Download The Cold War Cold War

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1946-1990
Era of confrontation between the Soviet Union
and the United States
Disagreement over Germany
Soviets’ refusal to honor Declaration
of Liberated Europe (Yalta
Conference)
Events that led to
the Cold War
Soviet actions in Poland: no
intention of holding free elections
Potsdam Conference: Soviets
reluctant to accept US demands; felt
bullied by successful a-bomb testing
Communist victory in China
Differences & tensions between the
United States and the Soviet Union
SOVIET VIEW
SECURITY
1.
Concerned about
being invaded twice
in less than 30 years
by the Germans =
keep Germany weak
and create buffer
states (satellite
nations)
2.
Communist
AMERICAN VIEW
ECONOMIC
1.
Capitalist
2.
Concerned about
economic problems
3.
Promote Democracy +
free enterprise =
promote economic
growth by increasing
world trade
How did American foreign policy
interests and goals change between
1949 and 1963?
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Yesterday, you reviewed documents that
outlined how American foreign policy interests
and goals changed in response to the Cold
War.
In reviewing the documents, you should have
come across a common theme of efforts for
containing communism.
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To keep something from spreading
Containment of communist expansion was a
central principle of United States' foreign
policy from 1947 to the 1975
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
MARSHALL PLAN
Gave basis for providing
military and
economic
support to
=
nations threatened by
communism
Used in Greece and
AndTurkey
happy people
Provided aid in terms of
money, supplies, and
machinery to Western
European countries
trying to rebuild their
economy and resist
communism
just do not want to be
communist...
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT
NATO
Stalin blockaded Berlin after
allied zones merged in
Germany
Airlift supplies for 11
months until Stalin lifts
the blockade =
determination to
promote freedom and
resist communism
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Mutual defense pact with
US, Canada, and W.
Europe = demonstration
of combined military
strength to Stalin 
forms Warsaw Pact
with Communist
nations
KOREAN WAR
PROJECT VENONA
“Hot Spot”
Communist N. Korea
invaded S. Korea =
Truman’s call to the
UN to push them back
Limited War = no
expansion into China
1946
Cracked Soviet spy code
= read messages
between Moscow &
US  confirmed
existence of extensive
Soviet spying
Strategies for
Containing
Communism
Strong
Economy
Nuclear
weapons
for
massive
retaliation
brinkmanship
Covert
operations
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The US had to show the world that free
enterprise could produce a better more
prosperous society than communism
Economic prosperity would prevent
communism from gaining support
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Threaten to use nuclear weapons if
Communists tried to seize a territory by force
Required new technology to deliver nuclear
weapons
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Military spending was cut from $50 billion to
$34 billion.
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Cut army personnel
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Increased America’s nuclear arsenal
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The willingness to go to the brink of nuclear
war to force the other side to back down
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Korean War: hinted to China = armistice
Taiwan Crisis: any attempts by China to invade
Taiwan would be resisted by the US… HINT,
HINT… we have nuclear weapons!
The Suez Crisis: the Egyptians seized the Suez
Canal causing the British and French to retaliate
= Soviet threat to attacks on Britain and France...
US responds… you use yours, we will use ours…
pressure causes Britain and France to back down
= diplomatic victory for SU as Arab nations begin
accepting their aid
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Hidden operations
conducted by the CIA
(Central Intelligence
Agency)
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Developing nations to
overthrow antiAmerican leaders and
replace them with proAmerican leaders
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The Butter Battle Book is a political allegory
written by Dr. Seuss about the Cold War.
As you listen to the story answer the questions.
When the story is finished, answer the written
response on the back. Finished responses are
due by ******.
-
Feared Communists
would take over the
world
(1) Gouzenko Case: Sept., 1945
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Implication: spies already in our government
Search for spies leads to general fear of Communist
subversion - effort to secretly weaken a society &
overthrow its government
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Loyalty Review Program: Truman, 1947
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All federal employees to be screened for loyalty to
US
HUAC: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, 1947
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Went before House Un-American Committee
 Loyalty Review Program not enough….
…demanded public hearings on Communist subversion
 Hearings would expose Communists, & “sympathizers”
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The House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) was created in 1938 to investigate alleged
disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of
private citizens, public employees, and those
organizations suspected of having Communist ties.
Through its power to subpoena witness and hold
people in contempt of Congress, HUAC often
pressured witnesses to surrender names and other
information that could lead to the apprehension of
Communists and Communist sympathizers.
Its most famous investigation revealed that Alger Hiss,
a former State Department official, had lied to them
about having "ever been a Communist."
(2) Alger Hiss Trial: 1948
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Alger Hiss accused of being a Communist spy
“Pumpkin Papers"—several prints of State Department
documents from the 1930s.
The pumpkin papers were introduced against Hiss in a perjury
trial, at which he was accused of lying about having passed
State Department papers to Chambers.
Venona decrypts declassified and gave indication that “Ales”
could only have been Alger Hiss.
(3) The Rosenbergs
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Americans: Soviets couldn’t have produced atomic
bomb in ‘49 without help…let’s look for the spies
1950: Clues from Albert Fuchs, British scientist, led
FBI to Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
 Accused of passing info to Soviets on building
plutonium bomb
 Little physical evidence convicted them; put to death in
1953
I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the Abomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the
bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in
Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows
but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your
treason. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the
course of history to the disadvantage of our country.
We have evidence of your treachery all around us every day — for the
civilian defense activities throughout the nation are aimed at preparing
us for an atom bomb attack.
(4) The Hydrogen Bomb
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1953: Soviets test bigger bomb: the H-bomb
Now, Americans afraid of nuclear war
1.
Schools set aside areas as bomb shelters
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2.
“duck-and-cover drills”- bomb drills where kids hid
under desks, covering head with hands
Fallout shelters: built
in backyards, under
homes

Stocked with
canned foods,
water, batteries,
etc.
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Joseph R. McCarthy
begins witch-hunt for
suspected
Communists
McCarthyism: buzz
word for damaging
reputations with
unfounded charges,
based on flimsy
evidence & irrational
fears
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Public accusation that more than two hundred “card-carrying”
communists had infiltrated the United States government.
The House Un-American Activities Committee had been formed
in 1938 as an anti-Communist organ.
The paranoid hunt for infiltrators was notoriously difficult on
writers and entertainers, many of whom were labeled communist
sympathizers and were unable to continue working.
The trials often destroy a career with a single unsubstantiated
accusation.
In all, three hundred and twenty artists were blacklisted
including, Arthur Miller, Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and
Charlie Chaplin.
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The McCarran Internal Security Act
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Now illegal to do anything that would “substantially
contribute to establishment of a totalitarian
government
 Communist organizations must register with US
attorney general & publish their records
 Restricted Communist Party members
 Allowed arrest, detention of Communists &
sympathizers... Truman vetoed bill, but Congress
overrides in 1950
 Later, Supreme Court rulings made sure McCarran Act
was not effective
EFFECTS
CAUSES
1. Soviet Union controls
Eastern Europe after
World War II
2. Chinese Communists
win control of
mainland China
3. US and Soviet Union
explode atomic bombs
1. Marshall Plan provides
aid to W. Europe and
Japan
2. W. nations form
NATO; Communist
nations = Warsaw
Pact
3. Korean War erupts
4. American and Soviet
arms race
5. Red Scare leads to
hunt for Communists
in the US