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Skin Flashcards
1.
Name the four organs of the INTEGUMENT
SYSTEM
2. What is the largest organ of THE INTEGUMENT
SYSTEM?
2.
What are the five Functions of the Integument
System?
3.
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
4.
What layer of the skin provides strength to the skin?
5.
What layer of the skin provides protection to the
skin?
Which layer of the skin has no vascularization?
How does the epidermis get its nutrients?
What layer of the skin are nails made in?
How many layers does the epidermis have and what
are they?
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
What is the deepest layer?
What is the most superficial layer?
What layer is only present in thick skin?
13.
What are the four cell types found in the STRATUM
BASALE?
14.
What protein provides waterproofing and strength to
the skin?
15.
16.
What pigment is produced in this layer?
What layer has cells attached to each other by
desmosomes?
Organs
a. Skin
b. Hair
c. Nails
d. Glands
SKIN is the largest organ of the integument system.
Also the largest organ in the body!
Functions
a. Protection
 Abrasion
 Infections
 UV light
 Dehydration
b. Thermal regulation (maintaining proper body temp)
 Insulation = adipose layer
 Cooling = sweat glands
c. Sensory reception (touch, temp, pain, etc)
d. Vitamin D production (discussed in physiology)
e. Communication (Smile, frown, etc are forms of
communication)
a. EPIDERMIS
b. DERMIS
c. HYPODERMIS
Epidermis
Epidermis
Epidermis
It absorbs nutrients from the tissues deep to it
epidermis
All epidermis has four layers (thick skin has a fifth
layer):
 Stratum basale (deepest layer of epidermis)
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
 Stratum corneum (most superficial layer of
epidermis)
1. Main cell type is KERATINOCYTES
Keratin is a protein, provides waterproofing and
strength to skin However, keratinocytes do not start
producing keratin until they get closer to the surface.
2. MELANOCYTES produce MELANIN (dark
brown pigment)
3. MACROPHAGES (ingest and destroy cells)
4. MERKEL CELLS are nerve fibers (sensory
receptors) for light touch
Stratum spinosum
Skin Flashcards
17.
In what layer of the epidermis do cells stop dividing?
What layer of epidermis provides strength to the
epidermis?
19. What are Langerhans’ cells and where are they?
Stratum spinosum
18.
Stratum spinosum
20.
21.
22.
Where do Langerhans cells arise from?
In what layer of the epidermis do cells start to die?
Why do most cells in the epidermis die?
23.
The main difference between thick skin and thin skin
relates to the thickness of this layer.
How long does it take for a cell to migrate from the
stratum basale to the stratum cornuem?
How long do the dead cells remain in the stratum
corneum layer before they are shed?
This layer of the epidermis is only on the palms and
soles and it is directly under the stratum corneum
Which layer has cells that provide protection from uv
radiation?
What two areas separate from each other in a blister?
White blood cells (immune function) in the stratum
spinosum of the epidermis
Red bone marrow, along with other white blood cells
Startum granulosum
Lack of nutrients because they are now too far from
nutrient source in connective tissue
Stratum corneum
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
About 15-30 days
About 2 weeks
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Lucidum
29.
30.
31.
The stratum basale tears away from the basement
membrane
Blister smaller than 5 mm
Blister larger than 5 mm
Stem cells persist in both the epidermis and dermis
35.
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (most common, least
deadly; symptoms are easily seen shiny nodules on the
nose)
2) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
3) MELANOMA (least common, most deadly)
Major risk factor is UV light
What is a vesicle?
What is a bulla?
Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious
damage?
32. What are the 3 major types of Skin Cancer?
33. Which is most common, least common?
34. Which is the most deadly, least deadly?
36.
37.
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45.
46.
What is the major risk factor for skin cancer?
Which type of cancer is most easily cured and almost
never metastasizes?
Which skin cancer is the most likely to metastasize?
What is the medical term for a mole?
What is the medical term for a freckle or any other
pigmented area that is flat and does not stick upwards
from the skin?
What is the medical term for scratch marks?
What is the medical term for dry skin?
What is the medical term for inflamed skin?
What is Eczema?
What causes it?
What is the most frequently occurring form of
eczema?
Name three things that might trigger Atopic
dermatitis?
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA usually doesn’t
metastasize
MELANOMA usually metastasizes
Nevus (plural = nevi)
Macula
Excoriations
Xerosis
Dermatitis
• Itchy red skin that comes and goes.
• Caused by an autoimmune reaction.
• The most frequently occurring form of eczema
is atopic dermatitis.
•
Triggered by allergens like soaps, cosmetics,
clothing, detergents, jewelry, or sweat.
•
Can be triggered by changes in weather or stress.
Skin Flashcards
47.
Touching poison ivy causes what type of skin
condition?
48. What is the name for severe dandruff?
49. What causes it?
50.
51.
What is Psoriasis caused by?
What are the symptoms of psoriasis?
52.
53.
What skeletal condition is psoriasis associated with?
What are the two layers of the dermis?
54.
What specific layer is responsible for fingerprints,
and what layer of the skin is it in?
What is the strongest layer of the epidermis?
What is the strongest layer of the dermis?
What is the strongest layer of the skin?
What layer of the SKIN is responsible for stretch
marks?
Where are all the glands of the body located?
What layer of the skin is the area that a transdermal
patch must reach?
What layer of the skin generates the pink color seem
in Caucasian people?
Doctors make incisions on the body based on the
lines of cleavage of the skin. This is based on the
structure of which layer of the skin?
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
55.
56.
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68.
69.
Contact dermatitis
•
•
Seborrheic dermatitis
Caused by an allergy to the fungus that we all
have around our hair roots.
An autoimmune disease of the skin
silvery flakes on the elbows, knees, and scalp which are
NOT itchy
Arthritis and a pencil-in-cup appearance on x-ray
1. PAPILLARY LAYER (Papillary = “Pimple” Has
bumps). This is the more superficial layer.
2. RETICULAR LAYER is the deeper layer
The PAPILLARY LAYER is in the DERMIS and is the
actual layer responsible for the fingerprints.
Stratum spinosum
Reticular layer
Epidermis
Dermis
The DERMIS
The DERMIS
The DERMIS
The DERMIS
nerve fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis for
vibration and pressure
What are Meissner's Corpuscles?
nerve fibers in the papillary layer of the dermis for light
touch
What are stretch marks and what causes them?
 Caused by Sudden weight gain (often seen in
pregnancy)
 During expansion of skin, collagen fibers in the
DERMIS separate = stretch marks.
What is the hypodermis?
Layer in the skin that consists of fibrous tissue, blood
vessels and nerves; sits on top of the muscles
What are functions of the HYPODERMIS?
1) Stores fat
2) Cushions
3) Insulation of heat from blood vessels in this layer.
4) Stabilizes the position of the skin in relation to
underlying tissues
What cosmetic surgical procedure is performed in the Liposuction is performed in the hypodermis.
hypodermis?
What type of tissue is cellulite?
There is no such thing as cellulite. Therefore, it is not a
type of adipose or connective tissue, and it does not
exist as a particular region of the skin.
Skin Flashcards
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
What are the three types of burns?
Which is the most serious?
Which is a sunburn?
Which is a blister?
Which needs a skin graft?
75.
What are 2 reasons why deep burns are so
dangerous?
76. What are DECUBITUS ULCERS
77.
What pigment produces brown coloration to the
skin?
78. What pigment accumulates more in Asian skin
types?
79. Why do black-skinned people have lighter palms and
soles?
80.
What causes the pink color of skin in Caucasians?
81.
82.
83.
What things determine skin color?
What is the medical term for a bruise?
What is Cyanosis?
84.
What 4 things cause cyanosis?
85.
How do wrinkles form?
86.
87.
a.
What is BOTOX?
Why do people use it?
Why do people need repeat injections?
88.
What is one example of how a COLLAGEN
INJECTION is used for cosmetic reasons?
89.
Into what layer of the skin is ink injected for
TATTOOS?
Three types:
 FIRST DEGREE: Minor burn to the epidermis;
sunburn
 SECOND DEGREE: Dermis separates from
epidermis; blister
 THIRD DEGREE: Hypodermis is burned. (most
severe type of burn; needs a skin graft)
1)Infection
2) Dehydration: nothing to keep fluid in body.
DECUBITUS ULCERS
Epidermis is destroyed, underlying tissue is
exposed.
MELANIN: (dark brown pigment). More melanin,
darker the skin.
CAROTENE: (a yellowish/orange pigment).
Accumulates more in Asian skin types.
In black-skinned people, the thick stratum lucidum
layer of the palms and soles blocks the appearance of
the melanin pigment in the deeper layers
HEMOGLOBIN in red blood cells is a red pigment.
Since the DERMIS is the skin layer that contains the
blood vessels, that is the layer that causes the pink skin
color of Caucasians.
Melanin, carotene, skin thickness, and hemoglobin.
CONTUSION: “Bruise”
CYANOSIS: Bluish color to skin.
Caused by superficial blood vessel constriction in the
dermis or lack of blood flow to skin
Occurs for several reasons, including:
1) Cold
2) Not enough oxygen in body to go around. The
oxygen is conserved for the vital organs, so oxygen to
skin and nails is shut down.
3) Certain medicines
4) Certain chemicals may cause cyanosis.
Over time, collagen fibers align themselves more and
more as they are always being pulled in the same
direction: smile, frown.
Skin begins to sag because body makes less elastin.
This is a deadly poison (botulism) which paralyses the
muscles, making them sag.
Without muscle tension, wrinkles relax.
In 3 months, new muscle cells are made, so wrinkles
come back, and need new injection.
Collagen is injected into wrinkles to make them flatten
out. The effect can last a couple of years. Collagen can
also be injected into the lips to make them appear fuller,
but in this area, it degrades faster, so new injections are
needed more often.
Pigment is injected into the dermis.
Skin Flashcards
90.
91.
What vitamin is produced by the skin?
What is the function of Arrector Pilli?
94.
Vitamin D is produced by the skin (dermis)
They are tiny muscles that make the hair stick up when
you are cold, as in “goosebumps”.
The dermal papillae are what are destroyed by
electrolysis, so hair won’t grow back.
 Hair is just dead skin cells.
the hair matrix
92.
93.
What are destroyed by electrolysis?
What is hair made of?
96.
97.
98.
99.
variations in hair growth rate and duration of the hair
growth cycle
SEBACEOUS (oil) and ECCRINE (sweat) GLANDS
Produce sebum (oil that coats the hair and epidermis)
Eccrine and apocrine glands
Eccrine
What part of the hair follicle is the site of hair growth
and the location of the melanocytes that determine hair
color?
95. What causes differences in uncut hair length?
What glands that are found all over the body?
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
What glands secrete sweat?
Which of the above glands secretes most of the
sweat, and is found all over the body?
100. Which of the above glands only secretes sweat in the
public and axillary regions?
101. How do pimples begin?
102. What is the black part of a blackhead caused by?
103. What causes boils?
104. How do boils differ from pimples?
105. What layer of skin gives rise to the NAILS?
106. What are nails made of?
107. What is the proximal nail fold called?
108. What is the white half-moon visible under the
proximal part of a fingernail?
109. What 4 classifications of SKIN GLANDS are there?
Which ones produce sweat?
110. Where are Apocrine Glands found?
111. What special protein do they secrete?
112. What are Mammary Glands?
a.
What do they secrete?
Apocrine
Pimples begin when oil gland ducts (sebaceous glands)
become blocked by viscous (thick) sebum.
The black part of a blackhead is oxidized sebum
Boils are caused by bacteria that enter a gland and
invade into the hypodermis.
Boils involve the hypodermis and are larger than
pimples
The EPIDERMIS gives rise to the nails.
Nails are made of keratin (not calcium or collagen)
Eponychium
lunula



SEBACEOUS (oil)
ECCRINE (MEROCRINE) GLANDS (sweat)
APOCRINE GLANDS (sweat land that produces a
secretion to coat pubic and axillary hairs, and also
produce pheromones)
o MAMMARY GLANDS (special type of
apocrine gland, but produces milk)
 CERUMINUS GLANDS (wax)
APOCRINE GLANDS are only in the axilla and pubic
region, where they produce a secretion to coat the hairs.
The hairs function as a wick to draw the secretions to
the surface.
 These glands also produce a type of protein called a
hormone known as PHEROMONES.
 Modified apocrine glands are also found in breast
milk ducts.
Modified apocrine glands.
They secrete milk.
Skin Flashcards
113. What do Ceruminus Glands secrete, and where are
they found?
114. What are Exocrine Glands?
115. What are Endocrine Glands?
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
What do Plasma Cells secrete?
What do Goblet Cells secrete?
Are they unicellular or multicellular?
What is Leukemia?
What is Lymphoma?
What is Carcinoma?
122. What is Melanoma?
123. What is Sarcoma?
124. What are 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER
CELLS?
125. What are MALIGNANT tumors?
126. What does METASTASIZE means?
127. What is a carcinogen? What are some examples?
128. What is a mutagen?
129. What Diagnostic Procedure test for cervical cancer?
130. Which one tests for breast cancer?
a.
Which one tests for colon cancer?
131. What is the epidermis primarily composed of?
Only found in the ear, and they produce wax.
Exocrine glands secrete substances into the cell itself, or
onto the epidermis by way of a DUCT.
Endocrine glands do not have ducts. They secrete
hormones directly into the blood.
A type of blood cell that secretes antibodies.
 Goblet cells secrete mucus.
 They are unicellular
A cancer in blood-forming cells.
A tumor developing in lymphatic tissues.
A tumor developing in any part of the epithelium.
A tumor developing in the pigment-forming cells
(melanocytes) of the skin.
A tumor developing in muscles and connective tissues.
1. LACK DIFFERENTIATION-Normal cells have
specialized functions, but cancer cells do not
differentiate and do not contribute to the function of the
body.
2. ABNORMAL NUCLEI-They have large or multiple
nuclei with mutated chromosomes.
 3. FORM MALIGNANT TUMORS-Cancer cells
grow and divide rapidly until they accumulate and
form a lump of cancer cells called a tumor. A
BENIGN tumor is an accumulation of noncancerous cells because they stay in their own
capsule (encapsulated) and do not invade. If a
tumor is benign, it is not cancer.
MALIGNANT tumors are cancerous cells that
metastasize
Metastasize means to spread and invade
 CARCINOGEN is an environmental agent that
contributes to cancer. Not everyone exposed to it
for a long time will get cancer. Examples of a
carcinogen: sun radiation, tobacco, toxic
chemicals, and viruses.
 MUTAGEN - an agent that always increases
chances of DNA change or mutation if you are
exposed to too long. Examples are x-rays and
nuclear radiation.
 PAP SMEARS detect cervical cancers.
MAMMOGRAMS are diagnostic procedures to
detect breast cancer.
 COLONOSCOPY is a diagnostic procedure to
detect colon cancer. A scope is inserted into the
rectum so the doctor can look for polyps.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Skin Flashcards
132. What is the process where cells in the stratum
corneum lose their nucleus and fuse to squamous
sheets, which eventually shed from the surface?
133. What happens when skin is rubbed and cell division
is stimulated?
Desquamation
134. What are the ABCD’s of determining if a mole might
be cancerous?
A is for Asymmetry, where one side of the mole looks
different than the other side.
B is for Border, where the border is jagged or irregular
instead of smooth and regular.
C is for Color, where the mole contains more than one
color.
D is for Diameter. A mole that's smaller than the eraser
on the end of a pencil (6mm) generally is not a cause
for concern. However, a larger mole is not necessarily a
dangerous one- no rmal moles often grow to be larger
than 6mm.
With lubricant creams daily and steroid creams during
outbreaks
Cradle Cap
Psoriasis.
135. How can atopic dermatitis be treated?
136. In children, Seborrheic dermatitis is also known as?
137. What disorder causes flaking of skin, especially
knees, elbows, and scalp. There are treatments such as
shampoo with coal tar or steroids, but no cure.
138. What disorder destroys melanocytes, especially in
areas of friction? Also causes depigmentation.
139. Surgeons make incisions on the body based on the
lines of cleavage of the skin formed by what layer of
skin?
140. Leather is made of this layer of skin
141. What happens when you get cut?
142. Thick, red, sometimes painful scars. More often in
African American, Native American, and Asian
races. Treated with cortisone shots.
143. This is scar tissue in the deeper layers of the body,
such as right outside of the intestines, outside of the
ovaries, etc. Some people form adhesions
spontaneously from the organs rubbing against each
other. If the adhesions cause symptoms, they might
need a surgery to clean them away.
144. What is an enlargement of the lining of blood
vessels, and is treated with lasers?
145. Why does chemotherapy cause hair loss?
146. Describe electrolysis as a hair removal treatment.
147. A rare autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte
development, causing a congenital white patch of
You get calluses.
Vitiligo.
the dermis
Dermis
- macrophages eat foreign bodes and dead cells
- bleed, then clot
- fibroblasts lay down collagen
Keloid Scars
Adhesion tissue
Hemangioma.
Because the drugs target any cell that is rapidly
dividing. Hair roots are an example of something that
would divide rapidly.
It involves sticking a find wire into the follicle and
administering and electrical current to kill the hair
papillae.
Piebaldism
Skin Flashcards
hair.
148. How do nails grow?
149. What are some functions of pheromones?
150. How can one prevent cancer?
151. What foods can contribute to cancer?
152. What foods can prevent cancer?
153. How does radiation work as cancer treatment?
154. Describe Bone Marrow Transplants.
155. This form of cancer treatment takes blood cells from
a patient and fuses the blood with an antibody that is
specifically designed to seek out and destroy the
cancer cell.
156. This new research is attempting to find a gene that
will shrink tumors.
157. This involves natural healing therapies such as
biofeedback, acupuncture, and exotic foods.
At the nail matrix, there is a rapid division of
keratocytes, and as they die, the skin moves up and
creates the nail.
Pheromones function to regulate menstrual cycles of
females. If you put multiple females in a room for
months, their menstrual cycles will start to occur
simultaneously. Pheromones also act as a way to
sexually attract others.
By changing their behaviors, such as not smoking,
sunbathing, drinking, or getting too many x-rays.
Fats, salt, smoked-cured meats, pork, and pickled foods.
Fiber, green leafy veggies, and fruits.
Radiation is likely to kill cells that are in the process of
dividing. Since cancer cells divide rapidly, they are
killed. However, other fast dividing cells are affected
as well, such as stomach lining, and hair follicles.
It involves a voluntary donor, who contributes a small
piece of bone form the crest of his or her hip. This bone
marrow will contain healthy new blood cells that can
repopulate the depleted bone marrow of the sick
person. They are injected through the patient’s vein.
Immunotherapy.
Gene therapy.
Complementary therapies.