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MODERN ENGINEERING GROUP BASIC AUDIO ELECTRONICS Tuesday, December 15, 2015 Note: This document is not to be distributed by email, copies or otherwise duplicated and/or reproduced without the written consent of Modern Ebgineering Group. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ By: Nigel Redman, CTO ____________________________________________________________________________________________ TOPICS: SPEAKER CONFIGURATIONS, AUDIO POWER LEVELS, SPEAKER DRIVERS, PHASING Speaker Conventions – as they relate to Amplifiers Ohms: 4, 8, etc 70V, 25V : Constant Current vs. Constant Voltage Switches 2, 4 6, position - Ohms required at Amp Series, Parallel speaker circuits Impedance Conventions Examples – Headphones, Microphones, Line Level Amplifier Outputs: transformer, Op-amp how do all these relate? Cable Shop Wiring Conventions ¼” TS to XLR to RCA to 3.5m TS, TRS, ¼”TRS How exactly do we wire these various cables? What can go wrong if they are wired incorrectly? INFORMATION: MATCHING IMPEDANCE USING OHMS LAW FOR PARALLEL & SERIES CONFIGURATIONS. P=POWER, V=VOLTAGE, I=CURRENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 SPEAKERS OF SAME IMPEDANCE IN PARALLEL THE VALUE OF ONE DIVIDED BY THE QUANTITY(2): EX: FIG. D 2 SPEAKERS IN SERIES THE VALUES ARE ADDED: EX: FIG. B 4 SPEAKERS WIRED IN SERIES-PARALLEL EQUAL 8 OHMS EX: FIG A 4 SPEAKERS WIRED IN SERIES-PARALLEL EQUAL 8 OHMS EX: FIG C(PARALLEL OF 2 SERIES PAIRS) FIG A FIG D FIG B FIG C 70 VOLT SPEAKER SYSTEMS TYPICAL SPEAKER 70V TRANSFORMER 70VOLT LINE TRANSFORMERS TYPICAL 70V SPEAKER AMPLIFIER AUDIO SIGNAL LEVELS signal type voltage current line-level, typical professional equipment 1.23V line-level, typical home/hifi 0.316V .1W into 8-ohm speakers .894V .112A 1W into 8-ohm speakers 2.83V .354A 10W into 8-ohm speakers 8.94V 1.12A 100W into 8-ohm speakers 28.3V 3.54A 1000W into 8-ohm speakers 89.4V 11.2A CURRENT ACROSS SPEAKERS BASED ON IMPEDANCE signal type .1W into 8-ohm speakers voltage current .894V .112A 1W into 8-ohm speakers 2.83V .354A 10W into 8-ohm speakers 8.94V 1.12A 100W into 8-ohm speakers 28.3V 3.54A 1000W into 8-ohm speakers 89.4V 11.2A 1000W into 4-ohm speakers 63.2V 15.8A 1000W into 2-ohm speakers 44.7V 22.4A 1000W into 1-ohm speakers 31.6V 31.6A LINE LEVEL AUDIO Typical professional equipment uses level +4dBu (unloaded), which is 1.23V The German studio standard is +6dBu, which is 1.55V, but that does not mean all professional equipment provides such a high level Typical home/hifi equipment uses -10dBV, which is 0.316V For calculation of this type, see see http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Rechner-db-volt.htm The currents are very small because in audio equipment, for minimum distortions and best frequency response, you use low output impedance of sender and high input impedance of receiver. SPEAKER PHASING AND WIRING FOR PROPER PHASING: WRONG PHASING PROPER PHASING SERIES IN PHASE SERIES POINTED IN PROPER PHASING PARALLEL IN PHASE PARALLEL POINTED IN AMPLIFIER CLIPPING/DISTORTION: GAIN OF 3 NO CLIP GAIN OF 4 CLIPPING