Download Julio Luévano ESS-345 Functional Kinesiology Prof. Maria Osborne

Julio Luévano
ESS-345 Functional Kinesiology
Prof. Maria Osborne
Javelin Throw
Introduction:
Elite javelin throwers can generate over 50% of the release speed in the last 50 ms before
release; therefore, the inter-segmental coordination pattern of an athlete is crucial to success in
the event. Previous methods of determining the proximal-to-distal nature of javelin throwing
have involved the identification of peak joint speeds and their time of occurrence relative to
release. This might give an incomplete view of the temporal patterning of javelin throwing,
because two throws with identical peak joint speeds could be generated by completely different
acceleration profiles. In the 2012 Olympic Games men's javelin final were filmed using two
high-speed video cameras operating at 200 Hz. The throwing area was calibrated before and after
the event using five extendible poles. The speeds of the right hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist
joints, and the center of mass of the javelin, were used to investigate the temporal patterning of
each throw. Furthermore, there is a very strong correlation between the hip and shoulder,
shoulder and elbow, elbow and wrist, and wrist and javelin to achieve the javelin throw. The
javelin throw as other sports consist of four different phases such as stance, preparatory,
movement, and follow-through phase. (Journal of Sports Sciences. 18.1 (Jan. 2009): p9).
The stance phase is the first phase to examine when observing the biomechanics of the
javelin throw. In the stance phase, the right wrist is in an isometric extension beside the ear of
the thrower in the sagittal plane. The muscles holding this gliding joint in isometric flexion are
the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and the extensor carpi radialis longus.
The left wrist begins in isometric flexion hanging down by the side of the thrower. The muscles
holding the left wrist in isometric flexion are the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and the
flexor carpi ulnaris. The right elbow is also held in an isometric flexion holding the sagittal
plane. The muscles holding this hinge joint in isometric flexion are the biceps brachii, brachialis,
and brachioradialis. The left elbow is also a hinge joint and is held in an isometric extension
hold. The muscles working to hold this position for the left elbow are the triceps brachii and
anconeus. The right shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint held in isometric flexion in the sagittal
plane by the anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and the coracobrachialis muscles. The left
shoulder is also a ball-and-socket joint held down by the side of the thrower held in an isometric
extension by the posterior fibers of the deltoid, lower fibers of the pectoralis major, latissimus
dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, and infraspinatus. The right and left hip, both ball-and-socket
joints, are held in isometric extension in the sagittal plane and the prime movers are gluteus
maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the biceps femoris. The right and left knee are
both hinge joints held in an isometric extension in the sagittal plane with the prime movers being
the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis. The left and right
ankles, both being gliding joints, are both held in isometric plantarflexion in the sagittal plane
with the prime movers being the gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis posterior. The right shoulder
girdle is held in an isometric abduction and upward rotation in the frontal plane with the prime
movers being the pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and the trapezius. The left shoulder girdle is
in an isometric adduction in the frontal plane by the rhomboids and the trapezius muscles.
The preparatory phase, or “wind-up” phase, is used to lengthen the appropriate muscles
so that the muscles will be in position to generate more force and momentum
(www.mhhe.com/floyd18e). The preparatory phase is mainly concentric contractions of the
muscles. The right elbow is held in isometric flexion, like in the stance phase, and is moved
concentrically to extension behind the body of the thrower. The prime movers concentrically
moving the right elbow from extension to flexion where the extensor muscles are triceps while
the flexors are biceps brachii and brachialis. The left elbow is concentrically in flexion position
where the prime movers are biceps brachii and brachialis. The right wrist is in an isometric
extension beside the thrower’s head in sagittal plane. The muscles helping this gliding joint in an
isometric extension are extensor carpiulnaris, extensor carpiradialis brevis, and extensor
carpiradialis longus. The left wrist is in an isometric extension hanging down by the side of the
thrower. The muscles holding the wrist are extensor carpiulnaris, extensor carpiradialis brevis,
and extensor carpiradialis longus. The right shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint moving
concentrically in to horizontal abduction. The muscles involve in this action are supraspinatus,
deltoid, pectoralis major. The left shoulder is also ball-and-socket joint and is concentrically
moving to extension. The extension muscles are latissimus dorsi, teres major, lower pectoralis
major and posterior deltoid. The right and left hip are ball - and - socket joints that are
concentrically moving to extended position in sagittal plane. The prime mover extension muscles
are adductor magnus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, and
gluteus medius. The right and left knee are concentrically moving to extend position in the
sagittal plane. The prime mover muscles for flexion are biceps femoris, popliteus,
semimembranosus, and semitendinosus, while for extension are rectus femoris, vastus
intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. The left and right ankle both being gliding
joints, both are in concentrically plantar flexion moving to extend position in sagittal plane and
the prime mover muscles are gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis posterior. The right shoulder
girdle is in concentric adduction upward rotation where the prime mover muscles are pectoralis
minor and rhomboids. The left shoulder girdle is abducting concentrically moving to adduction
downward rotation where the prime mover muscles for both actions are serratus anterior, middle
and lower trapezius, levator, scapulae, rhomboids, and pectoralis minor.
The movement phase is most likely close to the maximal concentric activity that involves
many muscles while the summation of force is generated directly to the ball or sport object
(www.mhhe.com/floyd18e). The right elbow is a hinge-joint and is in a concentric extension in
the sagittal plane. Prime mover muscles for the elbow are triceps brachii and anconeus. The left
elbow is also in a concentric extension as the right elbow using the same group of muscles. The
right wrist is in a concentric flexion while the left wrist is in a concentric extension, both in a
sagittal plane. The prime mover muscles for the flexion wrist are flexor carpiradialis, flexor
carpiulanris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorium superficialis, flexor digitorium profundus, and
flexor pollicis longus. The prime mover muscles for the extended wrist are extensor carpiulanris,
extensor carpiradialis brevis, extensor carpiradialis longus, extensor digitorium, and extensor
pollicis longus. The right shoulder or glenohumeral joint is in a concentric flexion in the sagittal
plane and prime mover muscles are pectoralis major upper fibers, and deltoid anterior fibers. The
left shoulder is in a concentric extension in the sagittal plane. The muscles involve in this action
are pectoralis major lower fibers, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, and
teres minor. The right and left hip are a ball-and-socket joint both concentrically flex in the
sagittal plane. The muscles involved in this action are illipsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, and
pectineus. The right knee is a hinge-joint in the lower body where is in a concentric flexion in the
sagittal plane. Prime mover muscles are biceps femoris, popliteus, semitendinosus, and
semimembranosus. The left knee also as a hinge-joint is in a concentric extension in sagittal
plane where the muscles involved in this action are rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus
laterals, and vastus medialis. Right and left ankle are in the concentric plantar flexion (extension)
in the sagittal plane with the prime mover muscles such as gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor
digitorium longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, flexor halluces longus, and tibialis
posterior.
The follow-through phase is when the negative acceleration becomes involved in the limb
or body segment. In other words the velocity of the body segment decreases to stop the motion of
the movement phase. The right elbow is in eccentric extension while the left elbow is in
concentric flexion, both in sagittal plane. Muscles involved in extension are the biceps while in
the flexion action biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The right and left shoulder are
in eccentric extension in the sagittal plane where the prime mover muscles are pectoralis major
lower fibers, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres minor, teres major, and infraspinatus. The right
and left wrist are flexion eccentrically in the sagittal plane. The prime mover muscles are flexor
carpiulnaris, flexor carpiradialis, flexor digitorium superficialis, flexor digitorium profundus, and
palmaris longus. The right and left hip are in flex position and eccentrically involved in the
sagittal plane. Prime mover muscles are illipsoas major and minor, rectus femoris, sartorius, and
pectineus. The left and right knees are in the sagittal plane eccentrically flexed. Muscles involved
in this action are rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. The left
and right ankles are in the sagittal plane eccentrically flexed. Prime mover muscles are peroneus
tertius, extensor digitorium longus, extensor halluces longus, and tibialis anterior. The right
shoulder or glenohumeral joint is eccentrically abducting in the frontal plane. The muscles
involved in this action are pectoralis major upper fibers, deltoid anterior fibers, deltoid middle
fibers, deltoid posterior fibers, and supraspinatus. The left shoulder or glenohumeral joint is
eccentrically adducting in the frontal plane. Prime mover muscles for this action are pectoralis
major lower fibers, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major.
Conclusion:
During these phases such as stance, wind-up, arm acceleration, arm deceleration, and
follow-through, the low muscle activity and low elbow joint forces and torques occur during the
wind-up and follow-through phases. High muscle activity and high elbow joint forces and
torques are generated during the arm acceleration and arm deceleration phases. Consequently,
hard and soft tissue injuries in athletes about the elbow occur during these highly dynamic
phases of the throwing. Overall, elbow joint forces and torques are greatest during the arm
cocking and arm deceleration phases of the throwing. The follow-through phase consummates
the throwing motion. Similarly to the wind-up, low muscle activity and low elbow joint forces
and torques occur during the follow-through phase.
Work cited:
Patel N. The biomechanics of maximising javelin throw distance. Muscles, Ligaments &
Tendons Journal (MLTJ) [serial online]. July 2, 2012;:47. Available from: Academic Search
Premier,
HUI L, LEIGH S, BING Y. Sequences of upper and lower extremity motions in javelin
throwing. Journal Of Sports Sciences [serial online]. November 2010;28(13):1459-1467.
Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.
Van den Tillaar R. The biomechanics of the elbow in overarm throwing sports.
International Sportmed Journal [serial online]. March 2005;6(1):7-24. Available from: Academic
Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.
Illyés Á, Kiss R. Shoulder muscle activity during pushing, pulling, elevation and
overhead throw. Journal Of Electromyography & Kinesiology [serial online]. June
2005;15(3):282-289. Available from: Academic Search Premier.
R.T. Floyd EdD, ATC, CSCS. Manual of Structural Kinesiology 18e 2012, Published by
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 10020 pages 87-291, ISBN:978-0-07-802251-7.