Download Chapter 4 Review Sheet

Chapter 4 Review Sheet
AP Biology
USE THIS SHEET AFTER YOU HAVE STUDIED AS A METHOD OF EVALUATING WHAT YOU
STILL NEED TO WORK ON…OR DO WHAT YOU ARE LIKELY TO DO, WHICH IS WHATEVER
YOU WANT. SERIOUSLY, STUDY FIRST AND THEN FLY THROUGH MOST OF THESE.
CHAPTER 4
0.5. Make sure you can do number conversions / scientific notation
1. Explain on the molecular level what happens to a crystal composed of glucose when
you throw it in water (don’t just say that it dissolves).
2. Compare and contrast organic compounds and hydrocarbons. Why are all
hydrocarbons organic, but not all organic molecules are hydrocarbons?
3. Be able to identify/circle the carbon skeleton of a hydrocarbon.
4. Compare and contrast structural, geometric and enantiomeric isomers. Be able to draw
examples of each.
5. Explain how you can determine by looking at a molecule if it will have an
enantiomeric isomer in terms of an asymmetric carbon.
5.5 Describe the requirements for a carbon to be considered asymmetric
6. We said the all amino acids are “L” and all sugar are “D”. What does this refer to? Be
able to identify the difference.
7. What is meant by “cis” and “trans” in terms of geometric isomers? Draw a pair of cistrans (geometric) isomers using a double bond as well as a ring. Why is the double bond /
ring necessary? What property makes it necessary?
8. Be able to convert a skeletal formula into the corresponding structural formula.
9. Be able to draw a small molecules like methane, ethane, propane, ammonia etc…
three-dimensionally using the wedge-and-dash projection learned in class. THERE IS A
REVIEW SHEET ONLINE UNDER THE NOTES TAB!!
10. Compare tetrahedral to planar molecular shapes and draw examples of each. Be able
to explain why each forms. Carbon with four attachments would form what shape?
Carbon with three attachments? Two attachments?
11. Describe the formation of early Earth in terms of the Great Bombardment,
atmosphere formation, ocean formation, etc…
12. How are elements larger than lithium formed? Where did the carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc, molybdenum, etc… that make up you come from since
universe began with just hydrogen, helium and perhaps some lithium?
12.5 Describe a leading hypothesis concerning the formation of the moon. Why should
complex life like us be so thankful for such a large moon?
13. Describe the Miller-Urey experiment and explain the results/conclusions.
13.5. Explain how the lifestyle (niche) of organisms on early Earth is similar to humans
consuming fossil fuels today. How did early life get around this problem? How will we?
14. Define teratogen and give an example. Discuss what we learned from the thalidomide
blunder.
15. Know the functional group table in the textbook. Be able to draw the functional
groups.
16. Identify the functional groups in the molecule below (there are three):
17. I will ask you a question similar to: draw an organic molecule that contains a
sulfhydryl group and is an acid. You will need to be able to label all charges, loan pairs,
etc…
18. Compare and contrast aldehydes to ketones. Why are these NOT considered
functional groups, but rather a type of compound? What is the functional group found in
each of these? Which class of macromolecule contains both types of compounds?
19. Which types of compounds usually end in –ol? What functional group is involved?
20. Describe in detail why carboxylic acids are considered acids (You will need to
discuss electronegativity differences between atoms). What class of macromolecules
contain this functional group?
21. Compare and contrast the carbonyl to the carboxyl group. Which two functional
groups add to be a carboxyl? Reminder: if the group is a carboxyl, it is not also a
carbonyl and a hydroxyl (You cannot circle the C=O in question 6 and say it’s a
carbonyl. Why?)
21.5 Which functional groups act as acids? Which will act as a base?
21.75 Describe the importance of the sulfhydryl group in proteins. Reminder: cysteine
and cystine.
22. Compare hydrophobic to hydrophilic. What makes something hydrophobic or
hydrophilic? Describe how this works on the MOLECULAR LEVEL. Don’t just say
nonpolar or polar… Speak in terms of electronegativity and the electromagnetic force.
2. Know the various types of isomers and how to draw them.
3. Be able to draw molecules in 3D and describe their shape - THERE IS A REVIEW
SHEET ONLINE UNDER THE NOTES TAB!!
4. Where did all the elements on the periodic table come from if the Universe started with
99% hydrogen and only a bit of helium and lithium?
5. Know the functional group table in the textbook along with the sulfhydrl and
phosphate in terms of how to draw them, their properties, etc... Be able to draw a
molecule with the functional groups like was asked of you on Exam 3.
6. Explain glucose energy
7. Explain how and why wood/glucose/candles/etc… burn and why in order for
these things to burn, molecular oxygen needs to be present. Why does this process
generate so much heat and light. Why does water and carbon dioxide not burn? Your
explanations need to be specific on the molecular level.
8. Might want to make sure you know the first twenty elements in terms of atomic
number.
9. Make sure you look at the previous exam 