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Essentials of
Sociology:
A Down-to-Earth
Approach, 11e
James M. Henslin
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth
Approach, 11e
James M. Henslin
Chapter 8
Social Class
in the United States
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
8.1 Explain the three components of social
class—property, power, and prestige;
distinguish between wealth and
income; explain how property and
income are distributed; and describe
the democratic façade, the power elite,
and status inconsistency
8.2 Contrast Marx’s and Weber’s models of
social class
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Learning Objectives Continued
8.3 Summarize the consequences of social
class for physical and mental health,
family life, education, religion, politics,
and the criminal justice system
8.4 Contrast the three types of social
mobility, and review gender issues in
research on social mobility and why
social mobility brings pain
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Learning Objectives Continued
8.5 Explain the problems in drawing the
poverty line, how poverty is related to
geography, race–ethnicity, education,
feminization, age, and the culture of
poverty; analyze why people are poor;
and discuss deferred gratification and
the Horatio Alger myth
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LO 8.1 What Is Social Class?
•
•
•
•
Property
Power
Prestige
Status Inconsistency
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LO 8.1—Property
• Distinguishing Between Wealth and
Income
• Distribution of Property
• Distribution of Income
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A mere one-half percent of
Americans owns over a
quarter of the entire nation’s
wealth. Very few minorities
are numbered among this 0.5
percent. An exception is
Oprah Winfrey, who has had
an ultra-successful career in
entertainment and investing.
Worth $2.8 billion, she is the
215th richest person in the
United States. Winfrey has
given millions of dollars to
help minority children.
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© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 8.1—Power
• The Democratic Façade
• The Power Elite
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Participants in the regatta at Genoa, Italy, are
dwarfed by Paul Allen’s yacht.
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LO 8.1—Prestige
• Occupations and Prestige
• Displaying Prestige
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LO 8.1—Status Inconsistency
• Rank Higher on Some Dimensions of
Status than Others
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How do you set yourself apart in a country so rich that of its 4.6
million people, 79,000 are millionaires? Saeed Khouri (on the
right), at an auction in Abu Dhabi, paid $14 million for the license
plate “1.” His cousin was not as fortunate. His $9 million was
enough to buy only “5.”
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LO 8.2 Sociological Models of Social
Class
• Updating Marx
• Updating Weber
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Dorice Moore, who swindled and then killed Abraham
Shakespeare, one of the lottery winners mentioned in the
text.
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With a fortune of $66 billion, Bill Gates, a cofounder of Microsoft
Corporation, is the second wealthiest person in the world. His
40,000-square-foot home (sometimes called a “technopalace”)
in Seattle, Washington, was appraised at $110 million.
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Sociologists use income, education, and occupational prestige to
measure social class. For most people, this works well, but not for
everyone, especially entertainers. To what social class do
DiCaprio, Smith, Swift, and Carey belong? Leonardo DiCaprio
makes about $37 million a year, Will Smith $30 million, Taylor
Swift $57 million, and Mariah Carey $60 million.
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LO 8.3 Consequences of Social Class
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physical Health
Mental Health
Family Life
Education
Religion
Politics
Crime and Criminal Justice
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With tough economic times, a lot of people have lost their
jobs—and their homes. If this happens, how can you survive?
Maybe a smile and a sense of humor to tap the kindness of
strangers. I took this photo outside Boston’s Fenway Park.
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On the left is one of Jennifer Lopez’s homes, this one in Miami
Beach. She also has a home in California and a $10 million
summer getaway in the Hamptons in New York. To the right is a
middle-aged couple who live in an old motor home parked in
Santa Barbara, one of the wealthiest communities in California.
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This debutante is making her formal entrance into society,
announcing her eligibility for marriage. Like you she has learned,
from her parents, peers, and education, a view of where she
belongs in life. How do you think her view is different from yours?
(This photo was taken at the annual debutante ball of the Society
of Martha Washington in Laredo, Texas.)
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LO 8.4 Social Mobility
• Three Types of Social Mobility
– Intergenerational Mobility
– Structural Mobility
– Exchange Mobility
• Women in Studies of Social Mobility
• The Pain of Social Mobility
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The term structural mobility refers to changes in society that push
large numbers of people either up or down the social class ladder.
A remarkable example was the stock market crash of 1929 when
thousands of people suddenly lost their wealth. People who once
“had it made” found themselves standing on street corners selling
apples or, as depicted here, selling their possessions at fire-sale
prices. The crash of 2008 brought similar problems to untold
numbers of people.
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The main avenue to the upward social mobility
reviewed in the text has been higher education.
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Upward social mobility, though welcome, can place people in
a world so different from their world of childhood orientation
that they become strangers to their own family.
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For Your Consideration:
In the box on upward social mobility on page 82, we
discussed how Latinos face a similar situation. Why do you
think this is? What connections do you see among upward
mobility, frustration, and racial–ethnic identity? How do you
think that the upward mobility of whites is different? Why?
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LO 8.5 Poverty
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•
•
•
Drawing the Poverty Line
Who Are the Poor?
Children of Poverty
The Dynamics of Poverty Versus the
Culture of Poverty
• Why Are People Poor?
• Deferred Gratification
• Where is Horatio Alger? The Social
Functions of a Myth
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LO 8.5—Drawing the Poverty Line
• Arbitrary Line
• Official Measure of Poverty
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High rates of rural poverty
have been a part of the
United States from its origin to
the present. This 1937 photo
shows a 32-year-old woman
who had seven children and
no food. She was part of a
huge migration of people from
the Dust Bowl of Oklahoma in
search of a new life in
California.
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LO 8.5—Who Are the Poor?
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•
•
•
•
The Geography of Poverty
Race–Ethnicity
Education
The Feminization of Poverty
Old Age
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Poverty comes in many forms. Families who go into debt to buy
possessions squeak by month after month until a crisis turns their
lives upside down. I took this photo of a family in Georgia, parked
alongside a highway selling their possessions to survive our
economic downturn.
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LO 8.5—Children of Poverty
• Children Are More Likely to be Poor than
Adults or the Elderly
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LO 8.5—The Dynamics of Poverty
Versus the Culture of Poverty
• Poverty Trigger
• Short-lived
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LO 8.5—Why Are People Poor?
• Social Structure
• Characteristics of Individuals
• Poverty Triggers
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LO 8.5—Deferred Gratification
• Behaviors of the Poor are a Result of Their
Poverty
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LO 8.5—Where Is Horatio Alger? The
Social Functions of a Myth
• Encourages People to Strive to Get Ahead
• Blames Individuals for Their Failures
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A society’s dominant ideologies
are reinforced throughout the
society, including its literature.
Horatio Alger provided
inspirational heroes for
thousands of boys. The central
theme of these many novels,
immensely popular in their
time, was rags to riches.
Through rugged determination
and self-sacrifice, a boy could
overcome seemingly
insurmountable obstacles to
reach the pinnacle of success.
(Girls did not strive for financial
success, but were dependent
on fathers and husbands.)
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