Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
4 Macromolecules of Life ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • All compounds can be classified as organic or inorganic. • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE MADE OF MOSTLY CARBON ATOMS!!! Functional Groups • These are the small groups of non-carbon a atoms that influence the characteristics of the carbon molecule • EX- the addition of the “Amino Group” and a “Carboxyl” acid group makes an “Amino Acid” Large Carbon Molecules • Monomer- simple carbon molecules that build more complex molecules. (ie- glucose) • Polymer- complex molecule built from monomers (ie- starch) Carbohydrates (Sugars) • Created by Photosynthesis • Made of C, H, and O • Burned in cellular respiration for energy • Saccharide = Sugar • Monosaccharide= 1 sugar ring (Glucose) • Disaccharide = 2 sugar rings (Sucrose) • Polysaccharide= 3 or more sugar rings (Cellulose) Monosaccharide Examples (Simple Carbohydrates) • Glucose- used to power cells • Fructose- Found in Candy and Soda • Galactose- Found in dairy products Disaccharide Examples (Simple Carbohydrates) • Sucrose- Table sugar comes from sugar cane. • Lactose- Found in dairy products and mothers milk. Broken down by the enzyme Lactase. People who are lactose intolerant do not produce enough lactase so they get bloated and crampy Examples of Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates) • Starch- Found in potatoes, rice, corn etc. • Cellulose- Found in the cell walls of plants. This can not be broken down by animals and is called “Dietary Fiber” • Glycogen- this is a long chain formed in the blood of animals to provide slow realease energy between meals. Often called “Animal Starch” • Organic molecules that are insoluble in water. (oils, wax, rubber) • Used for energy storage, cell membranes and signaling molecules (steroids hormones) • Most common are triglycerides and phospholipids Lipids Triglycerides 1. Made of only C, H, and O 2. Long Term Energy 3. Made of 1 Glycerol (3 carbon Chain) and 3 Fatty acids (the carboxyl group on the end of each one is the “acid”) Types of Fatty Acids • Saturated- no carbon-carbon double bonds • Solid at room Temperature • High Concentrations in Animal Fats • Builds bad Cholesterol Types of Fatty Acids • Unsaturated- At least one Carbon-Carbon Double bond. • Liquid at room Temperature • Highest concentrations in plant oils • Helps build good cholesterol Trans Fat • HydrogenationAdding Hydrogen to unsaturated fats to make them act like saturated fats • Examples- Crisco and Margarine • Extra bad because they build bad cholesterol and reduce good cholesterol Proteins-Long Chains of Amino Acids Amino Acids • All Amino acids have a central C atom with an Amino group, Carboxyl group, a Hydrogen group and an R group attached to it. • The difference between Amino acids is the length and shape of the R group Amino Acids • There are 22 total Amino acids and they combine in long chains to form… • Hair, Blood, Muscle, Skin, Bones, Antibodies, Enzymes, and Hormones. • One example is Tryptophan which is found in Turkey, cheese, chicken and pork and has a calming effect. DNA and RNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Nucleotides formed from a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • Two long chains of these form DNA • Has instruction for making proteins in all living things. • RNA is used in the process of making protins