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Organic Molecules
AP Biology Chapter 4
Organic Chemistry
Study of Carbon Compounds
 Organic molecules are those that
have carbon.
 Valence electrons?
 4 covalent bonds
 Why not Si?
Figure 4.3 Valences for the major elements of organic molecules
Carbon
 Will readily bond with itself (C) with – or =
bonds (single, double or even triple)
 Also bonds with H – O = N, P, & S
 Forms long chains or backbones of
organic molecules
 Carbon will always have four lines
connecting to other atoms.
Hydrocarbons
 Hydrocarbons are carbon compounds
with carbo n and
hydrogen
 Methane
 Ethane
 Video clip…
Variations in Hydrocarbons
Isomers
 Isomers are molecules with identical
molecular formulas but different structural
formulas
 Different types of Isomers exist:
 Structural
 Geometric
 Enantiomers
 Video clip…
Identify the type of isomer for
each pair.
Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers
Figure 4.6ax Structural isomers
Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male
(testosterone) sex hormones
Figure 4.8x1 Estrone and testosterone
Figure 4.8x3 Male and female peacocks
Figure 4.8x4 Male and female sage grouse
Functional Groups
 Many organic molecules share
similar properties because they
have similar clusters of atoms:
functional groups.
 Functional groups are added to a
hydrocarbon chain
 Functional groups give the
molecule a particular property,
such as acidity or polarity.
 The seven functional groups that are most
important in the chemistry of life:







Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds p64-65
Functional Groups
1. Hydroxyl (-OH)



Alcohols
End in –ol (methanol)
Found in sugars
2. Carbonyl Group (C=O)



Double bond between C and O
Aldehyde (at end of structure)
Ketone (in center of structure)
Functional groups (con’t)
3. Carboxyl Group ( -COOH)




Double bonded (H-O – C = O
Carboxylic acids
Found in sugars, fats and amino acids
Source of H+ ions
4. Amino Group (-NH2)



Amines
Amino acids -- add a carboxyl group
Basic unit of all proteins
Functional Groups (con’t)
5. Sulfhydryl Group ( -SH)
 Found in some proteins (amino acid –monomer)
 Thiols
6. Phosphate Groups ( -PO4)
 Found in ATP
 Helps in transfer of chemical energy within a cell
 Found in structure of another famous molecule - ?
7. Methyl Group (-CH3)




Hydrophobic
Insoluble in water
Non- polar
Found in long chains of Lipids
Functional Groups:
F-Group
Class Name
Examples
Characteristics
Hydroxyl
Alcohols
Ethanol, glycerol,
sugars
Polar
Hydrophilic
Carboxyl
Carboxylic acids
Acetic Acid
Amino Acid
Fatty acids, Sugars
Polar
Hydrophilic
Weak acid
Amino
Amines
Amino Acids
Proteins
Polar
Hydrophilic
Weak base
Phosphate
Organic
phosphates
DNA, ATP,
Phospholipids
Polar
Hydrophilic
Carbonyl
Ketones
Acetone
Sugars
Polar
Hydrophilic
Carbonyl
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Sugars
Polar
Hydrophilic
Fatty acids
Oils, Waxes
Non-Polar
Hydrophobic
Methyl
Figure 4. UN04
ATP --- Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Adenosine
Connecting to Biochemistry
 In living systems, large organic
molecules, called macromolecules, may
consist of hundreds or thousands of
atoms.
 Most macromolecules are polymers,
molecules that consist of a single unit
(monomer) repeated many times.
Figure 4.0 Protein
Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats
Modeling Biological
Molecules
 Use your book, and worksheet to build a
3-D model of the molecules listed
 Build the molecules in the order noted**
 Draw the molecule in your notebook
 Get a stamp for a correct model 
 Be mindful of the “functional group” in
each molecule
 Answer the “Formulating
Generalizations” Questions in notebook