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Psychoanalytic Approach ICSP254 Theories of Personality Agenda Psychoanalytic NeoFreudian Object Relations Individual Trait Social Humanistic Biological The Psychoanalytic Theory • If anyone mentions the word Psychoanalytic, you think Sigmund Freud • Freud started his work in the 19th Century • Freud’s ideas and approach to psychotherapy remain relevant until today • All personality theories thereafter were build upon or try to disprove Freud’s theories ICSP254 Theories of Personality Freud’s Theories on Personality 3 1 Psychosexual Stages Instincts 2 4 Id-EgoSuperego Defense Mechanisms 1. Instincts What does instinct means? ICSP254 Theories of Personality 1. Instincts What does instinct means? • A natural inheritable tendency of an organism to make a complex and specific response to environment without involving reason • Behavior that is mediated by reactions below conscious level Examples • Fight or Flight instinct • Tiger possess a natural hunting instinct • She seemed to know by instinct that something was wrong ICSP254 Theories of Personality Instincts In Freud’s Definition • Innate, goal-directed sequences of behavior that are more complex than simple reflexes that are impervious to influence of learning and experience • Mental representations of internal stimuli, such as hunger, that drive a person to take certain action Examples • When your body knows it needs energy to live, it signals your stomach to growl, and then you go and find something to eat Can you resist your instinct? ICSP254 Theories of Personality 2 Types of Instinct Eros Thanatos • Life Instincts, Sexual Instincts • Survival, pleasure, reproduction • Thirst, hunger, pain avoidance • Behavior: love, cooperation, sex • Libido drive toward pleasure • Death Instincts, Aggressive drive • “The goal of all life is death” (Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920) • Unconscious desire to die • Self-destructive behaviors, aggression ICSP254 Theories of Personality How does instincts shape personality? • Death drive turn outward A person who’s a bully, is aggressive, likes to ridicule and make people feel so small • Death drive turn inward Someone who constantly do things that hurt themselves (like using drugs, missing work) ICSP254 Theories of Personality Freud’s Theories on Personality 3 1 Psychosexual Stages Instincts 2 4 Id-EgoSuperego Defense Mechanisms 2. Id-Ego-Superego The “Id” • “Id” think “it” • Basic life instincts that is directly related to satisfaction of bodily needs • Pleasure principle - seek pleasure, maximize pleasure, avoid pain • Immediate gratification vs. delay gratification • Selfish, primitive, amoral, insistent, rash • Primary process – childlike thinking by which id attempts to satisfy instinctual drive ICSP254 Theories of Personality The “Ego” • Rational, controlling the basic instincts (id) • Delay gratification – Ego does not deny id satisfaction. Rather, it tries to postpone, delay, or redirect in consideration of reality (rationally) • Reality principle – provide appropriate constraints on expression of id drive, socially acceptable way of doing • Secondary process – childlike thinking by which id attempts to satisfy instinctual drive ICSP254 Theories of Personality The “Superego” • Moral aspect of personality • Conscience – tell you right/wrong, feel guilty if doing something morally questionable, feel relief after telling truth • Moral principle – using moral compass to censor behavior: what’s right and wrong, follow the law, follow what parents taught • Learned and deeply embedded ICSP254 Theories of Personality Let’s Sum Up Id Ego Superego Instant Gratification Delayed Gratification Deny Gratification Pleasure Principle Reality Principle Moral Principle Primary Process Secondary Process Conscience ICSP254 Theories of Personality Id-Ego-Superego on Personality • Inherent conflict between id and superego • Goal of Therapy • Strengthen the superego • Make the unconscious (id) conscious ICSP254 Theories of Personality Freud’s Theories on Personality 3 1 Psychosexual Stages Instincts 2 4 Id-EgoSuperego Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development • Freud sensed strong sexual conflicts in the infant and young child, conflicts that seemed to revolve around specific regions of the body • To Freud, the oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages through which all children pass. • In these stages, gratification of the id instincts depends on the stimulation of corresponding areas of the body: Erogenous Zone • Fixation: A condition in which a portion of libido remains invested in one of the psychosexual stages because of excessive frustration or gratification. Psychosexual Stages Age Stage 0-2 Oral Oral = mouth, interactions occur through mouth Oral pleasure such as sucking, infant sucking mother’s breast Id drive is dominant, think baby behaviors How does the mother respond when the baby cry? Primary conflict: dependency vs. insecurity issues with dependency or aggression (argumentative, hostility) Oral fixation – Excessive concerns with oral activities such as problems with drinking, smoking, nail biting ICSP254 Theories of Personality Psychosexual Stages Age Stage 1-3 Anal Toilet training, Learn to manage polarity of relaxation and rigidity Delay gratification of impulses to get anal pleasure Primary conflict: control Anal retentive – overly strong need to control urges and maintain control, compulsively neat, stingy, hoarding Anal expulsive – unable to maintain control over instinctual urges, messy, disorganized, hostile-sadistic ICSP254 Theories of Personality Psychosexual Stages Age Stage 3-6 Phallic Preoccupation with genital, sexual impulses, masturbations Oedipus/Electra Complex – sexual impulses toward opposite-sex parent and aggressive impulse toward samesex parent Castration anxiety – afraid of retaliation by other parent if act on those sexual impulses This is the age where superego develops, to deal with these sexual impulses Social relationship and attitude toward opposite sex Narcissism ICSP254 Theories of Personality Psychosexual Stages Age Stage 3-6 Phallic (continue) Male phallic personality – assert masculinity through behaviors such as repeated sexual conquests Female phallic personality – exaggerate femininity and use charms to conquer men Homosexuality resulting from conflict at this stage 6-12 Latency Latent = exist but does not manifest, hidden Libidinal energy channeled into normal childhood activities ICSP254 Theories of Personality Psychosexual Stages Age Stage 12+ Genital Sexual energy focused on members of opposite sex Proper socialization and sexual energy ICSP254 Theories of Personality Freud’s Theories on Personality 3 1 Psychosexual Stages Instincts 2 4 Id-EgoSuperego Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms • Unconscious psychological mechanism that reduce anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli • Brought into play by the unconscious mind • Purpose is to manipulate, deny, or distort reality in order to defend against feeling anxiety or unacceptable impulses and to protect one’s ego ICSP254 Theories of Personality Defense Mechanisms • Repression – push it out of the conscious mind • Denial – denying existence of the traumatic event • Reaction formation – expression that is opposite from what one truly is • Projection – attributing disturbing impulse to someone else • Regression – retreat to earlier developmental stage (e.g. childish) ICSP254 Theories of Personality Defense Mechanisms • Displacement – shifting id impulse to a substitute object that is available • Rationalization – reinterpreting behavior to make it more acceptable • Sublimation – diverting id impulse into socially acceptable behaviors ICSP254 Theories of Personality Development of Personality • All of us are driven by the same id impulses, but we have different strengths of each component. • A person’s unique character type develops in childhood largely from parent–child interactions. • The child tries to maximize pleasure by satisfying the id demands, while parents, as representatives of society, try to impose the demands of reality and morality. • The adult personality was firmly shaped and crystallized by the 5th year of life. Questions about Human Nature Past Present • Past or Present? Past • Free Will or Determinism? Free Will Determinism Determined by our childhood experience • Nature or Nurture? Nature Nurture Your personality determined by childhood experience Questions about Human Nature Uniqueness Universality • Unique or Universal? Unique experiences • Equilibrium or Growth? Equilibrium Growth Maintain equilibrium once set • Optimism or Pessimism? Optimism Pessimism Pretty pessimistic view of human nature