Download THE URINARY SYSTEM

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THE URINARY SYSTEM
• The human urinary system consists of two kidneys ,two ureter , urinary
bladder and urethera.
The Kidney:

The kidney is bean-shaped with a concave medial border, the hilum (where
nerves enter, blood and lymph vessels enter and exit and the ureter exits) and a
convex lateral surface.

The kidney is surrounded by a mass of collagenous capsule and a mass of
adipose tissue.

The kidney tissue surrounds a cavity, the renal pelvis. This pelvis is the
expanded upper end of the ureter.

The kidney can be divided into an outer dark cortex and an inner paler
medulla.

The functional unit of the kidney is the uriniferous tubule which consists of
the nephron and the collecting duct in which the renal tubule empties its contents.
The Nephron:
 Each kidney contains 1-4 million nephrons, the filtering units.
 Each nephron consists of:
1- A dilated portion, the renal or Malpighian corpuscle.
2- The renal tubule.

The Malpighian corpuscle consists of:
1. A capsule known as Bowman’s capsule which is lined by squamous cells.
The Bowman’s capsule surrounds a net work of capillaries known as
glomerulus.
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2. The glomerulus is formed of a network of capillaries, branching from the
afferent arteriole entering the capsule and form the efferent arteriole leaving
the capsule.
 The renal tubule consists of the following three parts respectively:
1- The proximal convoluted tubule.
2- The descending and ascending limbs of loops of Henle.
3- The distal convoluted tubule.
 The urine produced by the nephron is collected into the collecting tubule and
then conducted to the renal pelvis.
 The collecting tubule is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
cortex
Collecting
tubule from
adjacent
nephron
Thick descending limb
Loop of Henle
medulla
Thick ascending limb
Collecting duct
Thin limb
Diagrammatic illustation of
the structure of the nephron
papilla
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Note:
A-The cortex:It is the outer, dark layer with granular appearance
due to prescence of the highly vascular renal corpuscles.
- The cortex is formed of :
1- The Malpighian corpuscles.
2- The proximal convoluted tubule (simple cuboidal epithelium).
3- The distal convoluted tubule (simple cuboidal epithelium).
4- The collecting tubules (simple cuboidal epithelium).
B-In the medulla : It is the inner ,pale layer with striated appearance due
to presence of the renal tubules and surrounding vasculature .
-Simply ,the medulla is formed of :
1-
The descending (simple squamous epithelium) and ascending
( cuboidal epithelium ) loop of Henle .
2-
The terminal parts of the collecting tubules (simple
cuboidal
epithelium).
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Fibrous capsule
Malpighian corpuscle
corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted
tubule
cortex
Distal convoluted
tubule
Connective tissue
Lower part of the
descending limb of
Henle’s loop
medulla
upper part of the
descending limb of
Henle’s loop
Collecting tubules
Section of a mammalian kidney
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The cortex
The Malpighian corpuscle
(The Bowman’s capsule
surrounds the glomerulus)
The medulla
The collecting tubules
T.S of the Kidney
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T.S of the Kidney showing the
Bowman’s capsule (part of the Malpighian
Corpuscles) in the cortex
T.S of the Kidney showing the
glomerulus (part of the Malpighian
Corpuscles) in the cortex
T.S of the Kidney showing the
collecting tubules in the medulla
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Draw a labeled diagram in the space provided, notice their magnification:
T.S of the kidney. (mag. ……….X).
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1- The digestive tract which include: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, rectum and terminates at the anus.
2- The associated glands which include the salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
Stratified squamous
epithelium
4- mucosa
Blood vessel
Muscularis mucosa
3- submucosa
(circ)
(long)
Longitudinal
Muscle fibers
2- muscularis
Circular
muscle fibers
Longitudinal
Muscle fibers
1- fibrous layer
T.S of the Oesophagus of the rabbit
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Prepared by: Amaal A Alharbi
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T.S of the Oesophagus
T.S of the Oesophagus (enlargement part of the muscularis externa)
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T.S of the Oesophagus
(enlargement part of the mucosa showing the stratified squamous epithelium)
lumen
T.S of the Oesophagus
(enlargement part of the mucosa showing the stratified squamous epithelium)
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Draw a labeled diagram in the space provided, notice their magnification:
T.S of the oesophagus. (40 x).
T.S of the oesophagus. (mag. ………… x).
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Prepared by: Amaal A Alharbi
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Simple columnar epithelium
Oxyntic cells
4- mucosa
Peptic cells
Muscularis
mucosa
3- submucosa
Blood vessel
Circular muscle
fibers
2- muscularis
Longitudinal
muscle fibers
1- serosa
Simple
squamous
epithelium
T.S of the Stomach wall of the rabbit
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T.S of the Stomach
T.S of the Stomach (enlargement part of the
muscularis externa)
T.S of the Stomach (enlargement part of the
mucosa and submucosa)
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cos
a
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oxynti
c cells
peptic
cells
T.S of the Stomach
(enlargement part of the mucosa showing the gastric glands: peptic & oxyntic cells)
T.S of the Stomach
(enlargement part of the mucosa showing the simple columnar epithelium)
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Draw a labeled diagram in the space provided, notice their magnification:
T.S of the stomach. (40 x).
T.S of the stomach. (mag. ………… x).
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