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Intelligence Theories
Part One
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence – ability to learn from experience, solve
problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
- varies between cultures based on whatever is needed to
be successful
- is not achievement but can make achievement possible
Achievement – the knowledge & skills gained from
experience
- Things you can know and do; related to specific content
Theories of
Intelligence
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
- Developed by Charles Spearman (1900)
- Said there are 2 types of intelligence
factors
General Intelligence (g)
- Intelligence factor that is behind all of our
intelligent behavior
- On intelligence tests, g is the reason
people who score high in one area usually
score higher than average in other areas
Specific Intelligence (s)
- Specific intelligence factors that account
for particular abilities
Theories of
Intelligence
Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
- Developed by Louis Thurstone in 1930s
- a specialist in psychological testing
- Found 7 “primary mental abilities” instead of 1
general intelligence
- Visual & Spatial Relations
- Perceptual Speed
- Numerical Ability
- Verbal Comprehension
- Memory
- Word Fluency
- Logical Reasoning
Theories of
Intelligence
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- Created by Howard Gardner in the 1980s
- Suggested there are 8 different intelligences
- Linguistic
- Logical-Mathematical
- Musical
- Spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Intrapersonal: insight into your own feelings
- Interpersonal: sensitivity to other’s feelings
- Naturalistic: “in tune” with nature, aware of
natural behavior for people/animals
Thurstone v. Gardner
Thurstone:
- 7 factors combine to make up intelligence
Gardner:
- 8 intelligences are independent of each other
- Relate to specific abilities
- Believed to be based in different areas of brain
Name that Intelligence
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Composer & Musician
Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood.
Already competent on keyboard and violin, he began composing at
the age of five and performed before European royalty. He
composed over 600 works that are still being performed today.
Musical Intelligence
Name that Intelligence
John F. Kennedy, U.S. President
Among the many intelligences possessed by President Kennedy, his
ability to perform great speeches is among his best. Kennedy has a
reputation as the greatest presidential orators in History. He has the
ability to paint a picture in the minds of his audience with mere
words.
Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence
Name that Intelligence
Carl Jung, Psychiatrist
Carl Jung was a famous psychologist best known for his theories of
the collective unconscious and the concept of archetypes. Dr. Jung
had a keen ability for knowing and understanding one’s own inner
mental processes reflecting on thought, dreams, spiritual life, and
motivations.
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Name that Intelligence
Thomas Edison, Inventor, Businessman
Thomas Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life
around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture
camera, and a working electric light bulb. Edison had the ability to
think logically to solve problems and develop new ideas. His
mathematical abilities as well as his gift to analyze and reason
scientifically made him one of the most important inventors in
American history.
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Name that Intelligence
Ronald Reagan, U.S. President
One of President Reagan’s best abilities was to understand the
motivation and needs of those around him. This enabled him to
influence those around him. President Reagan was called the “Great
Communicator” because of his excellent communication skills and
ability to influence people. He also excelled at nonverbal
communication, enabling him to perceive the moods and feelings of
others.
Interpersonal Intelligence
Name that Intelligence
LeBron James, basketball player
One of the greatest basketball players today, LeBron James has the
athletic skills that allow him to visualize his movements and perform
them with great accuracy. He can jump higher, move faster, pass and
shoot with more accuracy than most in the NBA. He also has a strong
work ethic that enables him to focus his time on training rather than
more desirable activities.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Name that Intelligence
Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance Man
Da Vinci was a brilliant artist and genius inventor during the age of the
Italian Renaissance. Among the many intelligences possessed by da
Vinci, he had the ability to form an abstract model of the 3D world
and then solve problems using that model. He was able to
conceptualize flying machines, an armored vehicle, solar power, and
an arsenal of new weapons.
Spatial Intelligence
Name that Intelligence
Charles Darwin, Scientist
Charles Darwin is famous for developing a theory of evolution to
explain biological change in humans and animals. His ability to
identify and classify the components that make up our environment
aided him in creating one of the most important theories in history –
evolution.
Naturalist Intelligence