramatist pr Moscovite Academy pr non-pr Metalloid, anthropoid colloid spheroid Dyspepsia, hydrophobia Adjective Suffixes of Germanic Origin Suffix -fold -ful Productive Examples Source Function orNonI productive OE. Used with numerals non-pr twofold,threefold, -feald to form adjectives fourfold,manifold andadverbs, denoting multiplication or increase in a geo-metrical ratio,the doubling,tripling,etc pr thankful,hopeful, OE.-ful Denotes ‘full of’, powerful,dreadful 56 II -less -ish -like -ly -some -ward -y ‘abounding in’ OE. Denotes (with -leas nouns) ‘without’, ‘destitute of’, ‘not having’, ‘free from’ OE.-lic Means: 1.similar to 2.adds a depreciatory colouring Means; ‘like that’,(or ‘those of’); ‘having the characteristic of’ Means: 1.like in appearance,manner or nature characteristic of 2.’rather’ 3.’every’ Means : OE. ‘similar to’or -sum ‘almost the same as’ OE. Denotes direction or -weard course Means: OE.ig ‘characterized by’, ‘having’, ‘full of’ pr pr pr pr pr non-pr 57 thankless,hopeless, powerless, senseless, worthless grayish, reddish, whitish, foolish childish, womanish, girlish businesslike, warlike, tigerlike,(ferocity), lifelike womanly,manly clearly,sickly, poorly, weakly,weekly, daily, monthly troublesome, handirksome, some tiresome, downward, wayward, skleward, mighty,craity, angry Suffix Source -able F. -able L.abilem -al -an,-ean -ary -ese -esque L.anus F.ain, -en L.-aris F.-aire L. -ensis; F.-eis It. -esco -ic -ine L.icus -ive -ous L. -inus; F.-ine L.-iv -us F.-if Adjective Suffixes of Romanic Origin Productive Examples Function orNonI II productive Forms adjectives from pr catable, verbs fashionable, manageable Forms adjectives saleable, having the senses; ’of pr comical, the kind of’,’pertaining dramatical, to’ poetical, Means:‘belonging or logical pertaining to’ non-pr Roman, European, Forms adjectives with Pythagorean the senses: ‘pertaining non-pr necessary, to’,’of the kind or contrary, nature of’ non-pr Japanese, ordinary Signifies: ‘of’, Chinese ‘pertaining to’ or ‘originating in’(a certain place of non-pr Picturesque arabesque, country) grotesque Denotes ‘in the manner or style of’, ‘like’ Signifies:’of’,’pertainin non-pr Celtic, g to’,’of the nature domestic, of’,’belongingto’ Forms adjectives with the senses: ‘of’, ‘like’, non-pr infantine ‘pertaining to’ , ‘characterized by’ Forms adjectives with the senses: ‘having a tendency to’, ‘having the nature, character or quality of’, or ‘given to some action’ etc. L.-os, Forms adjectives denoting: ‘characterized -us -a,-um by’, ‘of the nature of’, ‘abounding in’, ‘full of’ 58 non-pr Talkative Native non-pr Glorious, perilous, joyous, piteous, virtuous Obvious, Serious, vicious Suffix Source -en OE.-en -ate L.-atus -fy L. -ficare F.-fier -ize, -ise Gk.-iz L. -izare Suffix Verb Suffixes Productive Examples Function or NonI II productive Has she senses of ‘to pr brighten, make’,’to make blacken, into’,or ‘to make like’ lengthen, darken Forms causative verbs non-pr agitate, aggravate graduate, Forms verbs with the vaccinate senses: ‘tomake’, ‘to non-pr terrify, produce’,’to bring to a magnify, certain state’, ‘to intensify make a specified thing’,etc. Forms verbs denoting: ‘tomake’, ‘to conform pr organize, to’, ‘to charge’,etc. generalize, apologize Source Adverb Suffixes Productive Function or Nonproductive Manner of the non-pr action -ly OE.-lice -ward(s) OE. -weard Signifies direction non-pr -long OE,-long Denotes ‘way’, non-pr OE.-wise ‘manner’, ‘respect’ non-pr -wise 59 Examples I badly, deadly, newly backward(s), forward(s), homeward(s) headlong, sidelong otherwise, crosswise, clockwise I I Suffix Source -ate,-at L.-atum, -ate -cy L.cia,-tia -ee, -ey,-y L.-atus, -ata, F.-e, -ee -ess L.-issa; F.-esse -let F.l+et -ice L.itius, -itia,itium; OF.-ice -ine,-in L.-inus, -ina; F.-ine Productive Examples Function or NonI II productive Forms nouns pr chlorate, magnate, denoting hydrate, curate chemical terms nitrate Denotes function mandate, or person legate, consulate, magistrate,a dvocate, diplomat Forms nouns non-pr idiocy, curacy indicating bankruptcy, state,condition diplomacy, office non-pr devotee, clergy,jury Denotes the pr absentee, bailee, object of an refugee, attorney, action is the one grandee, ally to whom an trustee, action is done or assignee, on whom a right grantee is conferred pr poetess, Forms feminine lioness, derivatives countess, goddess, adventuress, murderess hamlet pr leaflet, Forms nouns with brooklet, a diminutive cloudlet, sense booklet non-pr service, Denotes justice act,quality,conditi on bulletin non-pr arsine, chlorine Forms nouns indicating imitations, Derivative products 60 III. STYLISTIC FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH SUFFIXES AND PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF FORMING WORD CREATION SKILLS 3.1 Stylistic features of suffixes as morphemic translation units To begin with we’d like to point out the fact that problems of interlanguage correspondences of suffixes have not been studied yet. Suffixes are universal morphemic units of world languages. According to their functions they can be divided into two groups. They create grammatical forms(case, tense, degree forms) and new words inside simple, compound words or word combinations.Besides that they form definite groups of parts of speech. According to this function suffixes may be noun, adjective, verb, adverb and mental forming suffixes. It’s worth pointing out the fact that some suffixes may take part in the creation of more than two parts of speech. We call them polyfunctional suffixes. Polyfunctional express different meanings as a component of words belonging to different word classes. Such suffixes meanings can be called polysemantic suffixes. So, word creating suffixes belong to the lexemic meanings of words, whereas form creating suffixes are connected with grammatical meanings of words. Derivative lexemes usually express things, subjects, action, the doer of the action, state, sign, feature, the way how action happens, direction etc. Suffixes are devoid of the force of expressing denotative meanings, they serve to differentiate denotation meanings; General meanings of this or that suffixational word may have a connection with the meaning of the word stem. This also refers to the meanings of suffixes. As we know meanings of polyfunctional and polysemantic suffixes are concretized within the speech context and style of speech. 61 By studying English and Uzbek examples we discovered the following: Noun forming suffixes -acy -cy -an -dom -er -or -ful Adjective forming suffixes -ible -able -en -less Verb forming suffixes -en Adverb forming suffixes -ly -ward Meanings Examples Literacy-the state of being educated: state or quality Infancy- the state of being a baby or young child a person who has a Artisan- a tradesman, a craftstrade person a place or a state Kingdom- the territory that kings or queen reigns The doer of activities. A barber- a person who bakes a An apparate or an Newyorker - a person who lives in instrument New York, an accumulator-an apparate that gathers power The volume or Mouthful-an amount that fills number that fills mouth something Meanings Examples Worth doing Solvable- able to be solved something Incredible-not able to be believed Made from preparing Silken-made from silk Woolen-made from wool Not having a thing or Penniless- a person without any a feature money,Bloodless- having no blood Meanings To cause to change Examples To widen- to cause to become wide (large) To moisten- to cause to become moist or damp Meanings In a manner (state) A place, in the direction of Examples Fluently- marked by case or movement, effortlessly smooth Homeward- toward home It is common knowledge that the main task of applied translation is to transfer the meanings, contents or ideas expressed in lexemes, syntaxemes and textemes to another language. In this process an interpreter or a translator has to 62 pay attention to the meanings and functions of suffixes. For example, derived nouns with –er/-or have more than ten meanings and equivalents in Uzbek. They may express various meanings while added to different stems: A driver-xaydovchi, a baker-nonvoy, a Londoner-londonlik, a bufferbufer, a bottle-opener-ochqich, a carburetor-karburator, conjuror(conjuror)sexrgar (afsungar), a dealer-olibsotar (diler), a defroster (technology)-muzeritgich, a chancellor-kansler, a clockmaker-soatsoz, a composer-bastakor, a joinerduradgor,a gardener-bog‘bon, a debtor-qarzdor, a boozer-ichkilikboz (aroqxo‘r, piyonista) etc. Uzbek nouns having –er or-or suffixes in their structure are mostly borrowed words belonging to the sphere of technology or socio-political field. Such borrowed Uzbek suffixes usually have the same correspondences in English (-er/ or) Uzbek borrowed suffixes like-ist, -izm, -iya, -siya, -ment have their equivalents in English:-ist, -ism, -tion, -ment. Such suffixes, besides, can be translated with the help of comments or descriptions. For example, feudalism-feodalizm, information- informatsiya,management-menejment, socialist-sotsialist. But there are cases that new words can be created by a foreign stem+ Uzbek suffixes(Forstem+Uzbek stem=NW): Konsessioner = konssesiyachi, reformist = isloxatchi, dekorator =bezakchi, konspirator = fitnachietc. ThefollowingcanbeexamplestodescriptivetranslationfromEnglishintoUzbeko rvice-versa: decloration=dekloratsiya-rasmiybildirish (e’lonqilish), rationalism-oqilonatashkiletish, trade-tryod-yunionist, kasabauyushmaa’zosi. In some cases suffixes-er and –or, -er and –ist can be interchangeable: conjurer=conjuror(afsungar). To this group of suffixes also belong –cy and-ship (chaplaincy, chaplinship), -ic and –ical (categoric, categorical), -ic and –y(chappie, chappy), -aire and –er (confessionaire, concessioner), -tion and – ture(abbreviation, 63 abbreviature -ory and – ive (dedicatory, dedicative) –al and –ance (defial, defiance), -xion and-tion (deflexion, deflection), -ship and –hood (citizenship, citizenhood ), -ee and –y, -er (coachee, coacher, coachy) etc. Our analysis showed that the following functional suffixes-cy, -ship-lik, -ate, -ize-moq, -ious-ive-li, -xion- tion-siya, hood, -ship-lik, -ee, -y, -er, -kash have their corresponding equivalents of suffixes. One should take into consideration stylistic features of them. For example, while translating words with –ist (-ist) in the meaning of follower (defender) of a theory a method or of a social formation-ist corresponds with-ist:Darvinist (Darvenist), pragmatistpragmatist), opportunist(opportunist). In other cases –ist is translated by means of-chi, -shunos, -parvar:violinist- g‘ijjakchi, orientalist-sharqshunos, humanist-insonparvar. While speaking about a branch of science, the meaning of –ist mixes up with the meaning of – log and it corresponds with-log:philologist-filolog, biologistbiolog, psychologist-psixolog, zoologist-zoolog. The suffix –ist may have corresponding words with a nil suffix agronomistagronom, scientist-olim. But unionist-kasabauyushmasia’zosi, leftist- partiyaa’zosi. The suffix –man can have –chi, -or, - lik,-doz, -bon, -gar correspondences in Uzbek: airman-uchuvchi, cameraman-operator, Dutchman-Gollandiyalik, horseman-chavandoz, gateman-darvozabon, tradesman-savdogar, railwaymantemiryo‘lchi, temiryo‘lxizmatchisi,etc. The words denoting science or it’s branch with-ics, -logy, -graphy (physics, genetics, biology, oceanography are formed of a noun or adjective stems. They have-ka, -logiya, -grafiyaequivalents in Uzbek and Russian. We discovered the following equivalents of –ic (-y)-let, ette, -ling (they have the meanings of petting or making little) in Uzbek and Russian: -aloq, -cha, -jon, -im, -ka, -chik:dog-doggie-itvachcha, girlie-qizaloqlakelet-ko‘lcha, piggy- cho‘chqacha, kiddie-bolaginam, bolajon,booklet-kitobcha, kitchenette-oshxonacha (kichikoshxona) Such suffixes are often met in conversational and belle-letre styles. 64 The suffix of Scotish origin –ock also expresses meanings of petting or making small: bourock-kichkinakulba (kichikuy), hillock- kichikadir, hattockkichkinashlyapa. It is normally used with noun stems, expressing things, not living beings. One more interesting thing is that in compared languages there are lexemes with both prefixes and suffixes in the structure. If the prefix is a loan one it doesn’t change in translation: antifascist-antifashist, transplantation-transplantatsiya. But in translation the meaning of the prefix or the suffix can be expressed by a prefix or by description: immoral-beodob, odobsiz, misunderstanding-noto‘g‘ritushunish, disarmament-qurolsizlanish, tartibsizxolda, betartib, irresponsibility-ma’suliyatsizlik, non-official visit-norasmiytashrif, disorderlyabsenteeism- sababsizishgachiqmasliketc. So, English and Uzbek have rich systems of suffixes with various meanings and functions. Being an element of a lexeme they are considered to be translatable morphemic elements. While a translator(interpreter) does translation of texts belonging to different styles he/she must take into consideration etymological, semantic, stylistic characteristics, valency of suffixes as well. 3.2.Pedagogical technologies of forming word creation skills with the help of English suffixes We have spoken of thirteen word creating means in English and Uzbek. Among them suffixation plays an important role in the process of word formation. As we know suffixes are added to word stems and form new words belonging to different word classes (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, numerals). English and Uzbek have isomorphic and allomorphic features in creating words with the help of suffixes. Not knowing such laws bring to mistakes, mistranslations and misundrestandings in the process of communication. To this factors that cause interlanguage interferences belong: a) the existence of homonym suffixes; b) specific distribution of suffixes; 65 c) word classes differ in the pronunciation and the place of stress; d) each suffix has its specific grammatical function; e) polysemantic feature of suffixes; f) polyfunctional feature of a certain types of suffixes; g) lack of knowledge on loan suffixes and words; h) differnces in stylistic use of suffixes etc. Taking into consideration we recommend the following technology of teaching suffixes, that cover both class and out of class activities. The project of the innovative lesson consists of five steps. The objective of the lesson is to form and to develop word creating skills of language learners on the one hand and to develop active use skills in oral and written speech communications. So the followings are the steps of the lesson: 1. preparation step 2. presentation step 3. forming skills and automatization step 4. self education step 5. Assessment of knowledge and skills step In the preparation step a list of suffixes forming word classes is made and demonstrated on the screen. Besides, schedules and source information on homonym suffixes, their phonetic, distributive, grammatical features are prepared by the teacher. This step also covers the role play games. In the second step language learners are acquainted with the schedules of suffixes, their meanings and laws. After this distributional laws of more than one suffixed words are explained. Examples are given. For example, neighboring suffix, adjective forming suffixes -less, -ion comes after the -nee, -ly come before the neighbouring suffixes (doublelessness, artlessly etc) All the possible changes that take place in the express (in writing, phonetics, pronunciation, stress) are explained and illustrated 66 with examples: ‘mankind=man’kind, gracious, impetous, figure, nature, signature, republican, Shakespearian etc. № 1. Noun 2.Adjective 3. Verb Suffixes Models -er verb+er= noun -or verb+or=noun -ment verb+ment=noun -ness adj+ness=noun -ship N+ship=noun -ism -tion N+ism= noun Adj+ism=noun V+tion=noun -ee V+=noun -ful Noun+ful=adj -less Noun+less=adj -able/ -ible Noun+able/ible=adj -ous N+ous=adj -ish N+ish=adj -ize N+ize=verb -ity N+(i)=fy=verb -en Adj+en=Verb 67 Examples teacher, cleaner, worker, manager, publisher, trainer, Londoner, waiter, purser, revenger, baby-sitter, bachhanger, Northerner sailor, prosecutor, caster, chancellor, traitor, conductor payment, punishment, abetment, development, bewilderment happiness, homesickness, holiness, kindness championship, chairmanship, Friendship Quakerism, pluralism, realism, idealism, Byronism restoration, certification, aberration, duration employee, adoptee, advisee, Nominee purposeful, restful, baleful, careful, dutiful careless, ceaseless, centreless, Chainless dutiable, chewable, possible, sensible, eatable, portable, unarguable, believable, convertible tremendous, dangerousm Humorous boyish, babyish, British, childish, pettish, selfish hospitalize, idealize, pulverize, barbarize, categorize, centralize qualify, clarify, identify, codify, magnify, horrify, notify widen, brighten, broaden, madden, liken 4. Adverbs -ly Adj+ly=adv -ward Adv+ward= Adv proudly, calmly, usually, cautiously, bigly, distantly, hourly backwards, downwards, upwards, forward(s), onward(s), afterward(s) In the third step language learners are asked to find Uzbek and English translations of derived words with suffixes. In this stage the class is divided into two or three subgroups (or subteams) and they play a game “Who can find more examples?” The examples are written on the blackboard. The team finding more correct examples is considered to be the winner. Next step is the step that gives necessary information on homonym and synonym suffixes (similiarities, dissimiliarities): -ary= adjective creating suffixes: legendary, elementary -ary=noun creating suffix: library, residentiary -ant= adjective creating suffix: brilliant, descentant, important -ant=noun creating suffixes: servant, infant, lientenant -ly=adjective creatinf suffixes: deathly, lovely, friendly -ly=adverb creating suffixes: slowly, really, truly, calmly -er= noun creating suffixes: teacher, fighter, worker, cleaner -er=adjective creating suffixes: better, taller, bigger -en=adjective creatinf suffixes: wooden, brazen, silken -en= noun creating suffixes: kitten -en= verb creating suffixes: whiten, darken, lossen After these activities new words and sentences are given illustrating antonym suffixes (-ful/-less): You can take this medicine. It’s harmless. = You shouldn’t take this medicine.It’s harmful. The language learners give their examples and translate. Self learning stage includes the following tasks: 1) Divide the given lexemes into word classes: responsive, responsibility, specialist, special, legal, dayly, monthly, electricity, electrician, policy, politician, 68 historical, historian, can-opener, baby-sitter, tremendous, broaden, lovely, slowly, servant, important 2) Make up sentences using above given words: He is a good specialist. My daily income is 20.000 sums 3) Study dictionaries and make up the list of polysuffixational words and define their models: harmfulness=zararlilik: N+ful+ness=Noun Hospitality= mexmondo‘stlik: S+al+-ity= Noun 4) Divide the suffixes into native and loan suffixes with the help of dictionaries: For example: kingdom, cleaner, tutor, happiness, motorist, cityite etc. In the final stage (step) the following ways of assessment can be used: 1) Oral questions and answers 2) Testing 3) Finding suffixes having studied the models and translation 4) Writing papers on the theme (or themes). Using this technology improves the knowledge of language learners, fastens, facilitates language learning process. 69 CONCLUSION Having studied the theme and the issues connected with it, we came to the following conclusions: -The changes taking place in all spheres of life is reflected by human language. All the new notions, subjects concerning social life, economy, science and technology get their names, terms in the lexical system of any national language. In this way new words come into being and they cause the growth of the word stock of the language. There are two major factors that cause the birth of a new word: extralinguistic and linguistic. The theme under study is directly connected with linguistic means of word formation. -For the absence of a universal term for word building in world languages (word formation, word building, wort bildung, slovoobrazovanie,so‘zyasash) it’s better to suggest the terms “word creation” for English and “so‘zyasash” for Uzbek linguistics. These terms cover all the word creation processes like word corresponding, conversion, abbreviation, adjectivization, reversion, lexical-semantic way, sound imitation, affixation, etc. Though they are thirteen of them they differ in the degree of productivity. -Affixation as a word creating means can be observed in the majority of world languages which denotes three notions: prefixes, infixes and suffixes.Unlike a word affixes are found morphemic that can’t be used outside the word structure. They differentiate meaning and can’t be used independently. Affixes (prewfixes and suffixes) can be divided into two types: word creating affixes and affixes creating grammatical forms of words. The first types can be called derivational and second functional affixes. The part of the word without a derivational and functional affix is the stem (root), which expresses lexical and the part of speech meanings: happy-glad (an adjective) 70 The basic models of the word creation with the help of affixes are: 1) prefix+stem=NW 2) stem+suffix=NW 3) prefix+stem+affix=NW A suffix is a derivational bound morpheme, standing after trhe stem alone or next to other suffixes, creating words belonging to the same or different word class, polysemantic, stylistically coloured or neutral, native or borrowed, productive and non productive. -Derivational suffixes may be of the following types according to their functional in creating word classes: 1) monofunctional; 2) polyfunctional. Monofunctional suffixes are suffixes which are specialized for the creation of a definite part of speech (a noun, an adjective, a verb, an adverb, a numeral in comparewd languages). To the belong such suffixes as –ist, -ship, -ize, -tion, -ism, -ward etc. Consequently they denote only one meaning. That’s why they are all monosemantic suffixes. Polyfunctional suffixes are suffixes which able to create more than one word classes. To them belong-ant, -ive, -an, -ly, -er, -ant, -ful, -ate etc. As they express more than one meaning they are polyfunctional and polysemantic. According to the number of stems and suffixes the following basic models of derived words can be observed: 1) one stem+one suffixe=NW: king+dom 2) multisystem+one suffix=NW: day+dreamer 3) one stem+multisuffix=NW: heartlessness 4) multistem+multisuffix=NW multinationality. The following suffixes can stanf next to one another: -ary+ly=fragmantavily (adv) -less+ness=frienflessness (noun) -tion+ist=reactionist (noub) etc. 71 -According to the degree of activeness or passiveness in a creation period of language development suffixes may be two types: a) synchronic word creating suffixes: protector, spaceship; b) diachronic word creating suffixes: kingdom, freedom To the first group belong –er, -ify, -ment, -en, -ly, -tion.To the second group of suffixes are made of –dom, -aster, -ule, -esque, -us, -ia. -Word creation and word compounding in English lexic-semantic and word creation in Uzbek are considered to be the most productive meana of new word creation. Derived nouns and derived adjectives make up the greater part of word stock. -Such derivational suffixes as –er, -or, -ist, -ment, -ness, hard, -age, -y, -ful, less, -chi, -do‘z, -gar, -dor, -bon, -li, -sizmake up the neutral layer of the style. While –tion, -ic, -logy, -graphy, -ism, -ka, -grafiya, -logiya, -izm suffixes characteristic to scientific style. Like words derivational suffixes can be synonyms with each other. To them belong-er and –or, -cy and –ship, -tion and –ture, -ship and –hood, -er,- ee and –y, -ance and –ing etc. Homonym suffixes are –ee=-ee, -ic=-ic, -er=-er, -y=-y, -ful=-ful, -en=-en etc. They are 21 of them in English, eight of them in Uzbek. (-lik=lik, -dosh=dosh,-kash=-kash, -soz=-soz, -cha=-cha, dor-dor, -jon=-jon) Antonym suffixes are very few in English and Uzbek. They are –ful and- les, -li and –siz(be) etc. While adding to different stems suffixes may have different meanings, consequently may have different equivalents in Uzbek. A driver-haydovchi, a baker-novvoy, a Londoner-Londonlik, a bottle-opener -ochqich, a dealer-olibsotar, a clockmaker-soatsoz etc. Uzbek nouns having –ep, -or, -och suffixes in their structure are mostly borrowed words belonging to technology or social political sphere. Such borrowed Uzbek suffixes has the same coppespondencies in English (-er, -or). 72 There are cases that new words can be created by a foreign stem+Uzbek suffixes: konsessioner-konsessiyachi, konspirator-fitnachi When –ist used for a follower a theory or a method it corresponds with -ist (Darvinist, pragmatist). In other cases –ist is translated by means of -chi, -shunos, -parvar (violinist-g‘ijjakchi, orientakist-sharqshunos, humanist-insonparvar) while translating texts belonging to different styles and while forming word creation skills with the help of suffixes one must take into consideration semantic, stylistic, etymological characteristics of suffixes, combinibility of the latter. Besides the suggested by us technology and the system of exercises are sure to improve and to facilitate the English teaching process. 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Karimov I.A. Decree “On the measures of further improvement of the system of teaching foreign languages”Halq so’zi,December 11, 2012. 2. KarimovI. 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Kursleksii iplanыseminarnыxzanyatiypoleksikologiiangliyskogoyazыka.htm 106. http://www.free essays.com./English/E.Course Quantative and Qualitative synonymy.htm. 81 APPENDIX 1 THE ALPHABET LIST OF SUFFIXES -able [әbl] -able, -ible, [iәl] -ial, -eal, -ial-, -eal-; -able-, -ible-, [uәl] -ual, -ual-; -able-, -ibl-; [tl] -tal; [jubl] -juble, -juble-, [tәl] -tal-; - jubl-; [inәl] -inal, -inal-; [ә`bil] - abil-, -ibil-; [inl] -inal, -inal-; [i`bil] -abil-; [`æl] -al-; [ju`bil] - ubil-; [i`æl] -ial-; [әbil] -abil-, -ibil [ju`æl] -ual-. -aceous [eiʃәs] –acceous -alⁿ: [әl] -al; -acyⁿ [әsi] -acy, -isy, ocy; [l] -al; [isi] -ecy, -esy; [juәl] -ual. [si] -cy, -sy; -ana: [әn] -an, -ian; [is] -ace; [iәn] -ian, -ean; [izi] -esy; [`i:әn] -ean; [æs] -ac-; [`ein] -ane; [`eiʃ] -ac-. ['æn] -an-. [jual] -ual. -anⁿ: [әn] -ian, -an, -ian-, -an-. -adeⁿ [`eid] -ade, -ad-; -anaⁿ [`anә] -ana; [i`a:nә] –iana. [æd] -ad; -anceⁿ: [әns] -ance, -ence, - [`keid] -cade, -cad-; [eid] -ade; iance, - [a:tә] -ata; ience, -ance-, -anc-, [ed] -ad-. -enc-; -ageⁿ: [idᵹ] -age, -age-, -ag-; [әnsi] -ancy, -ency; [a:ᵹ] -age-. [iәns] -ience, -ience-; -ala: [әl] –al, -ial, -al-, -ial-; [iәnsi] -iency; [l] -al; [jәns] -iance; 82 [jәnsi] -iancy; ['enʃ] -enc-, -ent-. -anta: [әnt] -ant, -ent, -iant, - [jәr] -iar-; ['ͻ:ri] -ori-. ient, -arya: [әri] -ary, -ery, -ory, -ari-, -ant-, -ent-, -iant-, -ient-; [iәnt] -ient, -ient-; -eri-, -ori-; [jәnt] -iant, -iant-; [jәri] -iary; ['ent] -ent-; [juәri] -uary; ['enʃ] -ent-; [әtәri] -atory; [,enʃ] -ent-. [inәri] -inary; -antⁿ: [әnt] -ant, -ent, -ent-; [`ɛәri] -ari-; ['ent] -ent-; [jәr] -iar. -asen: [eis] -ase; ['enʃ] -ent-. -ara: [ә]-ar; [eiz] -ase. -astern: ['æstә] -aster; ['ær] -ar-; [әg] -ar-; [,æstә] -aster; ['ɛәg] -ar-. [,æstr] -astr-. -ardn: [әd] -ard, -ard-; -ateᶹ: [eit] -ate, -at-; ['eit] -ate, -at-; [a:d] -ard, -ard-; [jueit] -uate; [әt] -art; [jәd] -ard. [ieit] -iate; -aryn: [әri] -ary, -ery, -ory; [әt] -at-; [`eiʃ] -at-. [iәri] -iary; -aten: [it] -ate, -et, -ite, -et-; [tәri] -tory; [ri] -ry, -ary, -ory; [eit] -ate; [juәri] -uary; [ait] -ite, -it-; [jͻri] -iary; [әt] -at, -ot, -at-, -ot-; [tri] -try; [æt] -at; [ɛәri] -ari-; ['ͻt] -ot-; [jәri] -eri-; [iit] -iate; 83 ['æt] -at-; -ena: [n] -en, -en-; [it] -it-; [әn] -en, -ern, -ern-; ['et] -et-; -enn: [n] -n, -en, -n-, -en-; [itʃ]-at-; [en] -en. [әtʃ] -at-. -ennen: ['en] -enne. atea: [eit] -ate, -ate-, -at-; -esceᶹ: ['es] -esce, -esc-; [ait] -ite, -ite-; ['is] -isc-. [it] -ate, -ite, -it, -ite-, -it-; -esen: ['i:z] -ese; [u:t] -ute, -ute-; ['ni:z] -nese. [`it] -it-; -esquea: ['esk] -esque, -esque-, - [`iʃ] -it-; esqu-. -essn: [is] -ess, -ice; ['eiʃ] -at-; [`u:ʃ]-ut-. ['es] -ess; -ciden: [said] -cide; [iks] -ix; [isaid] -icide, -icid-; [iz] -s. -esta: [ist] -est, -est-. ['said] -cid-. domn: [dәm] -dom. -etten: ['et] -ette, -et, -et- dromen: [droum] -drome; [it] -et; ['droum] -drom-. ['let] -lette (-let). -eda: [әd] -ed; -folda: [fould] -fold, -fold-. [id] -ed, -ed-; -fula: [ful] -ful, -ful-; [d] -ed; [fl] -ful-; [t] -ed. [fәl] -ful-. -een: ['i:] -ee, -ee-; -fuln: [ful] -ful; [i:] -ee. [,ful] -ful. -eenn: ['i:n] -een, -een-; -hoodn: [hud] -hood; [i:n] -ene (-ine). [hed] -head. -emen: [i:m] -eme, -em-; -in: [i] -i, -i- ['i:m] -em-. -ian: [iә] -ia, -ea; -enᶹ: [n] -en, -en-. [jә] -ia; 84 -icsn: [iks] -ics; ['iә] -ea; [ә] -a; -ia; [ik] -ic, -ic- [`æ] -a-; [is] -ic-; ['ai] -i-; [`iʃ] -ic-; [i] -i-, -e-; [tiks] -tics; [j] -i-; [etiks] -etics; ['ei] -a-; [`i:k] -ique. [`i:] -e-. -ida: [id] -id, -id-; -ica: [ik] -ic, -ic-; [`id] -id-. -iden: [aid] -ide; [' ætik] -atic; [tik] -tic; [id] -ide, -id, -id-; ['etik] -etic; [`id] -id-, -ifern: ['ifә] -ifer-; ['itik] -itic; ['mætik] -matic; ['ifәr] -ifer-. ['ͻtik] -otic; -ifyᶹ: [ifai] -ify, -efy; [iæk] -iac; [fai] -fy, -fi-; [æk] -ac; [i,fai] -ifi-; [`is]-ic-; [ifi] -ifi-; [`iʃ] -ic-; [if] -if-; [is] -ic; [`if] -if-; ['aiәk]-iac; [ifai] -ifi-; -ilea: [ail] -ile; [æs] -ac-; [әk] -ac-; [il] -ile, -il-; [rik] -ric; [`il] -il-. -inan: ['i:nә] -ina; [tik] -tic. -icen: [is] -ice, -ice-, -ic-; [in] -in. -inea: [in] -ine, -ine-,-in-; [`iʃ] -ic-, -it-; [i] -ice; [ain] -ine; [`i:s] -ice [`in] -in-; [ais]-ice. [i'nin] -inin-; 85 [inain] -inine; [iæzәm]-iasm. -istn: [ist] -ist, -ist-; ['i:n] -ine. -inen: [in] -ine, -in, -ain, -in-, - [`i:st] -iste; ain-; [æst] -ast; [i:n] -ine; [iæst] -iast; [ain] -ine; [әst] -ast, -ast-; [`ain] -ine; -in-. ['ist] -ist-; -ingn: [iŋ] -ing. ['æst] -ast-; -ionn: [әn] -ion, -ion-; [i'æst] -iast-. [ʃәn] -tion, -sion; -tion-, -ituden: [itju:d] -itude; -sion-; [tju:d] -tude; [pʃәn] -ption, -ption-; [i'tju:d] -itud-; [`eiʃәn] -ation, -ation-; [i,tju:d] -itud-. [`iʃәn] -ition, -ition-; -ityn: [iti] -ity; [keiʃәn] -cation, -cation-; [ti] -ty; ['u:ʃәn] -ution, -ution-, [әti] -ety; ['ju:ʃәn] -ution, -ution-, [aiәti] -iety; […..әn] -sion, -sion-; [it] -it-; [jәn] -ion, -ion-. [әt] -et-; -isn: [is] is; [aiәt] -iet-; ['aitis] -itis; [t] -t-. ['i:sis] -esis; -izeᶹ: [aiz] -ize, -yse, -iz-, -yz- ; ['ousis] -osis; [taiz] -tize-, -tiz-. [sis] -sis; -kinn: [kin] -kin; [i:z] -es. [ikin] –ikin. -isha: [iʃ] -ish, -ish-. -lessa: [lis] –less, -less-. -ismn: [izәm] -ism; -letn: [lit] -let. ['izm] -ism-; -lingn: [liŋ] -ling. [әtizәm] -atism; -lya: [li] -ly, -li-. [æzәm]-asm; -lyadv: [li] -ly. 86 -mentn: [mәnt] -ment; [әr] -or-, -er-, -ar-, -ier-, -out-, - ['ment] -ment-; yr-; [ment] -ment-. [r] -r-; -nessn: [nis] -ness. [`o:r] -or-; -oskn: [әk] -ock. ['εәri] -ar-, -air-; -oidn: [oid] -oid; [jәr] -iour-; [toid] -toid; ['niә] -neer; [ ' o i d ] -oid-; ['tiә] -teer; [ o ' i d ] -oid-. ['liә] -lier; -ol: [ol] -ol, -ol-; [dә] -der; [oul] -ole; [εә] -air. [`ol] -ol-. -ousa: [әs] -ous, -ious, -eous, - -oman:[ o u mә] -oma, -ome-, - ous-, -ious-, -eous-; oma-; [jәs] -ious, -ious-; [jues] –uous, uous-; [ o u m] - o m- ; [,oumә] –oma-; [ous] -ose; [әm] -om, -om-. ['ous] -ose, -ose-; n -oon : [ ' u : n ] -oon, - o o n - ; ['i∫әs] -itious, -itious-; [әn] -on; [inәs] -inous; [iәn] - i o n . -orn: [ә] -or, -er, -ar, - i e r , -our, -yr, -or-, -er-, -ar-, - i e r - , - o u r - , - [inous] -inose; ['os] -os-; yr - ; [ju'os] -uos-. [jә] -yer, -iour; ['iә] -eer, -ier; -shipn: [jip] -ship. [iә] -ier, -eer, -ior; -somea: [sәm] -some, -some-. ['εә] -aire; -stern: [stә] -ster, -ster-; [o:] -or; [ista] -ister; [eita] -ator; [star] -ster; [iәr] -er-; 87 -uren: [ә] -ure; [str] -str-. [`juә] -ure; -thn: [θ] -th, -th-; [әt∫ә] -ature; [t] -t, -t-. [it∫ә] -iture; -ulen: [ju:l] -ule; [jul] -ul-; [әr] -ur-; [әkl] -acle; ['ju∫әr] -ur-; [ikl] -icle; [jur] -ur-. [kju:l] -cule; -usn: [as] -us. [kjul] -cul-; -warda: [wәd] -ward, -ward- [tju:l] -tule; [әd] ward, -ward-. [kl] -cle; -wardsadv: [wәdz] -wards. [1] -le; -ways adv: [weiz] -ways; ['ækjul] -acul-; [waiz] -wise, ['ikjul] -icul-. -yn: [i] -y, -ey , -ie-. -umn: [әm] -urn; -ya: [-y-], -ey, -i- [iәm] -ium; [jәm] -ium, - eum. 88 APPENDIX ENGLISH UZBEK DICTIONARY OF SUFFIXATIONAL WORDS -able WORDS TRANSCRIPTION abominable [ә′bomınәbl] agitable [′ædZıtәbl] attackable attainable [ә′tækәbl] [ә′teinәbl] attractable [ә′træktәbl] attributable [ә′trıbjυtәbl] available [ә′veılәbl] avoidable [ә′voıdәbl] bailable [beılәbl] bankable [bænkәbl] barrable [′bә:rәbl] bearable [ beәrәbl] believable [bı′lı:vәbl] boatable [bәυtәbl] changeable chargeable charitable [t∫eındZәbl] [′t∫a:dZәbl] [t∫ærıtәbl] cheatable [t∫ı:tbәl] checkable [t∫ekәbl] censurable [sen∫әrәbl] definable [dı′faınәbl] RUSSIAN otvratitelnыy, protivnыy vozbudimыy UZBEK kir qilib, iflos holda tashviqot qilsa bo’ladigan uyazvimыy juda, nozik dostijimыy erishib bo’ladigan prityagivaemыy jozibador, o’ziga tortuvchi otnosyaщiysya aniqlovchi o’rnida ishlatiladigan dostupnыy, sotiladigan, nalichnыy yaroqli to, oldini olsa chegomojnoizbejat bo’ladigan, qochib qutilsa bo’ladigan Vыpuskaemыy na kafillik yoki po ruku kafolat asosida qamoqdan ozod qilish huquqiga ega bo’ladigan prinimaemыybanko bank mkuchetu tomonidan xisobga olinadigan podlejaщiykostano bas qilishga vke loyiq snosnыy, terpimыy chidasa bo’ladigan pravdopodobnыy ishonsa bo’ladigan sudoxodnыy qayiqda yursa bo’ladigan nepostoyannыy o’zgaruvchan otvetstvennыy masuliyatli blagotvoritelnыy hayrli, mehrshavqatli legkovernыy aldasa bo’ladigan poddayushiysyakpr tekshiruvga overke moyil dostoynыyporitsani tanbeh ya berishga arziydigan poddayushiysyaopr aniqlab 89 demountable dubitable dupable expendable expiable excitable flammable hateable hospitable illimitable illuminable imaginable ] impenetrable invulnerable justiciable lamentable liable malleable memorable miserable modifiable navigable negotiable bo’ladigan tez yonuvchi, tez alanga oladigan [dı′mυtәbl] razbornыy, qismlarga s’emnыy ajraladigan, yig’ma [dju:bıtәbl] somnitelnыy shubxali [dju:pәbl] naivnыy sodda, go’l [ık′spendәbl] potreblyaemыy, sarflanadigan rasxoduemыy , xarajat qiladigan [ekspıәbl] iskupimыy gunohini yuvsa bo’ladigan [ɪk'saɪtәbl] vozbudimыy hayajonlanad igan, hayratga soluvchi [flæmәbl] ogneopasnыy yong’in chiqish xavfi bo’lgan [heıtәbl] otvratitelnыy jirkanch, qabih, yomon [hos′pıtәbl] gostepriimnыy, mehmondo’s otkrыtыy t, ochiq [ı′lımıtәbl] neogranichennыy cheklanmaga n, cheksiz [ı′lju:mı,nәbl] poddayushiysyaosv yoritsa eщeniyu bo’ladigan [ı′mædZınәbl voobrazimыy tasavvur qilsa bo’ladigan [ım′penıtrәbl] nepronitsaemыy o’tkazmaydi gan [ın′vʌlnәrәbl] neuyazvimыy bekamiko’st, benuqson, mustahkam [ʤʌs'tɪʃәbl] podsudnыy sudda ko’rilishga tegishli bo’lgan ['læmәntәbl] grustnыy, o’ta pechalnыy achinarli, qayg’uli ['laɪәbl] veroyatnыy, ehtimol, vozmojnыy bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan ['mælɪәbl] ustupchivыy muloyim, mayin ['mem(ә)rәbl] nezabыvaemыy unutilmas ['mɪz(ә)rәbl] jalkiy, neschastnыy ayanchli, yoqimsiz ['mɔdɪfaɪәbl] poddayushiysyaizm o’zgartirsa enenie bo’ladigan ['nævɪgәbl] sudoxodnыy kema qatnoviga qulay [nɪ'gәuʃɪәbl] moguщыyslujitpre o’tib dmetomperegovorov bo’ladigan edeleniyu goryuchiy [deflәgrәbl] deflagrable 90 nonflammabl e e e [nonʃlæmәbl] nevosplamenyaetsy tez o’tolmaydigan nonreturnabl [nәnnevozvratimыy qaytarib rɪ'tәːnәbl] berib bo’lmaydigan notifiable ['nәutɪfaɪәbl] podlejaщiyregistrat habar sii berishga (qayd etishga) arziydigan observable [әb'zɜːvәbl] zametnыy, kuzatsa razlichimыy bo’ladigan, farqlasa bo’ladigan obtainable [әb'teɪnәbl] dostupnыy, erishib dostijimыy bo’ladigan palpable ['pælpәbl] osyazaemыy sezsa bo’ladigan pardonable ['pɑːd(ә)nәbl] prostitelnыy uzrli, kechirimli peaceable ['piːsәbl] mirolyubivыy, tinchliksevar, mirnыy tinchlikni yaxshi ko’radigan, hoxlaydigan penetrable ['penɪtrәbl] pronitsaemыy ichiga kirsa bo’ladigan pitiable ['pɪtɪәbl] jalkiy, nichtojnыy ayanchli, nochor practicable ['præktɪkәbl] osuщestvimыy amalga oshadigan pronounceabl [prә'naun(t)sә udoboproiznosimы e’lon qilsa bl] y bo’ladigan publishable [pʌblɪʃәbl] opublikovaniya nashr etishga arziydigan quantifiable ['kwɔntɪfaɪәbl kolichestvennomu sonini ] aniqlasa bo’ladigan questionable ['kwesʧәnәbl] somnitelnыy shubhali quotable ['kwәutәbl] zaslujivayuщiy sitata olsa bo’ladigan readable ['riːdәbl] xoroshonapisannыy yaxshi yozilgan reasonable ['riːz(ә)nәbl] razumnыy, aqlli, zehnli rassuditelnыy receivable [rɪ'siːvәbl] moguщiybыtpoluc qabul qilsa hennыy bo’ladigan reclosable [rɪklouzәbl] povtornogozakrыva qayta yopsa niya bo’ladigan referable [rɪ'fɜːrәbl] moguщiybыtpripis tilga olsa annыm bo’ladigan refutable ['refjutәbl] oproverjimыy rad etsa bo’ladigan remarkable [rɪ'mɑːkәbl] zamechatelnыy ajoyib, ajib seasonable ['siːz(ә)nәbl] posezonu, o’z vaqtida svoevremennыy bo’ladigan semblable [ˈsɛmblәb(ә)l poxoje o’xshash a 91 ] sortable [ˈsɔː tәbl] suitable ['s(j)uːtәbl] tenable ['tenәbl] terminable ['tɜːmɪnәbl] transferable [træn(t)s'fɜːrә sortirovki bl] unabsorbable unacceptable podxodyaщiy, godnыy logichnыy, zdravыy ogranichennыyskor om dopuskayuщiypere dachu kpoglasheniyu [ˌʌnәk'septәb nepriemlemыy [ʌn'ɔːlt(ә)rәbl neizmennыy l] unalterable ] [ˌʌnә'veɪlәbl] unavailable neimeyuщiysyavna lichii variable ['veәrɪәbl] verifiable ['verɪfaɪәbl] vulnerable ['vʌln(ә)rәbl] warrantable ['wɔr(ә)ntәbl] workable ['wɜːkәbl] izmenchivыy, nepostoyannыy poddayuщiysyapro verke uyazvimыyranimы y zakonnыy, dopustimыy rentabelnыy, vыpolnimыy turga ajratsa bo’ladigan munosib, mos mantiqan to’g’ri, durust muddati belgilangan ko’chirsa bo’ladigan namni tortmaydigan nomaqbul, muvofiq kelmaydigan o’zgarmaydi gan yaroqsiz, foyda bermaydigan beqaror, o’zgarib turadigan tekshirsa bo’ladigan nozik, zaif qonuniy, qonun asosidagi foydali, daromadli -age WORDS TRANSCRI PTION [drıftıdZ] driftage RUSSIAN snos, dreyf, predmetы pastushevka tintage [′tıntıdZ] tutelage [′tju:tәlıdZ] opekunstva underage [,ʌndәreıdZ] nesovershennolet vagabondage Z] wantage wharfage windage UZBEK harakatsizlik xira rang vasiylik voyaga niy yetmagan, bo’yi yetmagan [′vægәbondıd brodyajnichestva darbadarlik, daydilik [′wontıdZ] nexvatka kamchilik, yetish-movchilik [′wo:fıdZ] xraneniegruzovna bandargoxda pristani yuklarni saqlash [wındıdZ] soprotivlenievozd shamol uxa qarshiligi 92 wreckage [′rekıdZ] oblomki halokatdan keyingi siniq parchalar -al WORDS abnormal TRANSCRI PTION [æb'nә:mǝl] RUSSIAN aborigion [æbǝ'ridʒәnl] abysmal abyssal [ә'bizmәl] [ә'bisl] bezdonnыyglubokiy glubinnыy academic [ækǝ'demikl] akademicheskiy accidental [æksi'dentl] sluchaynыy accipitral attritional [әksiptrәl] [ә'triʃәnәl] yastrebinыy iznuryayuщiy auditorial [′ɔ:ditɔ:riǝl] revizionnыy auroral auspicial autumnal avolitiona [ǝ'rͻ:rǝl] [ͻ:'spiʃǝl] [ͻ:tʌmnǝl] [ævǝ'liʃǝnǝl] utrenniy,rumyanыy prinosyaщiyudachu osenniy nezavisyaщiyotvoli banal baptismal [bǝ'na:l] [bæptizml] vanolnыy krestinnыy beatifical [bi:ǝ'tiʄikl] blajennыy behaviour [biheivʃǝrǝl] povedencheskiy centipedal [sontped(ǝ)l] anormal’nыy,nenor mal’nыy iskonnыykorennoy al al l UZBEK g'ayri tabiiy, telba, devona tubjoylik, maxalliy tubsiz, chuqur chuqurda yashaydigan akademiyaga oid tasodifiy kutilmagan lochin ishqalanuvchi, surkalanuvchi nazorat, (taftish qiluvchi) tonggi ko'ngildagidek kuzgi hohishiga bog’liq bo’lmagan chaynalgan cho'qintirishga oid bezalgan,bezatil gan axloqli,xulqli al razdalennыynastoch astey criminal [kriminәl] dropsical [dropsikl] prestupnыy stradayuщiyvodyan koy elliptical factional [iliptikl] [fækʃnǝl] ellipticheskiy fraksionnыy factorial [fæktͻ:riǝl] fabrichniy familial fragmenta [fǝ'miliǝl] [frægmentәl] semeynыy oblamochnыy functional fundamen [fʌɳkʃәnәl] [fʌndә'mentl] funksional’nыy osnovnoy, korennoy l 93 yuz qismga bo'lingan jinoiy,jinoyatko rona shishgan,shishi b ketgan elliptik fraksion, guruhlikka oid fabrikada ishlab chiqarilgan oilaviy uzilgan,chalachulpa funksional asosiy, muhim tal impedime [im,pediment prepyatetvuyuщiy [,inspek'tͻ:riǝ revizionnыy judicial [dʒv'diʃәl] sudebnыy longitudio [loɳdʒitju:di prodol’nыy ntal to'siqli, g'ovli l] inspectori al tekshiruvli, tekshirishga oid sudga, sudyalarga oid uzun l] nǝl] nal -ance WORDS allowance abidance abundance conveyance fragrance inductance inelegance significance tendance tolerance TRAN SCRIPTION [ә′laυәn s] [ә′baıdә ns] [ә′bΛnd әns] [kәn′veı әns] [freıgrә ns] [ın′dΛtә ns] [ın′elıgә ns] [sıg′nıfı kәns] [′tendәn s] [′tolәrә ns] RUSSIAN UZBEK mesyachnoesod oylik maosh erjanie soblyudenieche go-libo nimagadir amal qilish izobilie, bogatstva perevozka, dostavka aromat, blagouxanie induktivnost neelegantnost znachenie, mo’l-ko’lchilik, boylik ko’chirish, eltib berish xushbo’y, yoqimli hid kiritish, olib kirish, kelishmaganlik, xushbichim emas mazmun, mohiyat smыsl zabota, svita terpimost, tolerantnost intilish, niyat, moyillik chidamlilik, bag’rikenglik -ant WORDS TRANS CRIPTION [æ'berǝn abberant t] RUSSIAN zablujdayuщiys ya [ә'beiәnt abeyant ] bezdeystvuyuщi ǝnt] abundant nt] attendant t] attestant ] adashgan, adashtiruvchi harakatsiz y [æbsǝvn absonant UZBEK protivorechaщiy zid, qarshi turuvchi [ǝ'bʌndә obilnыy, serob, to'lib bogatыy toshgan [ǝ'tendǝn ooprovojdayuщi hamrox, y yo'ldosh, xizmatkor [ǝ'testǝnt svidetelstvuyuщ guvoxlik iy beruvchi 94 [baisǝnǝ bisonant [freigrǝn sostoyaщiyizdv uxzvukov lenivыy, prazdnыy aromatnыy [in'konst nepostoyannыy [in'konsә nesozvuchnыy ['dʒͻinǝn soedinennыy [mæl'fi:z prestupnыy [mǝ'lign zlovrednыy nt] [feiniǝnt faineant ] fragrant ikki tashvishdan iborat yalqov, dangasa xushbo'y,muattar t] inconstant әnt] inconsonant nәnt] joinant t] malfeasant әnt] malignant o'zgaruvchan, muntazam bo’lmagan har-xil,to'g'ri kelmaydigan, muvofiq bo’lmagan qo'shma,birlashg an jinoiy,jinoyatkor ona serjaxl,badjaxl ǝnt] ['nonʃәlә nonchalant nt] non-combatant reentrant refrigerant regardant registrant regnant significant stagnant tolerant trenchant ululant [,non'ko mbǝtǝnt] [rientrǝn t] [ri'fridʒr әnt] [ri'ga:dә nt] ['redʒistr әnt] ['regnәnt ] [sig'nifik ǝnt] ['stægnә nt] ['tolǝrǝnt ] ['trentʃәn t] ['ju:ljvlә nt] besstrastnыy, bezpechnыy nestroevoy vxodyaщiy oxlajdayuщiy pristalnonablyu dayuщiy litso sarstvuyuщiy mnogoznachitel nыy stoyachiy, inertnыy terpimыy, tolerantnыy ostrыy, rezkiy zavыvayuщiy loqayd,beparvo,s ovuqqon yuvosh,royish, safdan chiqqan kiruvchi muzlatuvchi, sovutuvchi diqqat bilan kuzatuvchi ro'yxatga oluvchi xukmronlik qiluvchi muhim,ahamiyat li nodon,sust,faoliy atsiz chidamli, bag’rikeng o’tkir, keskin esar,tez esdan chiqaruvchi -ary WORDS binary cautionary TRANSCRI PTION [baınәrı] ['ko:∫әnәrı] RUSSIAN UZBEK dvoynoy predosteregayu ikki tomonlama ogohlantiruvchi щiy centenary [sentınәrı] stoletniy 95 yuz yasharlilik, yuz yoshlik [әlekju:′∫әnәrı elocutionary deklamatorskiy notiqlikka oid ] [ekspı′dı∫әnәr expeditionary ı] fragmentary illusionary imaginary judiciary nonary olivary penitentiary pensionary questionary regionary salutary sanguinary sanitary sumptuary testamentary ekspeditsionnы safarga, sayohatga oid [frægmәntәrı] otrыvochnыy bo’lib-bo’lib, qisqa-qisqa [ı′lu:Zәnәrı] illyuzornыy hayoliy, haqiqatdan yiroq [ı′mædZınәrı] voobrajaemыy tasavvuriy, hayoliy [dZυ′dı∫әrı] zakonnыy qonuniy, qonunga mos [′nәυnәrı] devyaterichnыy voyaga yetmagan [′olıvәrı] imeyuщiyformu zaytunrang, maslin ko’kish-sariq [penı′ten∫әrı] popravitamnыy axloq tuzatish dom, ispravitelnыy muassasasi, axloq tuzatuvchi [′pen∫әnәrı] pensionnыy nafaqaga oid [′kwes∫әnәrı] anketa so'rovnoma [′rı:dZәnәrı] rayonnыy hududiy [′sæljυt(ә)rı] selitelnыy foydali, shifobaxsh [′sæŋgwınәrı] krovavыy qonli, qon to’kiladigan [′sænәtәrı] sanitarnыy sanitariyaga oid, gigiyenik y [′sΛmpt∫υәrı] kreguliruyuщiy [,testә′mentәr zaveщatelnыy ı] [′tekst∫uәrı] [′tju:mjυlәrı] [tjυ′mΛlt∫υәrı textuary tumulary tumultuary ] tekstovыy mogilnыy besporyadochn ыy, shumnыy neostorojnыy unchary [Λn′t∫eәrı] uncustomary [,ʌn′kʌstәmәr neprivыchnыy [′ju:nıtәrı] [,vælı′tju:nәtr unitarnыy boleznennыy [′vetrәnәrı] veterinarnыy ı] unitary valetudinary ı] veterinary 96 harajatlarni tartibga soluvchi vasiyat bilan bog’liq bo’lgan matnga oid qabrga oid sershovqin, betartib ehtiyotkor bo’lmagan noodatiy, g’ayriodatiy unitar kasalmandlik, dardmand veterenariyaga oid -ate WORDS authenticate aviate elucidate emanate fabricate facilitate importunate inaugurate incapacitate machinate terminate underrate WORDS abeyancy abnormalcy abstinency bankruptcy impeccancy insignificancy latency stagnancy translucency TRAN RUSSIAN UZBEK SCRIPTION [′ͻ:′ʘe udostoveryat’ tasdiqlamoq ntikeit] [′eivieit letet’nasamolete samalyotda uchmoq ] [i'lu:sid ob’yasnyat’,prol tushuntirmoq, eit] ivat’svet aniqlik kiritmoq [emǝne proisxodit sodir bo'lmoq,yuz it] bermoq [ʄæbrik vыdumыvat, o'ylab chiqarmoq, eit] poddelыvat to’qimoq, ishlab chiqarmoq [fǝ'silǝt oblegchat, yengillashtirmoq, eit] prodvigat ko'maklashmoq [im'pͻ: nastoychivыy sabotli,quntli, tjunәt] tirishqoq [inͻ:gj torjestvennovvo tantanali ravishda ureit] dit, vdoljnost lavozimga qo’ymoq [,inkә'p lishatprava huquqdan mahrum æsiteit] qilmoq ['mæki delatnesposobn fitna uyushtirmoq neit] ыmkintrigovat ['tә:mi stavitpredel tugatmoq,ohiriga neit] yetkazmoq [ʌndә'r nedootsenivat noto'g'ri eit] ko'rsatmoq, kam baho bermoq -cy TRANS CRIPTION [ǝ'beiǝns RUSSIAN vremennoebezd UZBEK vaqtinchalik i] eystvie xarakatsizlik [æb'nͻ:r nenormal’nost’ g'ayri tabiiylik, mәlsi] telbalik [æbstinǝ vozderjanie o'zini tiyish va nsi] tortish [kæɳkrǝ bankrotstva, bankrot, ptsi] nesostayatel’nost moliyaviy inqiroz [im'pekә bezgreshnost’ gunohsiz, nsi] begunohlilik [insig'nif neznachitel’nost arzimaslik, ikǝnsi] ’ ahamiyatsizlik ['leitәnsi skrыtoesostoyan yashirin xolat ] ie [stægnǝn zastoy, inertnost turg'unlik si] [trænz'lu poluprozrachno yarim tiniq, :sәnsi] st’ yarim shaffof 97 -dom WORDS boredom TRANSCRI PTION [′bͻ:dәm] RUSSIAN skuka dukedom heirdom [dju:kdәm] [′eәdәm] gersogstvo nasledovanie junkerdom ['jʌɳkǝdǝm] yunkerstvo masterdom rascaldom [′ma:stǝdǝm] ['ræskǝldǝm] prevosxodstvo moshennichest whoredom ['hͻ:dәm] UZBEK zerikish, bezor bo'lish gersoglik meros olish,vorislik yunkerlik, harbiy maktab o'quvchisi bo’lish xo'jayinlik,egalik razillik, qalloblik vo bludrasputstvo buzuqlik, foxishalik -ee WO RDS aban danee addre ssee adopt ee appoi ntee awar dee barga inee barge e cheat ee expel lee grand ee grant ee impo rtee TRANSCRI PTION [ǝ'bændә'ni:] RUSSIAN straxovщik [ædre'si:] adresat [ædͻp'ti:] usыnovlennыyrebyonok [ә,pͻin'ti:] naznachenie [әwͻ:di] prizer [,ba:′gini:] pokupatelzemli [′ba:′dʒi:] barochnik [′tʄi:'ti:] jertvaobmana [,ekspә'li:] deportirovannыychelove k [græn'di:] vajnayapersona [gra:n'ti] poluchayuщiyvdar [impͻ:'ti:] priglashennыyvstranuna jitelstvo induc [indʌk'ti] prizыvnik jamb [dʒæmbә'ri:] vesel’e, pirushka tee oree 98 UZBEK sug’urtachi, sug’urta qiluvchi kishi elituvchi, (xat va shu kabilarni) asrandi bola lavozimga tayinlangan shaxs mukofotga sazovor bo’lgan kishi yer sotib oluvchi barka (yuk tashuvchi kema) aldov, tovlamachilik qiluvchi badarg’a (surgun) qilingan kishi muhim shaxs grand oluvchi, tuhfa olgan kishi mamlakatga yashash uchun taklif etilgan kishi harbiy hizmatga chaqiriluvchi quvnoqlik,vaqti chog'lik jubile ['dʒu:bili:] prazdnestvo, yubiley licen [laisәn'si:] litso, poluchivщiypatent pledg [,pledʒii] zalogoderjatel reject [,ridʒek'ti:] e see ee ee negodnыykvoennoysluj be repar [repa:ti:] ostroumie silect [,selek'ti:] prizыvnik separ [,sepәrә't:] demobilizovannыy settee snick [se'ti:] [snikәsni:] nebolshoydivan dlinnыynoj,kinjal vend [ven'di:] pokupatel yippe [jipi:] ura tee ee atee ersnee ee e tantanali bayram, yubiley ruxsatnoma (patent) olgan kishi garovda tutib turuvchi kishi harbiy hizmatga yaramaydigan kishi gapga ustalik, aqlibutlik harbiy hizmatga chaqiriluvchi harbiy hizmatdan bo’shatilgan shaxs kichik divan uzun pichoq, xanjar xaridor, sotib oluvchi uraaa!(qichqiriq ) -ed WORD S abstracte d TRANSCRI PTION [æb′stræk.tɪd RUSSIAN otdelennыy ] attached [әˈtætʃt] privyazannыy avowed [әˈvaʊd] otkrыtopriznannыy backhan [bækˈhæn.dɪ ded d] badtempered bagged әd] nanesennыytыmoystoro noyruki (obudare) [bæd′temp zloy, razdrojitelnыy [′bægd] kladennыyvmeshok barehead [beәˈhed.ɪd] snepokrыtoygolovoy barefoot [beә.fʊtid] bosoy, bosonogiy bare [beɘnekt] sotkpыtoy щey ed UZBEK hayolga cho’mgan yopishtirilga n, ilova qilingan ochiq tan olingan qo’lning orqa tomoni bilan urilgan (zarba) badjahl, tajang qopga (haltaga) joylashtirilgan, berkitilgan yalangbosh, boshyalang yalangoyoq ed necked ochiq bo’yin bilan battered beaked bearded [′bæt.әd] [bɪːkt] [′bɪә.dɪd] izbitыy, iznoщennыy imeyuщiyklyuv borodatыy 99 ko’p urilgan tumshuqli soqolli, bemused [bɪ′mjuːzd] bereaved [bɪ′riːvd] bigoted [′bɪg.ә.tɪd] neterpimыy blessed [′bles.id] schastlivыy, blajennыy bloated [′blәʊ.tɪd] razdutыy, jirnыy blurred [′blɜːd] neyasnыy, smutnыy boiled boned bowlegg [′bɔɪld] [′bәʊnd] [bәʊ.leg .ɪ d] varenыy imeyuщiykostyak krivonogiy brocaded [brәˈkeɪdɪd] parchovыy smuщennыy perejivshiy, tyajeleyuutratu sersoqol hayratga tushgan yaqin kishisi vafot etgan, og’ir yo’qotishni boshdan kechirgan o’taketgan, mutaassib baxtli, omadli,baxtiyor semiz, damlangan tushunib bo’lmaydigan, bulg’angan qaynatilgan qoq suyak maymoq ed kimxobga oid [ˈsel.ɪ.breɪ.tɪd celebrate d znamenitыy ] [′kren. ә crenellat mashhur, atoqli zubchatыy tishli l.eɪ.tɪd] ed [′kres.tɪd] crested [′tʃɑː.tәd] chartered checked dazed demorali zed z] drained experien st] ced fainthear ted falcated freaked fulfilled furnishe d garbled upraщennыygrebnem, ostrokonechnыy imeyuщiyprivilennыy tojli, o’tkir uchli imtiyozga ega bo’lgan [tʃekt] ostanovlennыy, to’xtatilgan, proverannыy nazorat qilingan [′deɪzd] izluplennыy maxliyo bo’lgan [dɪˈmɒr.ә.laɪ demoralizovannыy tushkunlikka tushgan [′dreɪnd] mishennыysil quritilgan [ɪkˈspɪә.ri. n t opыtnыy, znayuщiy tajribali, bilag’on [feɪntˈhɑː.tɪd] truslivыy, moloduщnыy qo’rqoq, yuraksiz [′fælkeɪtɪd] serpovidnыy o’roqqa o’xshash, o’roqsimon [′friːk t] ispeщrennыy g’ayritabiiy [fʊlˈfɪld] vipolnennыy bajarilgan, ro’yobga chiqarilgan [′fɜː.nɪʃt] meblirovannыy ta’minlangan , yetkazib berilgan [′gɑː.bl ̩d] iskajennыy buzib ko’rsatilgan(faktlar) 100 [hæn.dɪ.kæpt imeyuщiyfizicheskiyne dostatok hotheade [hɒtˈhed.ɪd] hooked [hʊkt] goryachiy, oprometchivыy krivoy hurried [hʌr.id] indepted [ɪn′det.ɪd] inexperie [ɪn.ɪkˈspɪә.ri. handicap ped ] d toroplivыy, bыstrыy noxodyaщiysyavdolguk ogolibo neopыtnыy jismoniy nuqsonga ega bo’lgan issiq, qaynoq, qizib turgan egri-bugri, egilgan tezkor, shoshilayotgan kimdandir qarzdor bo’lgan tajribasiz әnst] nced informed [ɪn′fɔːmd] inspired jagged justified [ɪnˈspaɪәd] [′dʒæg.ɪd] [′dʒʌs.tɪ.faɪd] knitted laboured large- [′nɪt.ɪd] [′leɪ.bәd] [′lɑːdʒ hɑː.tɪd] hearted leaved [′lɪ:vd] licensed lowbred [′laɪ.sәnʃst] [′lәʊ.bred] malform [mæl′fɔːmd] marked [mɑːkt] minded [′maɪn.dɪd] moneyed [mʌn.id] occupied [ɒk.jʊ.paɪd] organize [′ɔː.gәn.aɪzd] ed d [aʊt′mәʊ.dɪd outmode d ] overcro wded packed pained pronoun [ɔ ʊ.vә′kraʊ.dɪd] [′pækt] [′peɪnd] [prә′naʊnst] osvedomlennыy habardor, ma’lumotga ega,bilag’on vdoxnovlennыy ruhlantirilgan zubchatыy tishli imeyuщiyopravdanie o’zini oqlaydigan, asosi bilan vyazanыy to’qilgan vimuchennыy, trudnыy qiyin, og’ir velikodushnыy, muruvvatli, terpimыy himmatli, oliyjanob pokrыtыylistyami barglar bilan qoplangan imeyuщiyrazraщenie ruxsat etilgan nevospitannыy tarbiyasiz, tarbiyasi past, betarbiya urodlivыy mayib, majruh otmechennыy belgilangan, belgi qo’yilgan raspolojennыy, gotovыy aql-idrokli, tayyor bogatыy, denejnыy boy, puli ko’p zanyatыy, nesvobodnыy band, bo’sh emas organizovannыy tashkil etilgan viщedщыyizmodы iste’mol (moda)dan chiqqan, eskirgan perepolnennыy gavjum, odamga to’la upakovannыy qadoqlangan ogorchennыy og’riqli proiznesennыy e’lon 101 ced qualified [kwɒl.ɪ.faɪd] received [rɪ′siːvd] reformed [rɪ′fɔːmd] removed [rɪ′muːvd] resigned [rɪ′zaɪnd] rugged [′rʌg.ɪd] [′sæŋk.tɪ.′faɪ sanctifie d qilingan, bildirilgan, aytilgan kompetentnыy tayyorlangan , malakali obщeprinyatыy qabul qilingan ispravlennыy to’g’rilangan , isloh qilingan udalennыy o’chirilgan, olib tashlangan pokornыy ko’ngilchan, yumshoq nerovnыy, negladkiy notekis, g’adir-budir posvyaщennыy bag’ishlanga n, atalgan ispugannыy qo’rqqan, cho’chigan odinokiy ajratilgan, yolg’iz(lab) qo’yilgan potryasennыy qimirlovchi, silkinuvchi solomennыy ustiga poxol solingan vzvolnovannыy hayajonlanga n, iztirobli imeyuщiykosы sochi o’rilgan, o’rilgan sochli nesoprovojdaemыy birga yurib bo’lmaydigan, hamrohsiz mbezpomoщnыy yordam ko’rsatilmagan, yordamsiz neimeyuщiystoronnikov tarafdori yo’q bo’lgan nedatirovannыy sanasi yo’q, sanasi noma’lum nezarabotannыy ishlab topilmagan oblachennыy qonuniy, qonun asosida odetыy kiyintirilgan razыskivaemыy qidirilayotga n zloy, opasnыy jahldor, xavfli morщinistыy burushgan, g’ijim, ajin bosgan d] [′skeәd] scared separate d [sep. ә′r.eɪtɪd] staggere [stæg.әd] thatched [θætʃt] touched [′tʌtʃt] tressed [trest] d [ʌn.ә′kʌm.p unaccom ә n.id] panied unaided [ʌn′eɪ.dɪd] unbacke [ʌnbækt] undated [ʌnˈdeɪ.tɪd] unearned [ʌn′ɜːnd] vested [′ves.tɪd] vestured wanted [′vestʃed] [wɒn.tɪd] wicked [wɪk.ɪd] wrinkled [rɪŋ.kl ̩d] d 102 -en WORDS TRANSCRI PTION [t∫ı:pәn] cheapen deaden [dedn] deafen [def(ә)n] hasten [heısәn] RUSSIAN deshevet, snimatsenu oslyablyat, zaglushat oglushat, zaglushat toropit, uskoryat UZBEK arzonlatmoq, qadrsizlantirmoq o’tmaslamoq, kuchsizlantirmoq, bo’g’ib qo’ymoq kar qilib qo’ymoq shoshtirmoq, shoshilmoq -ence WORDS TRANSCRI PTION [æbstınәns] abstinence accidence benevolence [әk′sı:dәns] [bı′nevәlәns] eloquence [elәkwәns] RUSSIAN vozderjanie soglasie blaga krasnorechie, ritorika [fro:djυlәns] fraudulence moshennichest UZBEK o’zini tiyish, o’zni tortish kelishuv xayrixohlik, marhamatlilik, yaxshilik gapga ustalik, chaqqonlik aldov, firibgarlik va [græn′dılәkw grandiloquenc vыsokoparnost әns] e [ım′pendәns] [ım′provıdәn impendence improvidence s] blizost nepredusmotritelnost snisxojdenie indulgence [ın′dʌldʒәns] inherence [ın′herәns] neotdelimost [′mæg′nıfısәn velikolepie malevolence [mә′levәlәns] zloradstvo nascence [′næsәns] vozniknovenie negligence [′neglıdʒәns] nebrejnost penitence [′penıtәns] raskayanie magnificence s] 103 manmanlik, takabburlik yaqinlik kaltabinlik, uzoqni ko’ra bilmaslik bo’sh qo’yish, erk berish o’ziga xoslik, tak-rorlanmaslik ko’rkamlik, hashamatlilik, dabdabalilik ichiqoralik, ko’ngli kirlik yaratilish, tug’ilish parvosizlik, ehtiyotsizlik pushaymon, o’kinish reference refulgence [refәrәns] [rifʌldʒәns] transcendence [træn′sendәn prevosxodstvo [,tænz′lu:sәns prozrachnost yarim shaffof RUSSIAN UZBEK peredacha siyanie, yarkost xavola, eslatma yaltirash, yorug’lik ustunlik s] translucence ] -ent WORDS abhorrent TRANSCRI PTION [әb′horәnt] absorbent [әb′zo:bәnt] abstergent benevolent [әb′stә:dʒәnt] [bı′nevәlәnt] ochiщayuщiy blagojelatelnыy eloquent [elәkwәnt] krasnorechivыy fraudulent [′fro:djυlәnt] [grændılәkw grandiloque vыzыvayushiyotv raщenie vsasыvayuщiy obmannыy, moshennicheskiy vыsokoparnыy әnt] nt immanent [ımәnәnt] impendent [ım′pendәnt] impellent [ım′pelәnt] prisuщiy, postoyannыy nadvigayuщiysya incident pobujdayuщiy, dvigayuщiy [ım′provıdәnt nepredusmotritelnыy [′ınsıdәnt] svoystvennыy inherent [ın′herәnt] prisuщiy innocent [′ınәsәnt] nevinnыy lambent [′læmbәnt] igrayuщiy [mægnıfısәnt velikolepnыy improvident ] magnificent jirkanch shimadigan, yutadigan tozalovchi iltifotli, marhamatli ma’noli, aniq ifodali(nutq) aldaydigan, firib beradigan manman, takabbur xos, maxsus, odatdagi qarshi, xavf tug’dirayotgan undovchi, majbur qiluvchi extiyotsiz, tartibsiz ko’ngilsiz voqea o’ziga xos, ajralmas aybsiz, begunoh o’yinqaroq, o’ynoqi ajoyib ] maleficent nascent [mә′lefısәnt] [′næsıәınt] pagubnыy, vrednыy rojdayuщiysya 104 halokatli, zaxarli yaratilayotgan, negligent [′neglıdʒәnt] nebrejnыy penitent [′penıtәnt] raskaivayuщiysya refulgent [rı′fʌldʒәnt] relinquent transcendent [rı′lıŋkwәnt] [træn′sendәnt siyayuщiy, sverkayushiy ustupayuщiy prevosxodyaщiy tug’ilayotgan beparvo, e’tiborsiz qilmishidan afsuslangan yaltiroq, yorug’ yon beruvchi a’lo darajadagi ] translucent [træns′lu:sәnt prosvechivayuщiy [træn′splendә blistatelnыy ] transplenden t ichi ko’rinadigan zo’r, ajoyib nt] -er WORDS TRANSC RIPTION [ɪn'fɔːmә] informer RUSSIAN osvedamitel xabarchi, gap tashuvchi informatorosved informator [ɪn'telɪʤ(ә intelligencer )n(t)sә] omitel [ˌɪntә'rʌpt interrupter UZBEK prerыvatel ә] jollier ['ʤɔlɪә] knacker ['nækә] lacquer landloper ['lækә] ['lændˌlәu veselchak, zabavnik skupщik, jivoder lak, politura brodyaga tarjimon gapni bo’luvchi hazilkash olibsotuvchi, olibsotar lok daydi pә] ['laɪs(ә)n(t licenser )sә] lifter ['lɪftә] lounger magnifier ['launʤә] ['mægnɪfaɪ ә] marketer ['mɑːkɪtә] mincer ['mɪn(t)sә] modifier multiplier ['mɔdɪfaɪә] ['mʌltɪplaɪ litso, vыdayuщeerazreshenie pod’emnoeprisp osoblenie bezdelnik uvelichitelnoest eklo, lupa kupets, torgovets myasorubka patent beruvchi shaxs ko`tarma lift bekorchi kattaytirib ko`rsatuvchi qurilma(lupa) savdogar go`shtmaydalagi ch ә] ә] observer occupier modifikator ko`paytiruvchi ient ['njuːzˌriːd newsreader modifikator mnojitelkoeffits [әb'zәːvә] ['ɔkjupaɪә] diktorpragramm ы novostey nablyudatel jilets, arendator 105 yangiliklar dasturi suhandoni kuzatuvchi bosqinchi, [ә'fendә] offender pravonarushitel, pristupnik ['әunә] vladelets, xozyain ['pækә] upakovщik (osobnapiщevomkombi nate) ['peɪә] platelщik ['pekә] ptitsa, kotorayadoxbit [pә'fɔːmә] ispolnitel ['pjvǝriʄaiǝ ochistitel owner packer payer pecker performer purifier istiqomat qiluvchi kishi huquqbuzar, jinoyatchi egador, mulkdor qadoqlovchi, tayyorlovchi to`lovchi qizilishton(qush) ijrochi tozalovchi ] ['kwᴅliʄaiǝ qualifier ] ['kwik,faiǝ quickfirer rǝ] aniqlovchi skorostrelnoeor tez otar qurol ujie racer rafter [reisɤ] [rɑ:ʄtǝ] receiver [ri′si:vǝ] rectifier ['rektiʄaiǝ] reducer [ridju:sǝ] repeater [ripi:tǝ] scrubber searcher ['skrʌbǝ] ['sʒ:tʃǝ] silencer ['sailǝnsǝ] sitter ['sitǝ] sounder ['savdǝ] ['steibǝlaiz stabilizer opredelitel,utoc hnitel gonщik plotovщik,paro poygachi solchi, sol mshik oqizuvchi poluchatel oluvchi qabul qiluvchi vыpryamitel, tekshiruvchi, detektor tekshirib turuvchi detektor preobrazovateld kamaytiruvchi, annыx qisqartiruvchi qurilma tot,ktopovtoryae takrorlaydigan t kishi gazopromыvatel yuvish, tozalash iskatel izlovchi, qidiruvchi glushitel shovqin pasaytirgich poziruyuщiyxud g’amxo’rlik ojniku exolot aks sado beruvchi stabilizator stabilizator ǝ] [teikǝ] taker taxpayer qabul qiluvchi ['tæks,peiǝ beruщiy,prinim ayuщiy nalogoplatelщik ['ʘræʃǝ] ['træfikǝ] [trænz'mit molotilka torgvets otpravitel,pered hayvoncha savdogar jo'natuvchi, uzatuvchi qurilma shilpin daxriy, xudoga soliq to'lovchi ] thrasher trafficker transmitter ǝ] twelver unbeliever atchik [twelvǝ] [,ʌnbili:vǝ shilping neveruyuщiy,sk 106 ] eptik ['ʌndǝteik undertaker predprinimatel,g robovщik potrebitel otsenщik ǝ] user valuer ['ju:zǝ] ['væljvǝ] vaporizer ['veipǝraiz isparitel ['verifaiǝ] ['vɤvtǝ] ['wᴅndǝrǝ] sviditelstvo izbiratel strannik,skitalet ǝ] verifier voter wanderer ishonmaydigan kishi ishbilarmon iste’molchi baho beruvchi,baholovchi kishi bug'lovchi, bug'ga aylantiruvchi qurilma guvohlik qilish saylovchi daydi, sayoq s ['wvmǝnai womanizer babnik xotinboz zǝ] zipper ['zipǝ] zastejkamolniya chaqmoqqa o'xshagan band -ette WORD S balconett TRANSCRIP TION [bælkǝnet] RUSSIAN UZBEK balkonchik balkoncha bannerett [bænǝ'ret] flajok bayroqcha barette banquett [ǝret] [æɳket] zakolka nasыp to’g’nog’ich ko'tarma, e e e tepalik charlotte [ʃa:lǝt] curette [kjv'ret] sharlota kyuretka,ostrayalojich ka leaderett [,li:dǝ'ret] lorgnette [lͻ:njet] olivette pipette ['olivet] [pipet] vignette vinaigret [vin'jet] [vineigret] e korotkayaredaksionna yastatya lornet,teatral’nыybino kl’ oliva,maslina pipetka vin’etka vinegret sharlotta (ovqat turi) o’tkir qoshiqcha gazetadagi kichkina maqola tamosha durbuni zaytun turbacha, quvurcha, pipetka vinetka vinegret te -ful WORDS avengeful awful TRANSCRIP TION [ǝ'vendʒfәl] [ͻ:fәl] 107 RUSSIAN mstitel’nыy vnutayuщiystrax UZBEK kek saqlovchi daxshatli, baleful [′beilful] bashful [bæʃfәl] boastful changeful [bәustʄәl] [′tʃeindʒʄәl] characterfu [kærikteʃul] charmful fraudful [ʃɑ:mʄәl] [frͻ:dfәl] gainful [geinʄǝl] handful [hændfvl] hateful [heitʄәl] heedful [′hi:dʄǝl] inventful [in'ventʃul] lustful [lʌstʄǝl] mournful [′mͻ:nʄl] neglectful [ni'glektʄul] plotful [plotʄul] pointful [pͻintʄul] powerful [pauǝful] purposeful [pә:pǝsʄәl] regardful [ri′ga:dfl] reposeful [ri′pǝuzful] reproachful revengeful [riprǝutʃǝfl] [rivendʒful] scornful [′skͻ:nfl] shameful skilful [′ʃeimfǝl] [skilfǝl] sleepful [′sli:pfǝl] , ujasnыy gibel’nыy, mrachnыy zastenchivыy, robkiy xvastlivыy izmenchivыy, nepostoyannыy volevoy l koldovskiy mashennicheski y doxodnыy,vыgo dnыy gorst’,prigorshn ya nenavistnыy,zlo vaximali yovuz, yomon, serjaxl uyatchang, tortinchoq maqtanchoq o'zgaruvchan xarakterli, xususiyatli jozibali, dilbar qallob, muttaxam daromadli, foydali shoshilinch, shoshqin jirkanch bnыy vnimatel’nыy mehribon, g’amxo’r izobretatel’nыy kashf etuvchi, o'ylab topilgan poxotlivыy hirsiy, shaxvoniy pechal’nыy,mra dardli, alamli, chnыy qayg'uli nevnimatel’nыy beparvo, sovuqqon zagovorщicheski ig'vogar, y fitnakash umestnыy,podxo ma'noli, dyaщiy mazmunli moщnыy, kuchli, qudratli sil’nыy seleustremlennы maqsadga y intiluvchan vnimatel’nыy zukko, ziyrak, e’tiborli spokoynыy, orombaxsh uspokoitel’nыy ukoriznennыy ta'nali, ginali mstitel’nыy qasoskor, intiqomli prezritel’nыy nafratli, jirkanch pozornыy uyatli iskusnыy,umelы usta, mohir, y mahoratli spokoynыy seruyqu, uyquchi 108 ['slǝvʘfǝl] slothful lenivыy,inertnы dangasa, yalqov y trustful [trʌstfl] daverchivыy truthful [tru:ʘfl] pravdivыy tuneful unfruitful [tju:nfl] [ʌn'fru:tfǝl] melodichnыy neplodorodnыy ungrateful unhelpful [ʌn'greitfl] [ʌ'nhelpfl] neblagodarnыy bezpoleznыy unjoyful [ʌn'dʒͻifl] bezradostnыy unneedful [ʌn'ni:dfl] izlishnыy wailful [′weilfl] pechal’nыy wakeful wonderful wrathful [weikfl] [wʌndǝfl] ['roʘfl] bordstvuyuщiy udivitel’nыy gnevnыy,rasserj ennыy ishonchli, e'tiqodli haqiqatgo'y, rostgo'y oxangdor hosilsiz, hosil bermaydigan noshukur foydasiz, befoyda xafa, xursand emas oshiqcha, zaruriy emas g'amgin, qayg'uli uyg'otadigan ajoyib hafa, nafrati qo’zigan -ible WORDS TRANSCRIP RUSSIAN UZBEK TION accessible [æksesәbl] avertible [ә′vә:tәbl] eligible [elıdZәbl] frangible [frændZıbl] fungible [fΛŋdZәbl] forcible [′fo:sәbl] illegible [ı′ledZәbl] impercepti [,ımpә′septibl] irresibtible [,ırı′zıstәbl] legible negligible [′ledZәbl] [′neglıdZәbl] perceptibl [pә′septәbl] ble dostupnыy, dostijimыy predotvratimыy kirish mumkin bo’lgan, hammabop oldini olsa bo’ladigan moguщiybыtizbran ma’qul, nыm muvofiq keladigan lomkiy, xrupkiy mort, oson sinadigan vzaimozamenyaem o’zaro ыy almashtirsa bo’ladigan nasilstvennыy, zo’rmamoщnыy zo’raki, majburiy nechetkiy, aniq nerazborchivыy bo’lmagan nepozыavaemыy bilib bo’lmaydigan, sezilmas nepreadolivыy yengib bo’lmaydigan razborchivыy tishunarli, aniq neznachitelnыy uncha ko’p bo’lmagan, andak oщutimыy sezilarli, 109 e persuasibl [pә′sweısәbl] possible [posәbl] receptible [rı′septәbl] reducible [rı′dju:sәbl] reproducib [,rı:prә′dΛktәb e le l] resistible unfeasible unintelligi ble [rı′zıstәbl] [ʌ n′fızәbl] [,ʌ nın′teılıdZәbl] bilinarli poddayuщiysyaube ishonchli, jdeniyu ishonarli vozmojnыy mumkin bo’lgan prinimayuщiy qabul qilsa bo’ladigan privodimыm kamaytirsa bo’ladigan dostoynыyporitsan nusxasini iya yaratsa bo’ladigan vosproizvodimыy o’zini tiygan, o’zini bosgan vpechatlitelnыy tassurotli nerazborchivыy tushunib bo’lmaydigan -ic WORDS abiotic acataleptic TRANSCRIP TION [,ei′baiͻtik] [′ǝ,kætǝ'leptik] asymmetri [eisi'metrik] c RUSSIAN UZBEK nejivoy nepostijimыy o'lik,jonsiz tushunib bo'lmaydigan asimmetrichnы asimmetrik y atomic autocratic [ǝ'tᴅmik] [′ͻ:tǝkrætik] atomnыy samoderjavnы y automatic [′ͻ:tǝmætik] oid) avtomaticheski y baric barbaric [bærik] [′ba:bærik] basilic bombastic [bǝ'zilik] [bombæstik] atomga oid yakka xokimlik(ga avtomatlashtirilga n barievыy grubыy, pervobыtnыy vajnыy napыщennыy bariyga oid,bariyli dag'al,qo'pol muhim balandparvoz,dab dabali catalectic [kætǝ'lektik] katalepticheski kataleptik y cathartic catholic cephalic cryptic galvanic graphic [kǝ'ʘᴅ:tik] [kæʘlik] [sǝ'fælik] [kriptik] [gæl'vænik] [græfik] hegemonic [hegǝ'mᴅnik] hubristic [′hju:bristik] humanistic [′hju:mǝ'nistik] slabitelnыy shirokiy golovnoy zagadochnыy galvanicheskiy graficheskiy surgi dori katoliklarga oid boshga,miyaga oid sirli, jumboqli galvanik tasviriy, ko'rgazmali rukovodyaщiy, rahbarga, xos glavnыy vыsokomeren g'ururli,kibrыy xavoli gumanicheskiy insonparvar 110 iambic icelandic [ai'æmbik] [ais'lændik] inauthentic [,inͻ:'ʘentik] inorganic [,inͻ:gæntik] kinetic laconic macrobioti [kainetik] [le'konik] [,mækrǝubai'ᴅt yambicheskiy islandskiy yamga oid islandiyalik, islandcha nedostvernыy to'g'ri emas,shubhali neorganicheski jonsiz,noorganik y c ik] kineticheskiy lakonichnыy makrobiotiche kinetikaga oid qisqa, aniq, lo'nda makrobiotik velichestvenn oliyhimmat narkotik neolit, neolitga oid xolis, xolisona skiy majestic [mǝ'dʒestik] narcotic neolithic objectivisti [na:'kotik] [ni:ǝv'liʘik] [ǝb,dʒektivistik narkoticheskiy neoliticheskiy obektivistskiy obstetric [ǝb'stetrik] akusherskiy peripatetic [,peripǝtetik] ыy c ] stranstvuyuщi akusher,akusherlik ka oid, doyalikka xos yurt kezuvchi y periodic [piǝri'ᴅdik] periodicheskiy davriy, vaqti-vaqti bilan quadratic quartic rachitic [kwᴅ'drætik] ['kwͻ:tik] [ræ'kitik] kvadratnыy bikvadratnыy raxiticheskiy relativistic [,relǝtivistik] relyativistkiy satiric satrapic [sǝ'tirik] [sǝ'træpik] satiricheskiy jestokiy tenebrific [tenibrifik] zatemnyayuщi thermophil [,ʘʒ:mǝ'filik] teplolyubivыy issiqsevar thematic thetic [′ʘimætik] [ʘetik] tematicheskiy kategoricheski mavzulashtirilgan kategoriyalangan kvadrat shaklidagi bikvadratli raxit, (mechkay)ga oid(xos) qon-qarindoshlik(ga oid) hajviy, hajvga oid shafqatsiz, bag’ri tosh qorong'u, zulmat y ic y ultimatisti [,ʌltimǝ'tistik] ultrasonic [,ʌltrǝ'sᴅnik] unauthenti [,ʌnͻ:ʘentik] xenophobi [,zenǝ'fǝvbik] c beskompromis kelishibib snыy bo'lmaydigan sverxzvukovoy tovush tezligidan xam ortiq, yuqori nedostovernыy ishonchsiz c ksenofobskiy c -ify 111 xorijdan kelganlarga adovatli munosabatda bo'luvchi WORDS beatify crucify TRANSCRIP TION [bı′ætıfaı] [′kru:sıfaı] RUSSIAN dulcify [dʌlsıfaı] falsify [ʄo:lsıfaı] gasify [′gæsıfaı] indemnify [ın′demnıfaı] obezopasit intensify [ın′tensıfaı] usilivatsya jollify [′dZolәfaı] veselitsya, vыpi- objectify [ob′dZektıfaı] voploщat pacify [pæsıfaı] umirotvoryat quantify [′kwͻantıfaı] opredelyatkolich reunify [,rı:′ju:nıfaı] signify [′sıgnıfaı] speechify testify typify [′spı:t∫ıfaı] [testıfaı] [′tıpıfaı] uglify [′Λglıfaı] kanonizirovat raspinat delatmyagkim, obmanыvat poddelыvat, obmanыvat gazifitsirovat vat estva vossoedinyat znachit, oznachat oratorstvovat davatpokazanie slujittipichnimpr imerom urodovat, obezobrajivat UZBEK aylanib o’tmoq oyoq-qo’lidan mixlamoq yumshatmoq, aldamoq sohtalashtirmoq, aldamoq gazlamoq, gazlashtirmoq saqlamoq, extiyot qilmoq, havfsizlantirmoq kuchaytirmoq, kuchaymoq, zo’raytirmoq xursandchilik qilmoq, ichmoq betaraf bo’lmoq, aniqlashtirmoq yarashtirmoq, tinchlantirmoq miqdorini aniqlamoq, birlashtirmoq, qo’shmoq, anglatmoq notiqlik qilmoq guvohlik bermoq oddiy xolatda xizmat qilmoq xunuk,(badbashr a) holatga keltirmoq -ion WORDS champion quaternion TRANSCRIP TION [′t∫æmpi әn] [kwә'tʒ:niәn] RUSSIAN chempion chetverkachet UZBEK g’olib, chempion to’rt, to’rtlik ыre -ish WORDS bobbish bookish TRA NSCRIPTIO N [bobı∫ ] [bυkı∫ RUSSIAN UZBEK ojivlennыy jonlangan knijnыy, uchennыy kitobiy, olim 112 ] [bυәrı boorish nevospitannыy ∫] boyish [boı∫] brinish [braın otrocheskiy, malchisheskiy nepriyatnыy tarbiyasiz, tarbiya ko’rmagan bolalarcha, bolalarga xos yoqimsiz ı∫] [′kz:rı currish ∫] [draıı∫ dryish nevospitannыy, grubыy suxovatыy ] [dΛlı∫ dullish [dΛm tupovatыy, skuchnovatыy grustnыy [dwof karlikovыy ] dumpish tarbiyasiz, qo’pol quruqroq, quruqsimon go’l, zerikarli hafa, hafaxon pı∫] dwarfish ı∫] faintish [feıntı blednovatыy [feәrı∫ poryadochnыy ∫] fairish kichkina, mitti, pakana rangi oqargan, qoni kam tartibli ] [fu:lı∫] foolish glupыy, bezrassudnыy [fri:kı∫ kapriznыy, strannыy freakish [frΛm staromodnoodetыy pı∫] garish injiq, tontiq, g’alati ] frumpish ahmoq, tentak, aqlsiz eskicha kiyinib olgan [geәrı∫ krichaщiy baqiruvchan [′go:lı gallskiy (yazыk) gal (tiliga oid) [gz:lı∫ devicheskiy [nәυm poxojiynagnoma [ho:kı xiщnыy [hotı∫] dovolnogoryachiy [hΛfı∫ razdrajitelnыy [dZu:ı evreyskiy, iudeyskiy [′dZo somnitelnыy [′kıtnı igrivыykakkotenok [′neıvı moshennicheskiy [′læpı∫ saamskiy ] gaulish ∫] girlish ] gnomish ı∫] hawkish qizbolacha, qiz bolaga xos gnomga o’xshash yovuz ∫] hottish huffish ] jewish ∫] jobbish yetarli darajada issiq tez achchiqlanadigan, serjaxl yahudiylarga xos bo’lgan shubxali bı∫] kittenish ∫] knavish ∫] lappish 113 o’yinqaroq mushukka o’xshab firibgarlikka oid soamlarga xos ] [′la:d largish velikovatыy katta sifat Zı∫] [′lævı∫ lavish ] [′lıkәr lickerish щedrыy, rastochitelnыy jadnыy saxiy, qo’li ochiq xasis, ziqna ı∫] liverish [′lıvәr stradayuщiybolezny upecheni [′loŋı∫ dlinnovatыy [′lυtı∫] [′meıd grubыy devichiy ['mͻ:k slegkaprotivnыynav ı∫] longish jigar kassaligidan azob chekayotgan uzunroq ] loutish maidenish әnı∫] mavkish iʃ] moorish kus ['mvǝr mavritanskiy [ᴅʄiʃ] ['pigiʃ xolodnыy svinskiy,gryaznыy ['pǝvli polskiy [præɳ shalovlivыy ['kwæ sharlatanskiy ['kwiǝ originalnыy ['ræʄiʃ besputnыy, vulgarnыy krasnovatыy iʃ] offish piggish ] polish ʃ] prankish kiʃ] quackish kiʃ] queerish qo’pol qizbolacha, qizbolaga xos mazasi ozgina yoqimsiz bo'lgan mavritan,mavri taniyaliklarga xos sovuq cho'chqaga xos, iflos polyaklarga xos, polyakcha xushmuomala, odobli qiziqchi, hazilkash asl, sof riʃ] raffish ] ['rediʃ reddish axloqi buzuq,axloqsiz qizg'ish ] roughish sheepish ['rʌʄiʃ] ['ʃi:piʃ grubovatыy robkыy,glupovatыy ['ʃru:iʃ svarlivыy ['sleiv rabskiy ['snᴅb snobistskiy ['tekst uchenicheskiy ['ʘikiʃ tolstovatыy ['ʘi:vi vorovatыy [,ʌn'b nenachitannыy ] shrewish qo'pol juratsiz,yuraksi z,qo'rqoq ming'ir,mijg'ov ] slavish qullarga xos iʃ] snobbish iʃ] textbookish bvkiʃ] thickish xudbinlikka oid, xudbin o'quvchilarga xos qalin ] thievish o’g’irlikka oid ʃ] unbookish vkiʃ] o’qimagan, omi 114 ['viksǝ vixenish svarlivыy jaxli yomon, niʃ] waggish badfel ['wæg iʃ] waspish shalovlivыy,zabavn ыy ['wᴅs yazvitelnыy ['wetiʃ sыrovatыy ['waid shirokovatыy ['jelǝv jeltovatыy piʃ] wettish ] widish sho'x, o'yinqaroq, qiziq alam qildiradigan nam tortgan, xo’l kengroq iʃ] yellowish iʃ] sarg'ish, sariqroq -ism WORDS RUSSIAN UZBEK abolitionis TRANSCRIP TION [æbǝ΄lıʃǝnızm] abolitsionizm abolisionizm absenteeis [æbsǝntı:ızm] absenteizm absentizm absolutism abstractioni [æbsǝlu:tızm] [ǝb΄strækʃǝnız absolyutizm abstraksionizm absolyutizm abstraktsionizm celticism [keltı,sızm] keltskiyobыcha kelt urf-odati ceremoniali [serı΄mǝvnıǝlız obryadovat urf-odatchilik cretinism falsism [kretinizm] [΄fͻ:lsızm] kretinizm yavnayaloj galvanism gangsterism illusionism incivism [΄gælvǝnızm] [gæɳstrǝrızm] [ı΄lu:ʒǝnızm] [΄ınsıvızm] galvanizm banditizm illyuzionizm otsutstviepatriot m m sm m] y sm m] izma [ın′fæntılızm] [′dZæpәnızm] [læn(d)lo:dızm infantilism japonism landlordism ] magnetism narcissim [′mægnәtızm] [′na:sısızm] nationalism [′næ∫(ә)nәlızm] neologism objectivism [nı′olәdZızm] [әb′dZektıvızm ] occultism parachronis [′okʌltızm] [pә′rækrәnızm] paralogism [pә′rælәdZızm] infratizim yaponizm ideologiyakrupnыxzemledelsev magnetizm samovlyublonnost natsionalizm neologizm stremleniekobe ktivnost okkultizm paraxronizm kretinizm ko’rinib turgan yolg’on galvanizm banditizm illyuzionizm vatanparvarlik xissini yo’qligi infantizim yaponizm katta yer egasi idealogiyasi magnetism o’zini o’zi yaxshi ko’rishlik nasionalizm, millatchilik neologizm obyektivlilikga intilish (harakat qilish) okkultizm paraxronizm m 115 paralogizm paralogizm [΄reısızm] [′rı:dZәnәlızm] [′relәtıvızm] [′terәrızm] [′Λltrәızәm] [′vændәlızm] [′wıtı,sızm] racism regionalism relativism terrorism ultraism vandalism witticism rasizm rayonirovanie relyativizm terrorizm ekstremizm vandolizm ostrota irqchilik rayonlashtirish relyativizm terrorizm ekstremizm vandalizm o’tkirlik -ist WORDS aberrationi TRANSCRIP TION [æbә′reı∫әnıst] abolitionis [æbәlı∫nıst] abortionist [ә′bo(r)∫nıst] absolutist [æbsәlu:tıst] st RUSSIAN UZBEK cheloveksotkloneniyamiotnormы abolitsionist me’yordan chetlagan kishi abolisionist t podpolnыyakusher ma [әb′stræk∫әnıst abractionis t ] absurdist [әb′sә:dıst] accompani [ә′kʌmpәnıst] actionist [æk∫әnıst] actualist acupunctur [ækt∫uәlıst] [ækjυ′pΛŋkt∫ә mahfiy abort qiluvchi akusher(doya) storonnikabsolyutiz absolyutizm tarafdori abstraksionist abstraksionizm tarafdori, abstraksionist absurdist be’mani ishlar qiluvchi akkompaniator jo’rlik qiluvchi st storonnikpryamыx deystviy realist igloterapevt rıst] ist [ædı′æfәrıst] adiaphorist bezrazlichnыychel to’g’ridanto’g’ri harakat qilish tarafdori realist igna bilan davolovchi mutaxassis loqayd odam ovek [eәrıәlıst] aerialist vozdushnыyakroba havo akrabati t [ægrıkΛlt∫әrıst agriculturi antagonist annexation agronom, zemledelets [æmәυrıst] avtorlyubovnoyliri ki [ænık′dәυtıst] rasskazchikanekdot ov [æntægәnıst] protivnik [ænәk′seı∫nıst] anneksionist yer taqsimlovchi oshiq lirikasi muallifi latifa aytuvchi, latifachi qarshi turuvchi birlashtiruvchi articulatio [ә:tık∫υleı∫әnıs logoped [kætәlogıst] katalizator talaffuzni o’rgatuv-chi reaksiyani st ] amorist anecdotist ist nist t] cataloguist 116 catechist [kætәkıst] zakonouchitel celtologist [kel′toledZıst] keltolog centralist [sentrәlıst] sentralist ceramist ceremonial [serәmıst] [serә′mәυnıәlı gonchar ritualist ist tezlatuvchi modda qoida o’rganuvchi kelt(lar haqida o’rganuvchi)shunos o’rta nuqtada turuvchi kishi kulol ritualchi st] [i,mænsı′peı∫n emancipati ıst] onist storonnikemansipat sii [ık,sperımentә experimen eksperimentator lıst] talist fabulist [fæbjυlıst] faddist funambuli [fædıst] [fju:næbjυlist] generalist ichthyolog [dZenәrәlıst] [,ıkθı:olәdʒıst] judoist machinist narcissist [′dZu:dәυıst] [mә′∫ı:nıst] [′na:sısıst] negotionist [nı′gәu∫(ә)nıst niginist parachutist racialist [′pærә∫u:tıst] [reı∫әlıst] parashyutist rasist reformist satirist transcende [rı′fo:mıst] [′sætәrıst] [′trænsәn′detn reformist satirik transsendenta-list tolerationi [,tolә′reı∫әnıst] stronnikterpimosti vacationist [vә′keı∫әnıst] ventriloqui [ven′trılәkwıst basnopisets, vыdumeщik chudak kanatoxodets emansipatsiya tarafdori tajriba o’tkazuvchi afsona yozuvchi kishi ajoyib odam dorboz st universal ixtiolog ist dzyudoist slesar samovlyublennыyc helovek universal baliqlarni o’rganuvchi mutaxassis dzyudochi usta o’zini-o’zi yaxshi ko’radigan odam muzokarachi ] әlıst] ntalist st st otdыxayuщiy, otpustnik chrevoveщatel ] parashutchi irqchi, millatchi isloh qiluvchi satirik chegaradan chiqib ketuvchi bag’rikenglik tarafdori mehnat ta’tilidagi(dam olayotgan)kishi og’zini ochmasdan gapira oladigan kishi -ize WORD S acclima TRANSCRI PTION [ә'klaimә,tai RUSSIAN akklimatizirovat 117 UZBEK oqimga tize z] bastardi [ba:stәdaiz] catechiz [kætǝkaiz] categori [kætigәraiz] centrali [sentrǝ,laiz] ze e ze ze [kæriktә,raiz charact erize moslashmoq nikohsiz tug’moq izlogatvformevoprosovio savol-javob tvetov tarzida bayon etmoq raspredelyat kategoriyalas htirmoq, bo’lmoq(ajratmoq) sentralizovat markazlashtir moq xarakterizovat ta’rif bermoq nezakonnorodit ] demoral [dimorәlaiz] demoralizovat ize experim [ik,sperimen entalize tәlaiz] familiar [fә'miljәraiz] ize galvani [gælvǝnaiz] ze gelatini [dzi'lætinaiz] ze humani [hju:mǝnaiz] ze immort [I'mͻ:tlaiz] alize immuni [imjvnaiz] ze jargoniz ['dʒa:gǝnaiz] e martyri ['ma:tǝraiz] ze material [mɤ'tiәriәlaiz ize ] nasalize ['neizǝlaiz] proizvoditopыtы oznakomlyat axloqsiz (beadab)lik qilmoq tajriba o’tkazmoq tanishtirmoq galvanizirovat galvanlashtir moq prevraщatsya ochelovechivat obessmertit immunizirovat govoritnajargone muchit materializovatsya govoritvnos palatali ['pælәtәlaiz] smyagchat regulari ['regjvlәraiz] delatpravilnыm satirize ['sætǝraiz] vыsmeivat speciali ['speʃәlaiz] prisposablivatsya tempori ['tempәraiz] prisposablivatsyakovrem aylanmoq odamga aylantirmoq adabiylashtir moq immunlashtir moq jargonda gaplashmoq qiynamoq material holatga kelmoq burnida gapirmoq yumshatmoq ze ze ze ze eni unioniz ['ju:njәnaiz] vandali ['vændǝlaiz] obedinyat to’g’ri bajarmoq kulmoq, satira ostiga olmoq moslash(tir)m oq zamonga va sharoitga moslashmoq birlashtirmoq e ze varvarskiotnositsyakisku cstva 118 san’atga varvarlarcha vaporiz ['veipәraiz] winteriz ['wintǝraiz] isparyatsya e e prisposablivatkzimnimus loviyam munosabatda bo’lmoq bug’ga aylanmoq, bug’lanmoq qishki sharoitga moslashtirmoq -less WORDS TRANS CRIPTION [ǝ'vͻidlǝs avoidless RUSSIAN neizbejnыy ] [ͻ:lǝs] [bædʒlǝs aweless badgeless besstrashnыy neoboznachenn ыy ] baleless [beilǝs] baseless [beislǝs] bezbidnыy neobosnovannы UZBEK o'zini chetga olmaydigan qo’rqmas belgisiz, nomnishonsiz tartibsiz, bog'lamsiz asossiz, dalilsiz y beardless bithless [biǝdlǝs] [bǝ:ʘlis] bezborodыy besplodnыy blameless [bleimlǝs bezuprechnыy boneless [bǝvnlis] besxarakternыy bookless [bvklǝs] neobrazovannы bootless [bu:tlǝs] bespoleznыy bottomless [botǝmlǝ bezdannыy [bavndlǝ bezgranichnыy causeless ceaseless [kͻ:zlǝs] [si:slǝs] besprichinnыy neprerыvnыy centreless changeless [sentǝlis] [tʃeindʒl bessentrovыy neizmennыy [tʃɑ:mlǝs nepriglyadnыy driftless faceless fadeless [riftlǝs] [feislǝs] [feidlǝs] bessmыslennыy bezlikiy neuvyadayuщiy faithless [feiʘlǝs] verolomnыy,ne veruyuщiy soqolsiz, ko'sa mevasiz, qisir(hayvon) beayb, benuqson ] irodasiz, irodasi sust y s] boundless savodsiz, kitobsiz foydasiz, yalangoyoq tagsiz, juda chuqur cheksiz s] sababsiz uzluksiz, to'xtamas markazsiz o'zgarmaydigan ǝs] charmless ] 119 jozibasiz, yoqimsiz ma'nosiz xususiyatsiz so'nmas, o'chmas ishonchsiz, bevafo, ahdsiz [geinlǝs] [gᴅdlǝs] [ha:tlǝs] gainless godless heartless heirless heelless jointless s] juiceless ] keyless landless ] luckless massless napless needless objectless ǝs] painless quenchless nevыgodnыy foydasiz nechestivыy badbaxt, baxtsiz besserdechnыy, berahm, bezjalostnыy toshbag'ir, shafqatsiz [ǝlǝs] neimeyuщiynasl merosxo'rsiz ednika [hi:llǝs] bezkablukov poshnasiz [dʒͻintlǝ neimeyuщiysoe qo'shilmaydigan dinenniy ['dʒu:slǝs lishennыysoka shirasiz, sharbatsiz ['ki:lǝs] bezklyucha kalitsiz, yechimsiz ['lændlǝs bezzemelnыy yersiz, qirg'oqsiz, bepayon ['lʌklǝs] neschastlivыy omadsiz, baxtsiz ['mælǝs] nevesomыy kamchilik ['næplǝs] neimeyuщiyvor tuksiz, patsiz sa ['ni:dlǝs] nenujnыy keraksiz, foydasiz ['obdʒiktl bespredmetnыy maqsadsiz, foydasiz ['peinlǝs] bezboleznennы og'riqsiz y ['kwentʃl neugasimыy o'chmas, doimiy ǝs] ['kwestʃǝ questionless nesomnennыy nlǝs] [rigɑ:dlǝ regardless s] ['skeiɤlǝs scathless neobraщayuщiy vnimaniya nevredimыy shubhasiz, begumon pisand qilmaydigan butun, zararsiz ] ['ʃædǝvlǝ shadowless bezteni soyasiz is] ['spi:tʃlǝs speechless ] [tæktlǝs] tactless tailless taintless thawless thankless s] timeless tintless valueless s] wireless nemoybezmolv nыy soqov, gung, tilsiz bestaktnыy odobsiz, beandisha ['teillǝs] besxvostыy dumsiz ['teintlǝs] bezuprechnыy hushsiz, behush ['ʘͻ:lǝs] netayuщiy erimas, erimaydigan [ʘæɳklǝ neblagodarnыy yaxshilikni bilmaydigan ['taimlǝs] vechnыy umrbod, toabad ['tintlǝs] bessvetnыy rangsiz, bo'yoqsiz ['væljvlǝ nichegonestoya foyda щiybespoleznыy bermaydigan, qadrsiz [waiǝlǝs] besprovolochnы simsiz 120 y -ly WORD S absently TRANSCRIP TION [ˈæbsәntlɪ] RUSSIAN UZBEK rasseyanno parishonxotirli k bilan absolutel [ˈæbsәlu:tlɪ] sovershenno y mutlaqo, g`oyat accident [ˌæksɪˈdentәlɪ] sluchayno audibly [ˈɔ:dәblɪ] gromko aurally authenti [ˈɔ:rәlɪ] [ɔ:ˈθentɪkәlɪ] ustno dostoverno avowedl [әˈvauɪdlɪ] pryamo awfully [̈ˈɔ:fulɪ] strashno badly baldly [ˈbædlɪ] [ˈbɔ:ldlɪ] ploxo otkrыto barely [ˈbɛәlɪ] tolko basely [ˈbeɪslɪ] beschestno basically beautiful [ˈbeɪsɪkәlɪ] [ˈbju:tәfuli] vsvoeyosnove krasivo blankly [ˈblæŋklɪ] bezuchastno blindly boldly brokenly certainly [ˈblaɪndlɪ] [ˈbәuldlɪ] [ˈbrәukәnlɪ] [ˈsә:tnlɪ] kakslepoy otvajno urыvkami konechno crossly cruelly [ˈkrɔslɪ] [ˈkruәlɪ] razdrajenno bezjalostno cheaply [ˈtʃi:plɪ] deshevo deadly dearly drowsily [ˈdedlɪ] [ˈdɪәlɪ] [ˈdrauzɪlɪ] smertelnыy nejno sonno,vyalo faintly [ˈfeɪntlɪ] bledno,slabo fairly [ˈfɛәlɪ] spravedlivo ally cally y ly 121 tasodifan, behosdan baland ovoz bilan og`zaki ishonchli, haqiqiy to`g`ridanto`g`ri, ochiq-oydin juda ham, nihoyatda, o’ta daxshatli, vahimali og`ir, yomon yashirmasdan, dangal zo`rg`a , bazo`r, arang razilona, vijdonsizlarcha asosan chiroyli, barno, zebo beparvo, nochor ko`r-ko`rona dadillik bilan onda-sonda albatta, shaksiz achchiqlanib zolim, shafqatsiz(larcha) arzon, yengil, arzongina o`limga oid qadrli, kerakli uyqisiragan holda, rangi oqarib, zo’rg’a haqqoniy, fourthly forcedly [ˈfɔ:θlɪ] ['fɔːsɪdlɪ] v-chetvertыx vыnujdenno frankly gaily [̈fræŋkli] ['geɪlɪ] /iskrenne/ veselo, radostno generall ['ʤen(ә)r(ә)lɪ] obыchno gentlem [dʒentәlmәnli y anly ] prilichestvuyushiydje ntlmenu Blagochestivыy krasivыy, priyatnыy godly goodly [godli] [gvdli] gravelly gently [grævәli] ['ʤentlɪ] sostoyaщiyizgraviya myagkiy, tixiy heavenly hastily ['hevәnli] [ˈheɪstɪlɪ] Nebesnыy pospeshno heavenly [ˈhevnlɪ] nebesnыy heavily hourly [ˈhevɪlɪ] [ˈauәlɪ] tyajelo ejechasnыy hugely humanly immense [ˈhju:dʒlɪ] [ˈhju:mәnlɪ] [ɪ'men(t)slɪ] vesma, ochen po-chelovecheski ochen, bezmerno [ˌɪn(t)sɪ'dent(ә sluchayno ly incident )lɪ] ally incredibl [ɪn'kredɪblɪ] insensibl [ɪn'sen(t)sәblɪ] nezametno jointly ['ʤɔɪntlɪ] sovmestno largely ['lɑːʤlɪ] vznachitelnoystepeni lastly ['lɑːstlɪ] lively ['laivli] lovely ['lʌvli] krasivыy, milыy mainly ['meɪnlɪ] glavnыmobrazom narrowly ['nærәulɪ] uzko, tesno naturally ['næʧ(ә)r(ә)lɪ] y y nakonets (priperechislenii) jivoy, veselыy konechno, kakisledovaloojidat 122 odilona to`rtinchidan majburan, noilojlikdan ochiq, oshkora quvnoqlik bilan umuman, odatda erkaklardek, erkakchasiga diniy, dindor nazokatli, yoqimli shag'alli yumshoqqina qilib samoviy shoshilinch, o`ylamasdan samoviy, ajoyib og`ir, qattiq har soatda, soat sayin juda, g`oyatda insonlarcha o`ta, juda, behad tasodifan, kutilmaganda ishonib bo’lmaydigan tarzda sezmaydigan holda birga, birgalikda keng ko`lamda ohirgi bo’lib tirik, jonli, hushchaqchaq yoqimli, hushbichim asosan, ayniqsa zich, chambarchas albatta, tabiiy, shubxasiz puddly queenly ['pʌdǝli] ['kwi:nli] regally repeated ['riːg(ә)lɪ] [rɪ'piːtɪdlɪ] po-sarski povtorno shapely ['ʃeipli] xoroshoslojennыy sisterly ['sistǝli] sestrinskiy slatternl ['slætnli] neryashlivыy slovenly shortly singly ['slʌvnli] ['ʃɔːtlɪ] ['sɪŋglɪ] neryashlivыy vskore, nezadolgo otdelno greznыy podobayuщiykorolev e ly loyqali(suv) shohona, qirolchasiga shohona takror-takror, qayta kelishgan, qomatli opasingillarcha iflos, kir, isqirt y isqirt tez, darrov yolg`iz, alohida socially ['sәuʃ(ә)lɪ] sotsialno specially ['speʃ(ә)lɪ] spetsialno thirdly thorough ['θɜːdlɪ] ['θʌrәlɪ] v-tretix vpolne, sovershenno testily ['testɪlɪ] razdrajitelno ultimatel ['ʌltɪmәtlɪ] vkonechnomschete ly ijtimoiy jihatdan xususan, ayniqsa, maxsus uchinchidan to`la, asosli, puxta qizishib, jahl bilan oxiri, oqibatda y ungainly [ʌn'geinli] nelovkiy unseemly [ʌn'si:mli] nepodobayuщiy unsightly [ʌn'saitli] nepriglyadnыy warmly ['wɔːmlɪ] teplo westerly womanly ['westǝli] ['wvmǝnli] zapadnыy jenstvennыy wildly yearly [wa͟ɪldli] ['jɪәlɪ], ['jɜːlɪ] diko ejegodnыy qo'pol, beso'naqaychasiga nomunosib, noloyiq ravishda ko'rimsiz holatda, xunuk otashin, iliqlik bilan g’arbchasiga muloyimlik bilan, ayolchasiga yovvoyilarcha har yilgi, yilda bir marta bo’ladigan -man WORDS n almsman TRANSCRI PTION [′ә:mzmәn] RUSSIAN niщiy ambudsma [′ombυdzmәn ombudsmen ] 123 UZBEK hayr sadaqa hisobiga kun kechiradigan kishi, qashshoq ombudsman axeman [æksmәn] lesorub badman [bædmәn] bandit bailsman [beılzmәn] poruchatel bayman [beımәn] jivuщiynaberegubuxt ы boatman bondsman [bәυtmәn] [bondZmәn] lodochnik poruchatel bowman [bәυmәn] strelok cavalryman [kævәlrımәn] kavalerist chairman crewman [t∫eәmәn] [kru:mәn] cabman [kæbmәn] dustman [dʌstmәn] musorщik dutchman [dʌt∫mәn] gollandets dairyman dalesman [deәrımәn] [deılzmәn] vladelets jiteldolin(anglii) flagman gasman [flægmәn] [gæsmәn] signalщik gazovыyzavodchik gentleman [dZentlmәn] djentlmen [hændıkra:fts remeslennik handyman [hændımәn] podruchnыy hangman [hæŋmәn] palag, veshatel hotelman [hәυ′telmәn] xozyaingostinitsы horseman iceman [ho:smәn] [aısmәn] naezdnik, vsadnik arkticheskiyputeshest jazzman junkman juryman [′dZæzmәn] [′dZΛŋkmәn] [′dZυәrımәn] djazist starevщik prisyajnыy kinsman [′kınzmәn] rodstvennik, rodich handicrafts predsedatel chlenkomandы (ekipaja) shofertaksi o’rmonda o’tin kesuvchi kishi niyati buzuq kishi, yomon odam kafil, kafil bo’lgan kishi buxta bo’yida yashovchi kishi qayiqchi kafil, ish beruvchi kamonchi, o’qchi kavalerist, suvoriy, otliq askar rais jamoa a’zosi, ekipaj a’zosi taksi haydovchisi chiqindilarni tozalovchi kishi gollandiyali k kishi mulkdor vodiyda yashovchi, vodiylik kishi (Angliya) xabarchi gaz qamovchi jentelmen, janob, yigit hunarmand mәn] man vennik 124 yordam beruvchi kishi, yordamchi jallod, dorga osuvchi kishi mehmonxon a ho’jayini chavandoz arktika sayyohi jazzchi eskifurush sud hay’ati a’zosi qarindosh, layman legman lineman [′leımәn] [‘legmәn] [‘laın mәn] miryanin, lyubitel reporter lineynыymonter marksman [ma:ksmәn] metkiystrelok merman middleman newspaper [′mz:mәn] [′mıdәl,mәn] [′nju:speıpәm vodyanoy komissioner jurnalist nobleman [′nәυbәlmәn] dvoryanin nurseryman ottoman [′nz:sәrımәn] [′otәmәn] vladeletspitomnika ottomanka, divan packsman pannierman penman [′pækmәn] [,pænıәmәn] [penmәn] raznoschik korzinщik pisets pieman placeman [′paımәn] [pleısmәn] radioman [′reıdıәυmәn] repairman seedsman [rı′peә mәn] [′sı:dZmәn] remontnik torgovetssemenami shipman shopman shoreman [′∫ıp mәn] [′∫opmәn] [′∫o:mәn] shkiper prodavets primorskiyjitel showman sightsman [′∫әυmәn] [′saıtmәn] shoumen gid talesman [′teılızmәn] trainman tribesman [′treınmәn] [′traıbzmәn] zapasnoyprisyajnыyz asedatel provodnik chlenroda, sorodich [′weәhaυZmә vladeletssklada [′wel∫mәn] [jәυmәn] urojenetsuelsa fermersredneyruki qarindosh-urug’ havaskor reportyor yo’nalishdag i chiroqchi mo’ljalga uradigan kishi suvchi kishi komissioner jurnalist әn] man warehouse man pirojnik doljnostnoelitso, karerist radist, radiotexnik oqsuyak, zodagon pitomnik ottomanka, divan, orom kursi tarqatuvchi savatchi xattot, yozuvchi pishiriqchi lavozimli shaxs, amalparast radiotexnik, radist ta’mirchi urug’ bilan savdo-sotiq qiluvchi kishi kemachi sotuvchi dengiz yaqinida yashovchi kishi shoumen gid, ekskursovod zahiradagi sud maslahatchisi temir yo’lchi qabila a’zosi, urug’ a’zosi omborchi n] welshman yeoman uelslik kishi o’rtamiyona fermer -ment WOR DS aband TRAN SCRIPTION [ә′bænd RUSSIAN ostavlenie, otkazot, neprinujdennost 125 UZ BEK qold onment әnmәnt] abase [ә′beıs unijenie, ponijenie [ә′beıtm umenshenie, snijenie [ә′betm podstrekatelstvo [ә′brıdZ sokrashenie, ogranichenie mәnt] ment abate әnt] ment abetm әnt] ent abrid gement mәnt] acco mpaniment [ә′kʌmp әnımәnt] accou chement coprovojdenie [ә′ku:∫m razreshenieotberemennoy, rodы [ә′t∫ı:v dostijenie, uspex a:nt] achie vement mәnt] ackno wledgement [әk′nolı dZmәnt] acquir [ә′kwaı priobretenie, ovladenie [ә′dZә:n otsrochka, pererыv [ә′dZΛs regulirovanie, ustanovka [әdmonı uveshenie, zamechanie [әdo:nm ukrashenie priznanie, potdverjdenieblagodarnost, raspiska әmәnt] ement adjou mәnt] rnment adjust tmәnt] ment admo nishment ∫mәnt] adorn әnt] ment advan irib ketish, tashlab ketish, xo’rlash kam sitish, yerga urish kam aytirish, kichraytiris h sodir etishga ko’maklashi sh qisq artirish, kamaytirish ham roh bo’lish, kuzatish, jo’r bo’lish xom iladordan ruxsat so’rash, tug’ruq muv affaqiyat, omad, yutuq e’tir of, minnatdorc hilik, tilxat qo’l ga kiritish, egalik qilish ortg a surish, keyinga surish sozl ash, o’rnatish tanb eh beza k, zebziynat [әd′vo:n prodvijenie, uspex 126 taraq smәnt] cement qiyot, ilgari siljish, muvaffaqiy at advert [әd′vә:tı isement smәnt] obyavlenie, anons rekla ma, e’lon affran chisement [ә′frænt ∫ızmәnt] osvobojdenie aggra ndizement [ә′græn dızmәnt] uvelichenie, rasshirenie keng aytirish, oshirish agree [ә′grı:m soglasie, dogovor [eılmәnt nezdorove [ә′laınm vыravnivanie, ravnenie [ә′lotmә raspredelenie, dolya, nadel [ә′ljuәm obolshenie, primanka [ә′mend ispravlenie, popravka [ә′meız udivlenie, izumlenie [ә′mæs skaplivanie [ә′mә:s nalojenieshtrafa [ә′mә:sı nakazanie [ә′mju:z udovolstvie, razvlechenie rozil ik, kelishish kasa llik nosog’lomli k bir qator qilib joylashtirish ajrat ish, yer uchastkasi qiziq tirish, e’tiborni tortish o’zg arish, tuzatish taaju b, hayrat yig’i sh, to’plash jari ma solish jazol ash, erma k, ko’ngilxush lik e’lo n, xabar suris ailme nt ] align әnt] ment allot ment nt] allure әnt] ment amen mәnt] dment amaz mәnt] ement amass mәnt] ment amerc mәnt] ement amerc әmәnt] iament amus ement qilish, haloskor, erk әnt] ment mәnt] annou [ә′naυns ncement mәnt] anoint [ә′noınt ozod obyavlenie, izveщenie smazыvanie, pomazыvanie 127 mәnt] ment appoi [ә′poınt naznachenie, opredelenie [ә′pru:v dokozatelstvavinы [ә′bıtrә resheniearbitraja [ә′reınm privlechenieksuduobvinenie [ә′reınd ustroystva [ә′restm zaderjanie [ә′tәυm iskuplenie, vozmeщenie [ә′tæt∫m privyazannost, prikrepleniya [ә′teınm dostijenie [ә′vә:m utverjdenie, dokazatelstvo [ә′vәυt∫ garantiya [bæbәl lepet [beılmә osvobojdenienaporuki [beısmә osnovanie, podval [dı′faıl zagryaznenie [ga:mәn odeyanie [ga:nı∫ ukrashenie [ım′pedı prepyatstvie [ın′stılm vlivaniepokaple [ıntә′leı spletenie, perepletenie mәnt] ntment appro mәnt] vement arbitr mәnt] ement arraig әnt] nment arran gement Zmәnt] arrest әnt] ment atone әnt] ment attach әnt] ment attain әnt] ment averm әnt] ent avouc mәnt] hment babbl mәnt] ement bailm ent nt] base ment nt] defile mәnt] ment garme nt t] garnis mәnt] hment imped mәnt] iment instil әnt] ment interl 128 h, surkash kelis huv, belgilash, tayinlash aybn ing isboti arbit raj qarori sudg a berish, ayblov joyla shtirish, yo’lga qo’yish qam oqqa olish guno hni yuvish birik tirish, mahkamlab qo’yish muv afaqqiyatga erishish tasdi qlash, isbot kafo lat behu da gap kafil lik asos, yerto’la, xaro m qilish, bulg’atish kiyi mbosh, libos beza sh to’si q, g’ov tomc hilab quyish birg acement smәnt] invite [ın′vaıt zamanivanie [′lınımә maz [′mænıd upravlenie, umenievladet [mu:vm dvijenie, manerы [′nΛrı∫ pitanie, podderjka [′әυәrәs′ zavыshennayaotsenka [′әυe′pı pereplata [′prıt∫m propoved [prıtr:m predobrabotka [′rævı∫ iznasilovanie mәnt] ment linim ent nt] mana gement Zmәnt] move әnt] ment nouris mәnt] hment overa mәnt] ssment overp mәnt] ayment preac әnt] hment pretre әnt] atment ravish mәnt] ment recom [′rı:kә′ mitment mıtmәnt] repay vozvraщeniezakonoproektanavtorichnoe rassmotrenievkomissiyu [rı′peım oplata, vozmeщenie [′steıtm utverjdenie, formulirovka [′sΛplı dobavlenie [′tυәnә turnir, sostyazanierыsarey әnt] ment state әnt] ment suppl mәnt] ement tourn ament mәnt] under nourishment [′Λndә′ nΛrı∫mәnt] nedostatochnoepitanie 129 a qo’shib to’qish, ulash takli f qilish suyu q malham bosh qarish, idora qilish, hara kat, siljish oziql antirish, ovqat yedirish ko’t arilgan baho ortiq cha to’lov, vaz o’qish, da’vat qilish oldi ndan ishlov berish zo’rl ash, maftun qilish qonu n loyihasining qo’mitaga ikkinchi marotaba ko’rib chiqish uchun qaytarish to’lo v ariza , tasdiqlash qo’s himcha, ilova turni r, musobaqa yari m ochlik, yetarli ovqat yemaslik -ness WORDS abruptness absoluteness abstractedness aggressiveness acquisitiveness TRANSC RIPTION [әˈbrʌpt .nәs] [ˈæbsәlu:t nɪs] [æbˈstræk tɪdnɪs] [әˈɡresɪvn ɪs] [әˈkwɪz.ɪ.t ɪvnәs] RUSSIAN krutizna,rezkost bezuslovnost kutilmaganlik , nogohlik mukammallik rasseyannost mavhumlik agressivnost tajovuzkorlik jadnost [әdˈhiː.sɪv adhesiveness UZBEK kleykost,lipkost qizg`anchiqli k, ochko`zlik, xasislik yopishqoqlik nәs] [ˈeәˌsɪk.n airsickness әs] ambiguousness amorousness angriness answerableness arbitrariness artfulness allness astuteness awareness awkwardness backwardness badness baldness barcness baseness beeriness vozdushnayabol ezn havo oqali yuqadigan kassallik [æmˈbɪg.j dvusmыslennost noaniqlik u.әsnәs] [ˈæmәrәsn vlyublennostvly oshiqlik ɪs] ubchivost [ˈæŋ.grinә negodovanie jahldorlik s] [ˈɑːnt .s ә otvetstvennost javobgarlik r.ә.blnәs] [ˈɑː.bɪ.trә. proizvolnost asossizlik, rɪ.nәs] o`rinsizlik, ihtiyoriylik [ˈɑ:tfulnɪs lovkost,xitrost ayyorlik, ] mug`ombirlik [ɔːlnәs] universalnost hammaboplik , universallik [әˈstjuːt.n pronitsatelnost ziyraklik, әs] xushyorlik [әˈweә.nә osvedomlennost xabardorlik s] [ˈɔ:kwәdn neuklyujest beso`naqaylik ɪs] , qo`pollik [ˈbækwәd otstalost qolib nɪs] ketishlik [ˈbædnɪs] negodnost yomonlik [ˈbɔ:ldnɪs] pleshivost kallik, boshida sochi yo’qlik [ˈbɛәnɪs] bednost pastkashlik, tubanlik [beɪ.snәs] nizost past ketish [bɪәrnәs] opyanenie kayflik 130 bitchiness bitterness blackness boyishness [bɪtʃ.ɪ.nәs] [ˈbɪtәnɪs] [ˈblæknɪs] [ˈbɔɪɪʃnɪs] stervoznost gorech chernota rebyachestvo brittleness [brɪt.lnәs] uyazvimost chattiness [ˈtʃæt.inәs boltlivost chillness deadness deafness fitness [ˈtʃɪlnәs] [dednәs] [ˈdefnɪs] [ˈfɪtnɪs] xolod smertvyalost gluxota godnost flabbiness [ˈflæb.ɪ.nә vyalost [flækɪ.nәs sloistost urg`ochilik achchiqlik qoralik o’g’ilbolachili k ] mo`rtlik, noziklik sergaplik, vaysaqilik sovuqlik o`liklik karlik moslik, yaroqsizlik so`lg`inlik s] flakiness qavat-qavatlik ] garrulousness gaseousness inquisitiveness juiciness jumpiness kindness lameness largeness [ˈgær. ә slovooxotlivost l.ә.snәs] [geɪ.si.әsn gazoobraznoeso әs] stoyanie [ɪnˈkwɪz.ɪ. lyuboznatelnost tɪv.nәs] [ˈdʒuː.sɪ.n sochnost әs] [dʒʌmpɪ.n nervoznost әs] [ˈkaɪndnɪs dobrota ] [ˈleɪmnɪs] xromota [ˈlɑ:dʒnɪs] bolshierazmerы [ˈleɪtnɪs] [ˈlʌk.inәs] [ˈmædnɪs] opozdanie schaste sumasshestvie [mæn.ɪ.fә ʊldnәs] marshiness [ˈmɑː.ʃinә s] narrowness [ˈnærәunɪ s] neighbourliness [neɪ.bә l.ɪ.nәs] objectiveness [әbˈdʒek.t ɪvnәs] obligingness [әˈblaɪ.dʒɪ ŋnәs] obsequiousness [әbˈsi:kwɪ әsnɪs] mnogoobrazie lateness luckiness madness manifoldness sinchkovlik shirachilik asabiylik, tajanglik mehribonlik cho`loqlik kattalik, kenglik kechikkanlik omadlilik axmoqlik, jimlik, aqldan ozish xilma-xillik bolotistost botqoqlik uzost torlik privetlivost qo`shnilik ob’ektivnost betaraflik uslujlivost rabolepie 131 ezmalik, sergaplik gazsimonlik xizmatga tayyorlik xushomadgo` ylik, laganbardorlik obsoleteness pensiveness queerness queasiness quickwittedness raciness religiousness silliness simpleness sponginess tautness tragicalness thickness tidiness tightness ugliness uneasiness vastness [ɒb.sә lˈiːtnәs] [ˈpen.sɪvn әs] [kwɪәrnәs ] [ˈkwiː.zɪ.n әs] [ˈkwɪkˈwɪ tɪdnәs] [reɪ.sɪ.nәs] [rɪˈlɪdʒәsn ɪs] [ˈsɪlɪnɪs] [sɪm.plnәs ] ̩ [spʌn.dʒin әs] [tɔːt.nәs] [ˈtrædʒ.ɪ.k lnәs] [ˈθɪknɪs] [ˈtaɪdɪnɪs] [ˈtaɪtnɪs] [ˈʌɡlɪnɪs] [ʌnˈi:zɪnɪs ] [vɑːstnәs] wantonness ustarelost eskirganlik zadumchivost o`ychanlik neobыchnost toshnota soobrazitelnost zukkolik koloritnost religioznost yorqinlik diniylik glupost prostota axmoqlik osonlik gubchatost natyanutost tragichnost tolщina opryatnost napryajennost urodstvo bespokoystvo shirota [wɒn.tәn. shalost [ˈwɛәrɪnɪs osmotritelnost [wet.nәs] [wɪt.nәs] vlajnost svidetel nәs] wariness ] wetness witness g`alatilik, tentaksimonlik kuchsizlik teshik, teshiklik taranglik fojiaviylik qalinlik orastalik zichlik, torlik xunuklik notinchlik kenglik, kattalik, bepoyonlik buzuqlik, axloqsizlik ehtiyotkorlik, xushyorlik namlik guvohlik -oid WORDS australoi TRANSCRI PTION [ostrәloıd] RUSSIAN UZBEK avstraloid avstroloid celluloid centroid [seljυ,loıd] [sentroıd] selluloid srednyayatochka tselluloid markaziy d nuqta celloid crystalloi [seloıd] [krıstәloıd] kletkoobraznыy kristallovidnыy 132 kataksimon kristallsimon d cuboid [kju:boıd] cycloid ellipsoid fungoid [saıkloıd] [ı′lıpsoıd] [fʌŋgoıd] humanoi [hju:mәnoıd] gumanoid ichthyoid typhoid xiphoid [′ıkθıoıd] [taıfoıd] [′zıfoıd] rыbopodobnыy bryushnoytif mechevidnыy imeyushiykubovidnu yuformu sikloida ellipsoid gribovidnыy kub shaklidagi sikloid ellipsoid qo’ziqorinsim on gumanoid d baliqsimon ich terlama shamshir ko’rinishidagi -or WORD S abductor TRANSCRI PTION [ӕb’dʌktәʹtәʹ] RUSSIAN poxititelabduktor accelera [әkʹselәreɪtә] akselerator [әk’sentju,eit usilitel acceptor [әkʹseptәʹ] akseptant activator actor adjudica [ӕktiveitәʹ] [ӕktәʹ] [әʹʤudikeitәʹ aktivator akter arbitr adjustor [әʹʤʌstәʹ] korrektor administ [әd’minstrei͵ upravlyayuщiyopekun advisor aggravat [әdʹvaizәʹ] [ӕgriveitәʹ] sovetnik razdrajitel aggresso [әʹgres͵әʹ] agitator [әgiteitәʹ] agitator alienator [eiliәneitәʹ] litsootchujdayuщeeimuщ alleviato [әʹli,vieitәʹ] annihilat [әʹnaiәɪtәʹ] tor accentua әʹ] tor tor o’g’ri, olib qochuvchi tezlatkich,te pki takidlovchi, urg’u beruvchi qabul qiluvchi aktivator aktyor arbitr ] әʹ] rator or r r or [eivӕnәʋteitә annotato r UZBEK napadayuщayastoronaza chinshik so’zlovchi asbob, to’g’rilovchi asbob boshqaruvch i maslaxatchi yomon holatga keltiruvchi hujum (tajovuz)qiluvchi tomon tashviqotchi molestvo mulkidan mahrum qiluvchi kishi boleutolyayuщeesredstvo og’riqni qoldiruvchi vosita unichtojitel yo’q qiluvchi kommentator sharhlovchi ʹ] 133 arbitrato [ɑ,bɪtreitәʹ] treteyskiysudya attestato [ӕtesteitәʹ] svidetel sudya r r guvoh, shohid aviator fobrikat [eɪvieitәʹ] [ʄӕbrikeitә] letchikpilot proizvoditel generato [ʤenәreitәʹ] proizvoditel grantor governo [grɑ:ntәʹ] [gʌvnәʹ] daritel pravitel guaranto [gӕrʹntɔ:] poruchitelgarant illuninat [ɪʹlu,nɪneitәʹ] svetilnik illustrat [ɪlu:stә͵reitәʹ] illyustrator imperso [ɪmʹpz,sneɪtәʹ voplotitel imposter [ɪmʹpɒstәʹ] samozvanets janitor [ʤӕnɪtәʹ] dvornik, shveysar legislato [leʤɪsleɪtә] zakonodatel liberator literator manipul [lɪbreɪtә] [lɪtәrɪeitʃә] [mәʹnɪpjʊleɪt osvoboditelizbavitel literator ruchnoyklyuch mediato [mi:dieɪtә] posrednikprimiritel narrator navigato [nәʹreɪtә] [nӕvɪgeɪtә] rasskazchik moreplavatel nominat [nɒmɪneɪt] litso shaxs numerat [nju,mәreɪtә] vыchislitelschetchik xisoblovchi objector [әbʹʤektәʳ] vozrajayuщiy,totktovozr originat [әʹrɪʤ͵neɪtәʳ] avtorsozdatel oscillato [ɒsɪleɪtәʳ] vibrator participa [pɑ:͵tɪs͵ɪʹpeɪt uchastnik or r uchuvchi ishlab chiqaruvchi ishlab chiqaruvchi, generator tuxfachi xukumdor r kafolotchi r or or nator ] r lampa yoritgich musavvir, kitob, jurnal va sh.k.ni bezovchi rassom, illyustrator birovni nomi(unvoni)ni o’zlashtirib olish qallob, aldoqchi farrosh, darvozabon qonun chiqaruvchi xaloskor adabiyotchi qo’l kaliti ә] ator r vositachi, yarashtiruvchi, murosa soluvchi hikoyachi dengizchi r or or ajaet or e’tiroz bildiruvchi muallif, yaratuvchi tebratuvchi r 134 qatnashuvch ә] tor i penetrat [penɪ͵treɪtәʳ] narushitel perambu [pәʹrӕmbjʊle detskayakolyaska precepto [presɪptәʳ] nastavnik predator [predә͵tәʳ] xiщnik receptor [rɪʹseptәʳ] retseptor regulato [regjʊleɪtәʳ] regulir resonato [rezʹneɪtәʳ] rezonator rotator [rәʊteɪtәʹ] vraщayuщeeustroystvo selectio [sɪʹlektә] otborщik traitor transisto [treɪtәʳ] [trӕnʹzɪstәʳ] predatel tranzistor vibrator vindicat [vaɪʹbreɪtәʳ] [vɪndɪkeɪtәʳ] vibrator zashitnik,pobornik violator [vaɪәleɪtәʳ] norushitel or ɪtәʳ] lator r r chegarani buzuvchi kishi bolalar aravachasi ustoz, yo’lyo’riq ko’rsatuvchi kishi yirtqich,talo nchi qabul qiluvchi boshqarib turuvchi rezonator r n aylanib turuvchi qurilma selektsiya, saralash, tanlash xoin, sotqin tranzistor r vibrator himoyachi or tartib qoidalarni buzgan kishi -ory WORDS absolutory accessory TRANSCRI PTION [æbsolutәrı] [әk′sesәrı] RUSSIAN opravdatelnыy dobavochnыy auditory [o:dıtәrı] sluxovoy celebratory criminatory [selıbrәtәrı] [krımınәtrı] prazdnichnыy obligayuщiy elusory [ı′lu:sәrı] legkouskolzayu щiy expiratory illuminatory [ık′spaırәtәrı] vыdыxatelnыy [ı′lju:mınәtәrı osveщayuщiy ] 135 UZBEK mukammallik qo’shimcha, yordamchi eshitish, eshitishga oid bayramona jinoiy, jinoyatga oid osonlikcha siyg’anadigan nafas chiqarishga oid yoritishga oid [′dZu:dıkәtәrı sud natatory [′neıtәtәrı] plavatelnыy nugatory nondiscrimin [′negәtәrı] [nondı′skrımı negativnыy spravedlivыy [ob′dZә:gәtәrı ukoriznennыy oblatory [′oblәtәrı] jertvennыy pacificatory qualificatory [pә′sıfıkәtәrı] [′kwolıfıkәtәrı primiritelnыy kvalifitsiruyuщ judicatory qonuniy ] nәtrı] atory objurgatory ] ] iy refectory [rı′fektәrı] reformatory [rı′fo:mәtәrı] refractory [rı′fræktәrı] upryamыy [rı′frıdZәrәtәr xolodilnыy refrigatory suzish uchun xizmat qiladigan muzokaraga oid jinoiy bo’lmagan ta’nali, ginali, ta’nani ifodalaydigan qurbonga, qurbonlikka oid osoyishta, tinch cheklangan trapeznaya, stolovaya ispravitelnыy ı] salutatory [′sæltәtәrı] statutory [′stæt∫υtrı] transitory [′trænsәtrı] vainglory [,veınglo:rı] valedictory vindicatory [,vælı′dıktәrı] [′vındıkәtәrı] prыgayuщiy, skachuщiy osnovannыyna zakone skoroprexodya щiy tщeslavie proщalnыy reabilitiruyuщi y tamaddixona tuzatadigan, tuzatishga oid o’jar, bo’ysunmas muzlatishga mo’ljal-langan sakrovchi, poygada qatnashuvchi qonunda o’rnatilgan o’tkinchi, vaqtincha shuxratparastlik , manmanlik hayrlashuv aybsiz deb topilgan -ous WORDS TRANSCRI PTION [æbˈstiː.mi.әs vozderjannыy bosiq, tiyilgan atrocious [әˈtrәʊ.ʃәs] jestokыy, ujasnыy qo’rqinchli audacious [ɔːˈdeɪ.ʃәs] smelыy, derzkiy abstemio us RUSSIAN UZBEK ] jasur, mard, botir avariciou [æv.әˈrɪʃ.әs] skupoy, jadnoy barbarous boisterou [bɑː.b r.әs] [bɔɪ.st r.әs] iapvarskiy, dikiy shumpiviy, burnыy bounteou [baʊntɪәs] censoriou [senɔ:rɪәs] s s s shedrыy, dostatochnыy strogiy 136 ochko’z, qizg’anchiq joxil jo’shqin, bo’ronli, shiddatli saxiy talabchan s ceremoni [ser.ɪˈmәʊ.ni. seremonnыy [kred.jʊ.lәs] doverchivыy rasmiyatparast әs] ous credulous ishonuvchan, laqma [djuː.bi.әs] dubious [ek.spәˈdɪʃ.әs expeditio us somnevayuщiysya, somnitelnыy bыstrыy, skorыy shubhali,gumo nli tez, tezkor ] fabulous [fæb.jʊ.lәs] facetious [fәˈsiː.ʃәs] basnoslovnыy, neveroyatnыy shutlivыy, veselыy afsonaviy hazilkash,qiziq chi fallacious [fәˈleɪ.ʃәs] furious [fjʊ ә .ri.әs] gangreno [gæŋ.grɪ.nәs] garrulous [gær. l.әs] hazardou [hæz.ә.dәs] heinous [hiː.nәs] humorous [hjuː.mә.rәs] yumoristicheskiy illustrious [ɪˈlʌs.tri.әs] znamenitыy isochrono [ɑɪȿȿɑkrәnәs] odnovremennыy laborious magnani [lәˈbɔː.ri.әs] [mægˈnæn.ɪ. trudnыy, tyajelыy velikodushnыy us s oshibochnыy, lojnыy vzbeshennыy, neistovыy gangrenoznыy, omertvelыy boltlivыy, govorlivыy riskovannыy, opasnыy otvratitelnыy us mәs] mous malicious [mәˈlɪʃ.әs] miraculo [mɪˈræk.jʊ.lә us s] miscellan eous momento [mɪs. ә lˈeɪ.ni.әs] [mәˈmen.tәs] zlobnыy, zlonamerennыy chudotvornыy, udivitelnыy smeshannыy vajnыy xato, yanglish, noto’g’ri qutrgan, qaxrlangan o’lgan, chirigan ezma, sergap hatarli, xavfli jirkanch, yaramas kulguli, qiziq, g’alati mashhur, taniqli bir vaqtda bo’ladigan, birdaniga qilinadigan qiyin, og’ir muruvatli, oliyjanob badjahl, serjahl ajoyib, soz, mo’jizakor turli-tuman, xilma-xil, aralash muhim us [mәˈnɒt. ә monoton n.әs] ous odnoobraznыy, bir xil, skuchnыy zerikarli goristыy, gromadnыy tog’li, haybatli mountain [mɑʊtɪnәs] mucous [mjuː.kәs] slizistыy multifario [mʌl.tɪˈfeә.ri. raznoobraznыy ous 137 shilliqqa oid, shilimshiq turli-tuman, әs] us murderou [′mɜː.d ә r.әs] smertonosnыy nauseous [′nɔː.zi.әs] toshnotvornыy nonferrou [nɔnferәs] svetnoy nucivoro [njusɪvәrәs] pitayushitssyaorexam numerous oblivious [njuː.mә.rәs] [әˈblɪv.i.әs] obnoxiou [әbˈnɒk.ʃәs] odorifero [әʊdәrɪfәrәs] ominous [ɒm.ɪ.nәs] s xilma-xil o’ldiruvchi, qotil ko’ngilni aynitadigan rangdor, gulli s us i s mnogochislennыy zabыvchivыy nepriyatnыy, podverjennыy dushistыy yong’oq tanovul qiluvchi ko’p sonli unutuvchan, esdan chiqarib qo’yadigan yoqimsiz, toqat qilib bo’lmaydigan yoqimli hidli us [ɒmˈnɪv. ә omnivoro zloveщiy, ugrojayushыy vseyadnыy r.әs] us [aʊtˈreɪ.dʒәs] outrageou neistovыy, vozmutitelnыy [pen.djʊ.lәs] podvesnoy, kachayuщiysya [pʒ:nkʝʊteɪnɪә podkojnыy s pendulou s pencutan eous yomon, shum, xavf, xavf soluvchi har qanday ovqatni yeydigan achchiqlantira digan osilgan, osilib turadigan teri osti s] [pɜː.spɪˈkeɪ.ʃә perspicac ious proniyatelnыy ziyrak, sezgir s] previous [priː.vi.әs] propitiou [prәˈpɪʃ.әs] predыdushiy, oprometchivыy blagosklonnыy s querulous [kwer. postoyannonedovoln ыy J ʊ.lәs] rapacious rapturous [rәˈpeɪ.ʃәs] [ræp.tʃ ә r.әs] jadnыy, projorlivыy vostorjennыy raucous [′rɔː.kәs] xriplыy religious ridiculous [/rɪˈlɪdʒ.әs] [rɪˈdɪk.jʊ.lәs] religioznыy smexotvoronnыy ruinous [′ruː.ɪ.nәs] razoritelnыy sacrilegio [sæk.rɪˈlɪdʒ.ә svyatotatstvennыy us s] salacious [sәˈleɪ.ʃәs] salubriou [sәˈluː.bri.әs] poxotlivыy, nepristoynost zdorovыy 138 oldingi ijobiy ta’sir ko’rsatadigan vaysaqi, ezma, noshukur o’ta ziqna shod, hurram, zavqqa to’lgan xirillagan, xirildoq diniy be’mani, kulguli halokatli, harob qiladigan xudobezorilikk a oid beadab, nomunosib sog’lom, s foydali [sen t .sjʊәs] sensuous simultane ous slanderou [sɪm. ә lˈteɪ.ni.әs] [sla:ndәrәs] chuvstvennыy, esteticheskiy odnovremennыy klevetnicheskiy s slaughter [slɔ:tәrәs] somnifer [sɑmnɪfәrәs] sonorous [sɒn. ә r.әs] splendifer [splenˈdɪf. ә otlichnыy, yarkiy spurious [spjʊә.ri.әs] poddelnыy temerario [temәreәrɪәs] bezrassudnыy tendentio [tenˈden. t tendensioznыy tenebrous [tenɪbrәs] temnыy, mrachnыy tremendo [trɪˈmen.dәs] strashnыy, ujasnыy ous ous krovoprolitnыyiprov ojadnыy snotvornыy, usыpliyayushiy zvuchnыy his qo’zg’atadigan bir vaqtda bo’ladigan tuhmat qilib aytilgan qonxo’r, qon to’kuvchi uxlatadigan, uyqu keltiradigan ohangdor, jarangdor dabdabali r.әs] ous sohta, qalbaki, yasama tentaksimon us tarafkash ʃәs] us qorong’i, qorong’ilik bosgan, zulmatdagi bahaybat us [juːˈbɪk.wɪ.tә ubiquitou s s] vezdesushыy, povsemestnыy obidchivыy umbrageo [ʌmbreɪdʒәs] unconsci [ʌnˈkɒn.t ʃәs] umproari [ʌmʽprɔ:rɪәs] valorous [væl.әrәs] vaporous [veɪ.pәrәs] various venous verminou [veә.ri.әs] [viː.nәs] [vɜː.mɪ.nәs] vertigino [vɜːˈtɪdʒ.ɪ.nәs golovokrujitelnыy vociferou [vәˈsɪf. ә r.әs] gorlastыy wondrous [wʌn.drәs] us ous nesoznayushыy, chego-livo shumnыy, boynыy har yerda hozir, aralashuvchi xafa bo’ladigan ongsiz, g’ayrishuuriy sershovqin ous doblestnыy paroobraznыy, nerealnыy razlichnыy, raznыy venoznыy kishashiy, parazitami s us ] s udivitelnыy, chudesnыy -ship 139 shonli, shafqatli bug’simon, noreal turli, har-xil zaharli zararkurandala r bilan to’lgan boshni aylantiradigan vaqildoq, vaqvaq ajoyib, benazr WORDS accomplices TRANSCRI PTION [ǝ'kʌmplisʃip] RUSSIAN souchastie accountants [ǝ'kavntǝʃip] buxgalterskoedelo [ǝ'kweintǝnʃi znakomstvo [eidʒǝntʃip] sodeystvie hip hip acquaintans hip UZBEK birgalikda ishtrok etish xisobchilik ishi tanishuv p] agentship birgalikdagi harakat bachelorship [bætʃǝlǝʃip] stepenbakalavra bardship [bǝ:dʃip] talant battleship [bætlʃip] lineynыykorabl,lin kor censorship [sensǝʃip] chairmanshi [tʃeǝmǝnʃip] chancellorsh [tʃɑ:nsǝlǝʃip] dealership drillship [di:lǝʃip] [drilʃip] p senzura obyazannostipreds edatelya kanslerstvo bakalavr darajasi istedod, iqtidor safdagi kema, linkor nusxa qilinadigan asarlarni nazorat qilish raislik lavozimi kanserlik ip predstavitelstvo burovoesudno olib sotarlik bug’lovchi kema flagship [flægʃip] flagmanskiykorabl flagman kemasi generalship [dʒenǝrǝʃip] generalskiychin generallik unvoni governorshi [gʌvǝnǝʃip] p doljnostgubernator a guardship [ga:dʃip] storojevoykorabl gunship [gʌnʃip] boevoyvertolet horsemanshi [hͻ:smǝnʃip] p iskustvoverxovoy yezdы inspectorshi [in'spektǝʃip] justiceship [dʒʌstisʃip] doljnostinspektora p zvanie,srokslujbы sudы kingship ['kiɳʃip] koralevstvosarstvo ladyship ['leidiʃip] titul, zvanieledi leadership ['li:dǝʃip] rukovodstvo 140 gubernatorlik lavozimi qo'riqchi kema jangovor vertolyot chavandozlik san'ati inspektorlik lavozimi unvon, hakamning xizmat muddati qirollik, podsholik unvon, biror shaxsning xizmati uchun beriladigan unvon boshqaruv, rahbarlik mastership ['mɑ:stǝʃip] doljnostuchitelya ownership ['ǝvnǝʃip] sobstvennost premiership [premiǝʃip] doljnostpremermin istra rectorship ['rektǝʃip] doljnostrektora seamanship ['si:mǝnʃip] morskayapraktika showmanshi ['ʃǝvmǝnʃip] Talant speakership [spi:kǝʃip] doljnostspikera ['spͻ:tsmǝnʃip sportivnayalovkost township ['tavnʃip] serkovnыyprixod traineeship trusteeship [trei'ni:ʃip] [trʌ'sti:ʃip] stajirovka opeka,popechitelst o'qituvchi lavozimi shaxsiy molmulk bosh vazir lavozimi rektorlik lavozimi dengiz amaliyoti iste’dod p sportsmansh ip ] vo warship worship ['wͻ:ʃip] ['wʒ:ʃip] voennыykorabl kult, pochitanie spiker lavozimi sportga xos chaqqonlik shaxar tipidagi qishloq, shaharcha stajirovka vasiylik, homiylik harbiy korabl ibodat, sig'inish -sion WORDS abscission TRANSCRI PTION [æb′sı∫n] RUSSIAN abstersion [әb′stz:∫n] aggression [ә′gre∫әn] elusion [ı′ludZn] illusion [ı′lu:Zәn] uvertka, uklonenie illyuziya, obman impression incursion [ım′pre∫n] [ın′kz:∫n] ottiskvpechatnie vtorjenie, nalet infusion [ın′fju:Zn] mansion [mæn∫n] misprision noctovision [′mısprızәın] [noktә′vıZәn] obtrusion [әb′tru:Zn] otrezanie, otnyatie ochiщenie, promыvshie napadenie vlivanie, vnushenie bolshoyosobnyak ukrыvatelstvo sposobnostvidetv temnote navyazыvanie 141 UZBEK kesib tashlash, olib tashlash tozalash, yuvib tashlash agressiya, tajovuzkorlik og’ish illyuziya, xomhayol taasurot bostirib kirish, bosqinchilik quyish, ta’sir etish katta uy, hashamatli uy yashirish qorong’ida ham ko’rish qobiliyati bog’lash, occlusion [ә′klu:Zәn] pregrajdenie provision [prә′vıZn] snabjenie regression [rı′gre∫n] vozvraщenie remission [rı′mı∫n] proщenie retroversion tension [,retrәυ′vz:∫n] [ten∫n] regress napryajenie torsion [′to:∫(ә)n] kruchenie [træns′fju:Zәn perelivanie [trænz′gre∫n] prostupok, grex transfusion bog’lab qo’yish to’sish, g’ov bo’lish ta’minot, ta’minlash orqaga qaytish, tanazzul kechirim, avf etish regress kuchlanish, ziddiyat tanglik, buralish qon quyish ] transgressio n nojo’ya hattiharakat, tartibni buzish -sive WORD S abstersi TRANSCRI PTION [әb′stzsıv] RUSSIAN UZBEK ochiщayuщiy ve tozalovc hi abusive aggress [ә′bju:sıv] [ә′gresıv] oskorbitelnыy napadayuщiy, agressivnыy expensi [ık′spensıv] dorogoy, dorogostoyaщiy impress [ım′presıv] ive haqoratli tajovuzk or ve ive inappre hensive ıv] incisive inclusiv e incursiv e indecisi proizvodyaщiyglubokoevpec hetlenie [,ınæprı′hens nesoobra-zitelniy [ın′saısıv] [ın′klu:sıv] rejuщiy vklyuchayuщiyvsebya [ın′kzsıv] voinstvennыy [,ındı′saısıv] nereshitelnыy [,ınık′spensıv nedorogoy, deshevыy [әb′tru:sıv] vыstupayuщiy bahosi baland, qimmat chuqur taasurot qoldiradigan aqli kalta Kesuvchi hammasi ni qamrab olgan yo’liqqan , mubtalo bo’lgan jur’atsiz ve inexpen sive ] obtrusi ve 142 arzon, qimmat emas hujumko r offensi [ә′fensıv] oskorbitelnыy, obidnыy oppress [ә′presıv] gnetuщiy, despoticheskiy persuas [pәs′vzsıv] izvraщayuщiy prehens [prı′hensıv] uxvatыvayuщiy recessiv [rı′sesıv] udalyayuщiysya remissi [rı′mısıv] proщayuщiy repercu [,rı:pә′kʌsıv] otrajayuщiy revulsiv [rı′vʌlsıv] otvlekayuщiy suspens [sә′spensıv] priostanavlivayuщiy transmi [trænz′mısıv] peredayuщiy tussive [′tʌsıv] vыzvannыy unaggre [Λnә′gresıv] neagressivnыy unexpre [,Λnık′spresı nevыrazitelnыy ve ive ive ive e ve ssive e ive ssive ssive ssive v] shafqatsi z, xafa qiladigan, xalokatli jabr, zulmga asoslangan ishonchli , puxta, aniq maxkam tutadigan, uzoqlash adigan kechiriml i aks ettiruvchi chalg’ita digan to’xtatib qo’yadigan uzatadiga n, chaqirilg an, og’ir bosiq, taasurot qoldirmaydigan, -some WORDS awesome TRANSCRI PTION ['ͻ:sәm] boresome ['bͻ:sǝm] bothersome [boɤsәm] gamblesome gamesome [gæmbǝlsǝm] [geimsǝm] lonesome ['lǝvnsǝm] lovesome quarrelsome ['lʌvsәm] ['kworǝlsǝm] quibblesome ['kwibǝlsǝm] tiresome ['taiǝsǝm] RUSSIAN to'lqinlantiruvc hi, qo’rquvga soluvchi, hayajonga soluchi skuchnыy zerikarli, zeriktiradigan nadoedlivыy,b jonga espokoynыy tegadigan, zerikarli azartnыy alamzada veselыy,igrivы sho'x, y xushchaqchaq odinokiy yakka-yolg'iz, tanho milыy aziz, mukarram vzdornыy,svarl bemani, ivыy behuda janjalkash uvertlivыy so'z o'ynovchi, ig'vogar skuchnыynado jonga teguvchi, 143 ustrashayuщiy UZBEK toilsome ['tͻilsǝm] toothsome ['tu:ʘsǝm] edlivыy trudnыy, utomitelnыy priyatnыynavk us troublesome ['trʌbәlsәm] prichinyayuщi ybespokoystvo wholesome ['holsәm] winsome ['winsǝm] poleznыy, blagotvornыy privlekatelnыy zerikarli qiyin, charchatadigan, toliqtiradigan hushmaza, hushtam buzg'unchi, g'alamiz, tashvishlik, tashvish keltiradigan foydali, foyda keltiradigan o’ziga qaratuvchi, jozibali -tion WORDS TRANSCRI PTION [әʹbrɪ:vɪeɪʃ(әʹ) abbreviation n] abdication ] aberration abjection ] abjuration ablation abnegation RUSSIAN UZBEK sokrashenie͵ qisqartma abbreviatura (so’z) [ӕbdɪkeɪʃ(ә)n otkaz, kechish, voz neprinyatie kechish [ӕb̍әʹreɪʃ(ә)n] zablujdenie͵po adashib yo’lini mrochenieuma yo’qotish [ӕbʹʤekʃ(ә)n nizost, unijenie kamsitish, past, xarob [ӕbʹʤν’reɪʃn] otrechenie yuz o’girish,voz kechish [ӕbʹleɪʃ(ә)n] udalenieablyat olib(kesib) siya tashlash [ӕbnɪgeɪʃ(ә)n otrechenie inkor etish ] [ӕbәlɪʃ(ә)n] abolition otmena [әʹbɔmɪnɪʃ(ә) abomination otvrasheenie, merzost abort n] [әʹbɔ:ʃ(ә)n] abortion [ӕbrәʹgeɪʃ(ә) abrogation otmena, annulirovanie razrыv, vыxodnapoverxnost n] bekor qilish, maxf etish jirkanish, nafrat chala tushgan bola, abort kuchdan qoldirish,bekor qilish uzilish, sirtiga (yuzasiga) chiqish abruption [әʹbrʌrʃ(ә)n] absolution [ӕbsәlu:ʃ(ә)n otpusheniegrex gunohlarni ov, opravdanie kechirish, oqlash absorption [әbʹzɔ:pʃ(ә)n] vsasыvanie, vlitыvanie abstention [әbʹzɔ:pʃ(ә)n] vozderjanie ] 144 so’rish, shimish o’zini tiyish,o’zini tortish [ӕbʹstrӕkʃ(ә) abstraction [ӕk͵selәʹreɪʃ( obstraksiya, otvlechenie uskorenie [ӕk͵sentʃuʹeɪʃ postanovka takidlash [ӕksepʹteɪʃ(ә) udareniya urg’u qo’yish n] acceleration mavxumlik tezlashish ә)n] accentuation (ә)n] acceptation n] [әʹklaɪmәtәɪz eɪʃ(ә)n] accommodati [әʹkɔmәʹcleɪʃ n] accredittion [әʹkrediteiʃn] acclimatizati on on akklimatizatsiy a prisoblenie͵ udobstvo akkreditatsiya accrementitio [ӕkrɪmentɪʃn] accretion accumulation [ӕkrɪ:ʃn] [әʹkju:mjνʹleɪ uvelichenie iqlimga moslashish turar joy, bino, qulaylik vakolotlash, akreditatsiya o’sish n ʃn] accusation [ӕkju:zeiʃn] acquisition [͵ӕkwiʹziʃn] activation actuation [ӕktɪveiʃn] [ӕktʃνeɪʃn] adaptation [ӕdӕpʹteiʃn] addiction [әʹdɪkʃn] addition [әdɪʃn] adequation [ӕdɪkweɪʃn] [ә͵dju:dikeɪʃn adjudication ] adjuration [ӕʤνʹreɪʃn] administratio [әd͵mɪnɪstreɪʃ n n] admiration [ӕdmәʹreɪʃn] adoption [әʹdɔpʃn] adoration [ӕdәʹreɪʃn] adulteration [әʹdʌltәʹruʃn] adumbration [ӕdʌmʹbreɪʃn ] adunation [ӕdjuneɪʃn] o’sib borish yig’im, to’plash obvinenie,obvi ayblov, ayblov nitelniyakt akti priobretenie egalik qilish, egadorlik aktivatsiya faollashish privedenievdey harakatga stvie keltirish prisposoblenie uyg’unlashtiris h, moslashtirish sklonnostkche biror narsaga mu-libo moyillik pribovlenie, qo’shilish,to’ld dopolnenie irish vыravnivanie tenglik, tenglashtirish sudebnoe, sud qaror reshenie chiqarish molba, klyatva yalinib yolvorish, iltijo qilish upravlenie, mamuriyat delami boshqaruvi vosxishenie, zavqlanish,qoy vostorg il qolish usыnovlenie, bola asrab prinyatie olish obojanie, qattiq sevish, poklonenie hurmat qilish poddelka, qalbakilashtiris podmeshivanie h nabrosk, eskiz, chizgi, eskiz zatemnenie soedinenie bog’lash, 145 prirost nakoplenie aeration aeronavigatio ʃn] n affectation affirmation affliction agglutination aggravation aggregation agitation agglomeratio ʃn] n agnation alienation alleviation allocation altercation alternation amalgamatio ʃn] n ambition ameliration ] americanizati eiʃn] on amortization ] ampliation amputation qo’shish(ulash) istrebovaniedel yuqori sud avыshestoyasheysude organi tomonidan bnoyinstansiey oqlash, himoyalash [eәʹreɪʃn] ventilirovanie havoni yangilash, shamollatish [eәrә͵nӕvigei aeronavigatsiy aeronavigasiya a [ӕfekteiʃn] pokaznayalyub biror narsaga ovkchemulibo muhabbatini ochiq namoyish etish [ӕʄәʹmeɪʃn] utverjdenie, tasdiq podtvepjdenie [әʹʄlɪkʃn] gore, skorb, xafalik, neschaste motam, bahtsizlik [әʹʄlu,tɪneɪʃn] skleivanie, yopishtirish agglyutinatsiya [ӕgrәʹveɪʃn] uxudshenie yomonlash(tir) ish, xafa qilish [ӕgrigeɪʃn] sobiranie qismlarni biriktirish [ӕʤɪʹteɪʃn] volnenie to’lqinlanish, hayajon [әg͵glɔmәʹreɪ nakaplivanie, yig’ilish, skoplenie to’planish [ӕgʹneɪʃn] podstvopootsu ota tomonidan qarindoshlik [әɪljәʹneɪʃn] otchujdenie begonalashish, sovish [e͵il,vieɪʃn] oblegchenie yengillashish, yumshash [ӕlәʹkeɪʃn] razmeshenie, joylashtirish, naznachanie taminlash [ә͵lta,kieiʃn] parebranka, munozara,torti ssora shish [ɔ,ltәineiʃn] cheredovanie yangidan yasash, o’zgartirish [ә͵mӕlgәmei smeshenieobed birlashish inenie [ӕmbiʃn] chestolyubie, shuxratparastli sel k [ә͵mɪ,liәʹreiʃn melioratsiyaul meliorasiya uchshenie yaxshilash [әmerikәnәɪz amerikanizatsi amerikalashuv ya [ә͵mɔ,taizeiʃn pogosheniedol qarzini uzish ga [ӕmplieiʃn] uvelichenie kuchaytirish [ӕmpjuʹteiʃn] amputatsiyaud amputatsiya, alenie kesib tashlash [ӕdvәʹkeɪʃn] advocation 146 [ә͵nӕtәmaize anatamizatio iʃn] n anatomirovani e animation [ӕnimeiʃn] odushevlenie annexation annihilation [ӕnimeiʃn] [әnaɪәʹleiʃn] anneksiya unichtojeniie annotation annunciation [ӕnәνteɪʃn] [ә,nʌnsieiʃn] annotatssiya vozveщenie anticipation approximatio [ӕn͵tisipeiʃn] [ә͵prɔksimeiʃ kolets priblijenie [ә͵prәvprieiʃn prisvoenie [a,bitreiʃn] [ӕtribju,ʃ treteyskiysud pripыsivanie [boӘәreiʃn] [kӕtigәraɪʹzei bespakoystvo ogovor, kliveta consumption [sentrәlizeʃn] denigration [dәniʹgreiʃn] razvitierakovo yopuxoli kleveta, diffamatsiya nazvanie n yorib tekshirish jonlantirish, ruhlanish anneksiya yo’q qilish, yakson qilish izoh,sharx hammaga e’lon qilish oldindan sezish yaqinlashish n] appropriation ] arbitration attribution ]n﴿ә﴾ botheration catogerizatio ʃn] n [di,nomi’neiʃ denominatio n egallab olish, o’zlashtirish arbitraj qo’shib yozib qo’yish bezovtalik tuhmat, bo’hton istemol qilish, xarajatga ishlatish tuhmat, bo’hton, uydirma nom, ism n] [di,njvdeiʃn] denudation yalanng’ochlas ogolenie h determinatio [deni’greɪʃn] edification [edifi,keiʃn] emanation [әmәneiʃn] eruption [irʌʃpn] evaluation [ivӕljveiʃn] exoneration [igzonәʹreʃn] exposition [ekspәʹziʃn] opredelenie n [ʄӠ,men’teiʃn fermentation ] figuration flagellation formation nazidanie, nastavlenie istechenie, izluchenie izverjenie, vzrыv otsenka, kolichestvo opravdanie, reabilitatsiya opisaniya brojenie, volnenie [ʄɪgjvʹreiʃn] vid, forma, oformlenie [iʄiӕʤәʹleiʃn] bichevanie, porka [ʄɔ:meʃn] obrazovanie, raspolojenie 147 qat’iylik, dadillik nasixat, o’git nurlanish otishish, otishib chiqish baho, baholash ozod qilish, qutqarish bayon, tabir, izoh achitish, ko’pitish bezatish, yasatish qamchilash, savalash tuzish, tashkil etish gesticulation [ʤe͵stikjvʹlei jestikulyatsiya [gleisieiʃn] [grәʹdeɪʃn] [horiʄɪkeiʃn] zamorajivanie gradatsiya ustrashenie imo-ishora ʃn] glaciations gradation horrification [hospitәlaizei hospitalizatio ʃn] n humiliation [hyumilieiʃәn ] ignoration [ignәʹreɪʃn] illumination [ilu:mi’neɪʃn] illustration [ilәsʹtreɪʃn] imitation [imiʹteɪʃn] imperception [impәʹsepʃn] [i͵nәʹgjv’reiʃ inauguration n] inception [[inʹsepʃn] jubilation [ʤu,bileiʃn] junction [ʤʌnkʃn] [ʤvәrisʹdikʃn jurisdiction ] justification [lӕsә’reiʃn] laceration [lӕsәkteiʃn] lamentation [lӕmenteiʃn] lapidation [lӕpideiʃn] ligalization [li,gәlaizeiʃn] lubrication [lu,brikeiʃn] [mӕlʄɔ,meiʃn malformation ] [mә͵nipjvʹleiʃ manipulation n] [mӕstikeiʃn] mastication [mә͵trikjvʹlei matriculation ʃn] moderation [modә’reiʃn] muzlash gradatsiya qo’rqinch, dahshatga tushish gospitalizatsiy kasalhonaga a yotkizish (joylash) unijenie xo’rlash, yerga urish, kamsitish prenebrejenie etiborsiz qoldirish osveщenieosve yoritish, nur щennost sochish illyustratsiya, rasmlar bilan primer bezash, misol podorojanie, taqlid qilish, poddelka o’xshatish(qalbaki) otsutstviyaponi tushunmaslik maniya vstuplenievdolj lavozim(mansa nost b)ga kirishish nachalo bosh, boshlanish likovanie shodlik, quvonch, shodiyona soedinenie ulash,birlashtir ish yurisdiksiya sud qilish huquqi opravdanie aybsiz deb topish, oqlash razrыvanie uzish, buzish, uzilish gorestnayajalo aza, faryod ba, plach zabrasыvaniya qirralash, kamnyami tarashlash (tosh bilan) legalizatsiya qonuniylashtiri sh smazka, moylash smazыvanie urodstvo mayiblik, nogironlik obraщenie, hiyla, nayrang podtasovka jevanie, chaynash, plastikatsiya kavshash zachislenievvы oily o’quv sshee yurtiga qabul qilish sderjivanie, o’rtachalik, 148 [mʌltiplikeiʃn multiplicatio n umerenie umnojenie ] narcotization [no,kәtәɪʹzeɪʃ narkotizatsiya [nӕʃnәlai’zei natsionalizatsi mo’tadillik ortish, ko’payish narkoz berish n] nationalizatio ʃn] n ya nomination [nomineiʃn] naznachenie normalizatio [nɔ,mәlaiʹzeiʃ normalizatsiya nucleation [nju,klieiʃn] obrazovanieya obligation obsecration [obligeiʃn] [obsikreiʃn] n milliylashtirish n] pastdan yuqoriga ko’tarish qoidaga solish, normaga solish yadrolashtirish dro obyazatelstvo prosba majburiyat iltijo, o’tinib so’rash [okjvʹpeiʃn] [opәʹzɪʃn] occupation opposition osrentation overpopulati ʃn] on participation passivation penetration perception personation petition pluperfection polarization ] presentation prevention probation prohibition purgation qualification ish, mashg’ulot qarshilik ko’rsatish [ostenteiʃn] pokoznoeproya maqtanchoqlik, vlenie manmanlik [әuvәpopjvlei perenaselennos aholini t me’yordan ortiqligi [pa,tisipeiʃn] uchastie ishtirok etish [pӕsiveiʃn] passivirovanie passiv bo’lish [penәʹtreiʃn] pronikanie ichiga kirish, teshib o’tish [pәʹsepʃn] vospriyatie idrok qilish o’zlashtirish [pz:sәneiʃn] vыdavanieseby o’zini boshqa azakogo-libodrugogo birov deb ko’rsatmoq [pitiʃn] proshenie, iltimosnoma, xodataystvo arznoma, murojaatnoma [plu,pәʹʄekʃn] velikolepie ulug’vorlik, ulkanlik [pәvlәraizeiʃn polyarizatsiya qutblarga ajratish [prezәn’teiʃn] predstavlenie taqdimot [privenʃn] predotvrasheni oldini olish, e bartaraf qilish [prәʹbeiʃn] ispitanie sinov, sinash [prәvibiʃn] zapreshenie man etish taqiqlash [pz,geiʃn] ochishenie ichni tozalash (dori bilan) [kwolifikeiʃn kvalifikatsiya malaka, tajriba zavpadenie kontrast ] [kwontifikeiʃ quantificatio n n] question [kwestʃn] opredeleniekol ichestva vopros 149 sonini aniqlash savol [rӕmɪʄɪkeiʃn] ramification [rӕʃәnәlaizeiʃ rationalizatio n razvetvlenie n] ratsonalizatsiy a reactivation [riӕktiveiʃn] ojivlenie refutation [refjvteiʃn] oproverjenie restrospectio [retrәspekʃn] rumination [ru,mineiʃn] salutation [sӕljvʹteɪʃn] sanction [sӕηkʃn] razmыshlenieo proshlom razmыshlenie n privetstvie sanksiyaratifik atsiya satisfaction scintillation [͵sӕtisʹʄӕkʃn] [͵sintileiʃn] udovletvorenie sverkanie sedition [sidiʃn] prizыvkbuntu sensation sibilation [senʹseɪʃn] [sibileɪʃn] sensatsiya svist signification [͵signiʄikeiʃn znachenie solicitation [sә͵lisiteiʃn] nastoychivaya speculation [spekjvʹleiʃn] stimulation [stimjvʹleiʃn] subjugation [sʌbʤvʹgeiʃn ] prosba razmыshlenie vozbujdenie, pooщrenie pokorenie ] [sʌbɔ,neiʃn] subarnation [temʹpraɪzeiʃ temporizatio n n] [tenteiʃn] [tz:mɪneɪʃn] [tɒlreɪʃn] [trәʹdɪʃn] tentation termination toleration tradition transliteratin podkup, popыtkasklonitknezak onnomu ottyagivanievr emeni opыt zavershenie terpimost traditsiya [trӕnslɪtәreɪʃ transliteratsiya [tɪpɪfɪkeɪʃn] olitsetvorenie n] typification 150 tarmoqlanish, bo’linish rattsionallashti rish, oqilona tashkil etish qayta faollashish rad etish, inkor qilish o’tmish haqida o’ylash fikrlash, mulohaza qilish, o’ylash olqish, salomlashish sanksiya, ruxsat qoniqish yorqinlashtiris h isyon ko’tarishga da’vat qilish shov-shuv xushtaksimon ovoz chiqarish mazmun, moxiyat, ahamiyat qat’iy iltimos qilish fikrlash, o’ylab ko’rish qo’zg’atish, rag’batlantirish zabt etish, bo’ysundirish o’z tomoniga og’dirib olishga urinish, sotib olish vaqtni cho’zish, kechiktirish sinash xotima, yakun chidamlilik urf-odat, an’ana to’g’ridan to’g’ri uzatish biron narsani o’zida mujassamlashtirish o’rnashgan joy ubication [ʹju:bɪkeɪʃn] unappreciatio [ʌnәʹpri:ʃiәʃn nedootsenka [͵z:bʹnaɪzeɪʃʹn urbanizatsiya vacation valuation [veɪʹkeɪʃʹn] [vӕljuʹeɪʃn] otpusk otsenka vegetation verification [veʤɪteɪʃn] [verɪfɪkeɪʃn] rastitelnost proverka zonation [zoʊneɪʃn] raspredeleniep ozonam RUSSIAN acceptive TRANSCRI PTION [ǝk'septiv] vosprniimchivыy accommod [ǝ'komǝ,deiti udobnыy attractive [ǝ'træktiv] privlekatelnыy augmentati [ͻ:g'mentǝtiv] uvelichivayuщiysya causative [kͻ:zǝtiv] prichinenie criminativ [kriminǝtiv] obvinitelnыy frustrative [frʌstrǝtiv] razocharovыvayuщiy fugitive [ʹfju:dʒitiv] beglыy generative [dʒenrǝtiv] proizvodyaщiy illative [ileitiv] mestonaxojden ie n ] urbanization tan olmaslik, kamsitish urbanizatsiya ] mehnat ta’tili baho, baho qo’yish o’simliklar tekshirish, sinash rayonlashtirish - (a) tive WORDS ative v] ve UZBEK maqbul, qabul qilsa bo’ladigan qulay, munosib, mos jozibali, mahliyo etuvchi kattalashtirad igan sabab bilan, bo’ladigan ayblov e vыrajayuщiyzaklyuc henie [I'mædʒinǝtiv imaginativ e ] odarennыy, silnыyvoobrajeniem povelitelnыy imperative [im'perǝtiv] impercepti [impǝ'septiv] nenablyudatelnыy judicative ['dʒu:dikǝtive sudebnыy ['nærǝtiv] povestvovatelnыy ve ko’ngilni qoldiradigan, ixlosni qaytaruvchi qochoq, qochqoq ishlab chiqarish yakunlovchi, so’ngi xayoliy, tasavvuriy buyruq tarzidagi sezilmaydiga n, bilinmaydigan sudga oid ] narrative 151 hikoya nonaddicti [,nonǝ'diktiv] objective [ɤb'dʒektiv] ob’ektivnыy obstructive [ǝb'strʌktive] prepyatstvuyuщiy quantitativ ['kwontitәtiv] kolichestvennыy reflective reformativ [riflektiv] [rifͻ:mǝtiv] otrajayuщiy reforliruyuщiy refractive [ri:fræktiv] prelomlyayuщiy nevыzыvayuщiypriv ыkaniya ve odat bo’lishga chorlamaydigan xolis, beg’araz to’siq bo’luvchi miqdoriy e aks ettiruvchi isloh qiluvchi e [ri'dʒenǝrǝtiv regenerati ve ] regulative ['regjvlǝtiv] significati [sig'nifikǝtiv] ve libo [ʌnә'træktiv] unattractiv e sindiruvchi, qaytaruvchi vozrojdayuщiy qayta o’zgartirilgan reguliruyuщiy tartibga soluvchi ukazыvayuщiynachto biron narsani ifoda etuvchi neprivlekatelnыy maftunkor bo’lmagan, jozibasiz -ture WORDS acupuncture TRANSCRI PTION [ækjv'pʌɳktʃǝ RUSSIAN igloukalыvanie [,'mǝ'tjvǝ] ['dʒu:dikǝtʃǝ] ['tæblǝtʃǝ] nezrelыy sudoustroystvo doщechkasnad ] immature judicature tablature pisyu tincture ['tinktʃǝ] ottenok, primes torture ['tͻ:tʃǝ] pыtka UZBEK igloterapiya, igna bilan davolash xom, pishmagan sud, sud tuzilishi yozuv yozilgan taxtacha rang turi, rangdagi nozik farq qiynoq, azob -ty WORDS abnormalit TRANSCRIP TION [æbno:mælәtı] RUSSIAN UZBEK nepravilnost g’ayritabiiylik aggressivit [ægrә′sıvıtı] agressivnost tajovuzkorlik agility [ә′dZılәtı] provorstvo atomicity authenticit [ætә′mısәtı] [o:θen′tısәtı] atomnost podlinnost avidity [ә′:vıdәtı] jadnost y y y 152 epchillik, chaqqonlik atomlik ishonchlilik, haqiqiylik, asllik ochko’zlik, ziqnalik barbarity [ba:bærıtı] basicity [beı′sısәtı] causality [ko:zælәtı] causticity [ko:s′tısәtı] centricity [sen′trısәtı] certainty [sz:tәntı] criminality [krımınælıtı] crotchety [krot∫әtı] cruelty [kru:әltı] duality [djυ′ælәtı] dubiety [djυ′bæıәtı] duplicity [djυ′plısәtı] ellipticity familiarity [ı,lıp′tısәtı] [fә,mılıærәtı] frailty [freıltı] fragility [frә′dZılıtı] fraternity [frә′tәnıtı] garrulity [gә′ru:lәtı] illegality immaturity [,ılı:gælәtı] [,ımә′tjυәrәtı] indemnity [ın′demnıtı] intensity [ın′tensıtı] jejunity jocundity [dZı′dZu:nәtı] [dZә′kʌndәtı] jollity [′dZolәtı] longevity [lon′dZevәtı] lubricity [lu:′brısәtı] varvarstvo, jestokost valentnost, osnovnost prichinnost edkost, yazvitelnost sentralnost shavqatsiz, zolim asosiylik, valentlik sababiyat achchiqlik, zaharlilik, yakkalik markaziylik nesomnennыyfa ishonchli fakt prestupnost jinoyatchilik kt svoenravnыy, kapriznыy jestokost, bezjalostnost dvoystvennost somnenie, kolebanie dvulichnost injiqlik shafqatsizlik, raxmsizlik ikkiyuzlamalik, munofiqlik shubha, gumon ikkiyuzlamalik, munofiqlik elliptichnost elliptiklik korotkieotnoshe yaqinlik, niya, blizost tanishlik neprochnost noziklik, mo’rtlik xrupkost mo’rtlik, sinuvchanlik bratstvo, qarindoshlik, obщina birodarlik boltlivost ezmalik, sergaplik nelegalnost noqonuniylik nezredost pishmaganlik, xomlik vozmeщenie qoplash, kamini to’ldirish sila, jadallik, tezlik intensivnost skudnost siyraklik, kamlik veselost quvnoqlik, xushchaqchaqlik vesele shodlik, xursandchilik dolgovechnost uzoq umr, ko’p yashash smazochnыesvo moylash ystva xususiyati 153 [mә′lıgnәtı] malignity zlovrednost niyati buzuqlik, halokat [mә′to:nәtı] [neı′tælәtı] [ә′blıkwәtı] maternity natality obliquity materinstvo rojdaemost kosoenapravlen ie onalik tug’ish qiyshiqlik, egrilik obstructivit [,abstrʌk′tıvәtı] zatrudnennost obtusity [әb′tju:sәtı] tupost painty [′peıntı] to’sqinlik, g’ov y svejevыkrashen nыy [′penәltı] penalty nakazanie, ahmoqlik, befaxmlik, xiralik yangi bo’yalgan, yangi bo’yoqli jazolash, jarima shtraf periodicity pilosity quantity rabbity [,pıәrıә′dısәtı] [paı′losәtı] [′kwontәtı] [ræbıtı] relatively [,relә′tıvәtı] salacity salinity [sә′læsәtı] [sә′lınәtı] poxotlivost solenost taciturnity [,tæsı′tz:nәtı] molchalivost tensility timidity [ten′sılәtı] [tı′mıdәtı] rastyajimost robost topicality [,to:pı′kælәtı] aktualnost unanimity [,ju:nә′nımәtı] edinodushie [Λn,o:ltәrә′bılә neizmennost vapidity [væ′pıdәtı] presnost whimsicalit [,wımzı′kælәtı] unalterabili periodichnost volosistost kolichestvo izobiluyuщiykr olikami otnositelnost tı] ty y prichudы, kaprizы davriylik sersochlilik miqdor quyonlarga boy tegishlilik, nisbiylik nazariyasi beadablik tuzlilik, sho’rlik, sho’rlabish indamaslik, kamgaplik cho’ziluvchanlik juratsizlik, tortinchoqlik dolzarblik, muhimlik yakdillik, birdamlik o’zgarmaslik, doimiylik ta’msizlik, mazasi yo’qlik injiqlik -ward WORD S backwa TRANSCRIP TION ['bækwǝdz] RUSSIAN nazad heaven ['hevǝnwǝd] vыs hitherw ['hiɤǝwǝd] syuda homew ['hǝvmwǝd] domoy, kdomu UZBEK orqaga rd ward osmonga, samoga, falakka buyoqqa ard 154 uyga ard inwardl [inwǝdli] vnutri, vduщe inwards [inwǝdz] vnutri, vnutr offward ['ofwǝd] onward ['onwǝdʒ] outward ['avtwǝdʒ] naruju rearwar ['riǝwedʒ] nazad, vtыl skywar ['skaiwǝdz] knebu southwa ['skvʘwǝd] kyugu,nayug upward ['ʌpwǝdz] vverx,svыshe y ponapravleniyukotkrыtom umoryu vperedi, dalee s s ds ds rds s yo'nalgan, uy tomonga ichkarida, qalbida ichkari tomonga shamolga teskari tomonga oldinga, olg'a sirtqi, tashqi tomon(ga) orqa tomonga(da) osmonga, samoga, falakka tomon janubga tomon, janubda yuqoriga (da) -wise, (-ways) WORDS broadways broadwise TRANSCRIP TION [bro:dweız] [bro:dwaız] longways longwise sideways [′loŋweız] [′loŋweız] [′saıdweız] WORDS augury bastardy TRANSCRIP TION [ͻ:gjvri] [ba:stәdi] baggy ['bægɪ] baldy balky ['bɔːldɪ] ['bɔːkɪ] balmy ['bɑːmɪ] bandy ['bændɪ] bawdy ['bɔːdɪ] RUSSIAN vshir, vshirinu vshirinu, poperek vdlinu vdlinu vstoronu -y RUSSIAN predskazanie rojdenierebyonkav nebraka meshkovatыy (obodejde) otkrыto upryamыy (ojivotnom) aromatnыy krivoy, izognutыy (onogax) nepristoynыy 155 UZBEK eniga eniga uzunasiga uzunasiga yonboshlab, yon tomondan UZBEK bashorat nikohsiz tug'ilgan bola, haromi qo`pol, keng(kiyim) ochiq-oydin o`jar, qaysar (hayvonlarga oid) xushbo`y, muattar qing’ir-qiyshiq (oyoq haqida) yaramas, axloqsiz beady ['biːdɪ] bitchy blotchy bosky ['bɪʧɪ] ['blɔʧɪ] ['bɔskɪ] brainy ['breɪnɪ] branchy chalky ['brɑːnʧɪ] ['ʧɔːkɪ] chary creepy ['ʧeәrɪ] ['kriːpɪ] crimpy ['krɪmpɪ] cheeky chintzy deary dreggy drifty ['ʧiːkɪ] ['ʧɪntsɪ] ['dɪәrɪ] [drifti] drossy ['drɔsɪ] drowsy ['drauzɪ] duly ['djuːlɪ] dumpy ['dʌmpɪ] faddy ['fædɪ] freaky ['friːkɪ] frumpy ['frʌmpɪ] flushy garlicky jammy jaunty jittery [ʄlʌʃi] ['gɑːlɪkɪ] [ʤæmi] ['ʤɔːntɪ] ['ʤɪt(ә)rɪ] kinky ['kɪŋkɪ] lanky lardy needy ['læŋkɪ] ['lɑːdɪ] ['niːdɪ] speedy tacky ['spiːdɪ] ['tækɪ] poxojiynabusinku munchoqqa o`xshash zlobnыy urg`ochi pokrыtыypyatnami dog` bosgan komandirskiy komandirlarga oid (xos) mozgovitыy, aqlli, qobiliyatli umnыy vetvistыy sershox melovoy, ohakli, bo`rli izvestkovыy ostorojnыy ehtiyotkor vыzыvayuщiy, sudraluvchi murashki, polzuchiy kurchavыy, jingalak vyuщiysya naxalnыy surbet deshevыy arzon dorogoy, dorogaya aziz, qadrli soderjaщiyosadok loyqa, axlatli vjnыy qor bo’ralayotgan izobiluyuщiyshlak to`pon, metal om zaki sonnыy, uyqusiragan dremlyuщiy doljnыmobrazom kerakli, tegishli (tarzda) unыlыy, baqaloq, korenastыy yo`g`on chudakovatыy qiziqroq, g`alatiroq neobыchnыy, g’alati, strannыy g`ayritabiiy ploxoodetыy eskicha, modadan qolgan kiyim kiygan krasnovatыy qizg’ish chesnochnыy sarimsoqli tolkotnya tiqilinch, tirband veselыy, boykiy puglivыy, nervnыy shod, hursand asabiylashgan, tajang kurchavыy (ovolosax) dolgovyazыy jirnыy, salnыy nujdayuщiysya jingalak (soch) novcha yog`li, moyli kambag`al, muhtoj bыstrыy, skorыy lipkiy 156 tez, ildam, jadal yopishqoq, thirsty ['θɜːstɪ] thready ['θredɪ] trappy ['træpɪ] vasty ['vɑːstɪ] velvety ['velvɪtɪ] watery ['wɔːt(ә)rɪ] wary ['weәrɪ] weepy ['wiːpɪ] slezlivыy yeasty ['jiːstɪ] penistыy tomimыy, jajdayuщiy nityanыy, nitevidnыy predatelskiy, opasnыy obshirnыy, gromadnыy barxatistыy vodyanoy, mokrыy ostorojnыy 157 yopishadigan chanqagan ip o`tkazilgan hiyonatkor, havfli keng, bepayon baxmalli, yumshoq suvli, ho’l ehtiyotkor, ehtiyotli ko`zyoshli, yig’loqi ko`pikli, serko`pik