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Regents Review
Density
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If substance "X" has a density of 6.0 g/cm3
and the substance is divided into 6 parts.
Now, what is the density of each new
piece of substance "X"? Circle the correct
answer.
• A) 36.0 g/cm3
• B) 1.0 g/cm3
• C) 3.0 g/cm3
• D) The density remains the same.
A substance has a density of 8.0 g/cm3.
Pressure is applied to the substance,
compressing its size. Its density
recalculated. What is the new recorded
density? Circle the correct answer
A) 1.6 g/cm3
B) B) 8.6 g/cm3
C) C) 4.0 g/cm3
D) D) The density remains the same
Oblate Spheroid
Profiles
#’s 58-61
#’s 58-61
Weather
Weather Variables
Temperature
Pressure
Humidity
Wind
Precipitation
Converting Temperature
140°F =
250 K
68°F
90°C =
-10°C =
330 K =
110°C =
-4°F =
128°F =
55°C
Review Session 2
Converting Pressure
Relative Humidity (%)
At what temperature can the air
hold the most water vapor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
20°C
10°C
5°C
0°C
Why?
Dewpoint
• The closer the dewpoint temperature gets
to the air temperature, the great the
chance of precipitation
– 100% Saturation of Water Vapor =
temperature at Dewpoint
Find the relative humidity when the dry-bulb
temperature is 14°C and the wet-bulb
temperature is 9°C.
A student used a sling psychrometer to
determine the relative humidity. The
relative humidity was 65% and the dry
bulb temperature was 10°C. What was
the wet-bulb temperature?
What is the dew-point temperature when the
dry-bulb temperature is 16°C and the wetbulb temperature is 11°C?
Cloud Formation
• Evaporation causes water (l) to turn into a gas
(g)
• Warm air rises? (Why?)
• Expands and cools
• Reaches the dew point temperature (100%
saturation)
• Condensation occurs on condensation nuclei– A
cloud is formed!
• Precipitation can occur when droplets collect
and get large enough and fall due to gravity!
Isobars = points of equal
pressure.
Closer the isobars 
stronger/faster the wind!
Winds
• Air moves from a
High Pressure to a
Low Pressure.
• As temperature
increases, pressure
decreases
P
T
Naming Winds  from
direction they originated
from!
High Pressure System
• Also known as an
ANTICYCLONE
• Bring cool and dry air
with clear skies and
stable conditions
• Happy Weather 
• Wind blows out and
clockwise!
Low Pressure System
• A.k.a: Mid-latitude
cyclone or zone of
convergence
• Associated with
changeable weather,
cloudy skies, and
precipitation.
• Produces unsettled
weather conditions.
• Low = Lousy Weather
Specific Heat
• The higher the specific
heat, the more energy
required to increase the
temperature of that
object.
• Water (in all 3 states)
takes longer to heat up
than solids.
Which would take longer to
heat up—a glacier or a
lake?
Sea Breeze
Land Breeze
Coriolis Effect
Winds curve to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere
and
to the left in Southern Hemisphere
cA
Air Masses
Temperature
Moisture
(Dry vs. Wet)
(Very cold,
Cold, Warm)
A Moving Air Mass  FRONT
• Cold Front:
Thunderstorm, heavy
precipitation, forces warm
front up, quick and brings
high pressure system
Occluded: large areas of rain and
unsettled weather.
Stationary: prolong bad weather
• Warm Front: Steady
precipitation, wispy
clouds, rises above the
cold front. Brings low
pressure system 
In the Mid-Latitudes, weather
moves from West to East
(NORTHEAST)
Climate
Latitude, Altitude, Mountain
Ranges, Large Bodies of Water,
Ocean Currents, Storm Tracks…
Temperature
Latitude and Insolation
Angle of Insolation
Latitude
Latitude
High Latitudes
Low Latitudes
Lower Temperatures
Higher Temperatures
Lower Angles of
Insolation
Higher Angles of
Insolation
Large Bodies of Water- moderate
coastal climates
Moderate climates =
Warmer Winters
Cooler Summers
Why  Specific Heat!
Mountain Ranges
Hawaiian Advertisement
“Every Hawaiian island has a leeward side and a windward side. The leeward
side faces South or West and is hot, dry, and sunny. The windward side
faces North or East and is moderate, lush, and green. There are drawbacks
and benefits to both.
Because the leeward side has less rain, it is less green. So, think beach.
The windward side is where you'll find the majority of waterfalls and lush
jungle. If your vacation is all about the beach, the lee side is for you ... and
air conditioning is a real plus.
Since the windward side receives the tradewind flow, it is cooler. If your
accommodations do not provide air conditioning, it's because it isn't needed.
The windward side offers the best of both worlds. Lovely beaches, warm
rivers and thick, lush rainforest. There's more cloud cover and occasional
rain, but the majority of the rainfall is at night.
First consider what you want to do, and then determine whether it's the
leeward or windward for you. Of course, in Hawaii, the other side of the
island is never far away.”
http://www.bestplaceshawaii.com/tips/hints/windward_leeward.html
38°C
Ground Water
Porosity
• Percentage of empty space
– Does not depend on particle size!
Permeability
• Ability to flow through
ground material,
pores must be
connected (or else
there will be pooling)
• As particle size
increases,
permeability increase.
• Cracks and holes can
increase permeability!
Capillarity
• Upward movement of
water through the
ground. Capillarity
increases with a
decrease in particle
size!
Session 3
Heat Transfer
Astronomy
Big Bang Theory
• Theory of how the universe began!
– All matter in the universe was compressed in
a small volume that exploded, causing the
universe to expand.
– Occurred 15 billion years ago!
• The universe is still expanding!
– Evidence:
• Red-Shift
• Background Radiation
• Helium Abundance
Milky Way Galaxy
• Our sun is just one
star amongst million
in the Milky Way
• Held together by
gravity
• Rotate in a spiral
• The universe has
more than a billion of
galaxies like our
galaxy
Lifecycle of a Star
Famous North Star--Polaris
Solar System
Planets
• Terrestial Planets: four planets closest to
the sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars).
They are all rocky and similar to Earth in
size, composition and density.
• Jovian Planets: further away (Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune), gaseous
with a small solid core. Massive but less
dense!
Orbital Velocity
• The size of the force of gravity decreases
very quickly with increasing distance.
– The closer you get to a star, the stronger the
force of attraction  the faster you go!
Which planet orbits the sun fastest?
Which planet orbits the sun slowest?
Elliptical Orbit
• Planets’ orbit around the sun resemble
ellipses (oval).
• Eccentricity measures the shape this
ellipse may take. It is a ratio (no units), a
number between 0 and 1.


E = 1 (flat, like a line)
E = 0 (Perfect Circle)
Orbital Velocity
Asteroids
• Stay in a nice steady
orbit around the sun
• Asteroid Belt is
located between Mars
and Jupiter
Meteors
• Lumps of rock that enter
Earth’s atmosphere (see
the different between
asteroids and meteors)
• Usually burn up before
they hit Earth’s
atmosphere (“shooting
star”)
• If they hit the Earth’s
surface = METEORITE
and they make a
CRATER
Comets
• Made of ice and rock
• Travels faster as it
approaches the sun
• Has a “tail” due to
the sun melting the
comet’s ice.
• Orbits are VERY
ECCENTRIC (e = 1)
Earth’s Rotation
• Earth spins on its axis
– Counterclockwise
– One rotation in 24
hours
– Tilted 23.5°
– Day and Night
– Sun doesn’t move–
Earth does!!!
– Evidence:
• Coriolis Effect
• Pendulum
Earth’s Revolution
• Evidence:
– Seasons
– Constellations
– Height (altitude) of
Sun in the sky
Insolation and Seasons
• Seasons are caused by Earth’s tilt and
Revolution around the sun!
• Insolation is most intense where it hits
Earth at 90° = Hot!
• For Northern Hemisphere:
– Winter  Earth is tilted away from the sun
lower angles of insolation colder!
– Summer  Earth is tilted toward the sun 
higher angles of insolation  warmer!
Northern & Southern Hemisphere’s
Seasons
Earth is closer to Sun in Winter and
farther in the Summer
So, what causes the change
in the seasons?
Not the distance from the sun but
the Earth’s tilt towards and away
from the sun
Moon and Tides
• Moon is a “natural satellite”
• Phases are caused by the moon’s orbit
around the Earth.
• Gibbous vs. Crescent
• Waxing vs. Waning
• Earth holds the moon in orbit by GRAVITY
• Moon causes tides (Sun also has an
effect). How?
Geology
Igneous Rocks
• form from molten magma pushed up into
the crust.
• Contains various minerals in randomly
arranged interlocking crystals
• Two types: Extrusive and Intrusive
Fast cooling
Surface cooling
Fine texture
Small crystals
Underground
Slow cooling
Coarse texture
Large crystals
Sedimentary Rocks
• Layers of sediments deposited by air,
water or ice buried and compacted.
• Form layers
• May contain fossils
• Oldest layer is at the bottom
• Youngest layer is at the top
Watch out for obstructions!!
Metamorphic Rock
• Heat & pressure is placed on existing
rocks over long periods of time
CHANGING them
• Two types: Regional and Contact
Found near:
Subduction
zone of
convergent
plate
boundaries
Formed when
rocks come in
contact with
magma
Minerals
• How to identify a mineral:
– Crystal shape
– Cleavage or fracture
– Density
– Hardness
– Luster
– Streak
– Acid Test
Earthquakes
Review
•
•
•
•
How are they caused?
What is an epicenter
What is a focus?
How do we use P and S waves to
determine the location of an epicenter?
P-waves
• “P” stands for Primary or
PUSH/PULL.
• Travels the fastest
• Motion like a spring
• Can pass through both
solids and liquids.
• The ground is forced to
move forwards and
backwards as it is
compressed and
decompressed.
• This produces relatively
small displacements of
the ground.
S-Waves
• “S” stands for
SECONDARY.
• Motion is like a rope
wiggle side to side
• Travels slower than
the Primary wave.
Theory of Plate Tectonics