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Role of Alternative Interventional Procedures When Endoand Epicardial Catheter Ablation Attempts for Ventricular Arrhythmias Fail by Saurabh Kumar, Chirag R. Barbhaiya, Piotr Sobieszczyk, Andrew C. Eisenhauer, Gregory S. Couper, Koichi Nagashima, Saagar Mahida, Samuel H. Baldinger, EueKeun Choi, Laurence M. Epstein, Bruce A. Koplan, Roy M. John, Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson, and Usha B. Tedrow Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol Volume 8(3):606-615 June 16, 2015 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reasons for failure of previous catheter ablation attempts, site of origin of ventricular arrhythmias, and alternative interventional approaches used. *One patient in this group had 1 previous attempt at epicardial mapping, after which adhesions developed and repeat epicardial access could not be obtained. †Epicardial fat prohibiting ablation in right ventricular (RV) free wall in 2 patients and inferior left ventricular (LV) in 1 patient. Saurabh Kumar et al. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:606-615 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Coronary targets for Transcoronary ethanol ablation. Saurabh Kumar et al. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:606-615 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. A, Acute outcomes, (B) complications/30-day mortality, and (C) arrhythmia burden/antiarrhythmic drug use pre (leftward bars) vs post procedure (rightward bars). Saurabh Kumar et al. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:606-615 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical cryoablation targets. *One patient had 3 sites targeted in the same procedureinferobasal free wall right ventricle (RV), septal right ventricle right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), inferobasal septal left ventricle (LV). Saurabh Kumar et al. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:606-615 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Proposed stepwise strategy of alternative interventional approaches percutaneous endo/epicardial catheter ablation fail to treat ventricular arrhythmias. Saurabh Kumar et al. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:606-615 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.