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Transcript
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
Chapter 3
Data Centers,
and Business Intelligence
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
1
Principles and Learning Objectives
• Data management and modeling are key
aspects of organizing data and information
– Define general data management concepts and
terms, highlighting the advantages of the
database approach to data management
– Describe logical and physical database design
considerations, the function of data centers, and
the relational database model
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
2
Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
• A well-designed and well-managed database is
an extremely valuable tool in supporting
decision making
– Identify the common functions performed by all
database management systems, and identify
popular database management systems
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
3
Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
• The number and types of database
applications will continue to evolve and yield
real business benefits
– Identify and briefly discuss business intelligence,
data mining, and other database applications
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
4
The Database Approach
• The database approach:
– Traditional approach to data management:
• Each distinct operational system used data files
dedicated to that system
– Database approach to data management:
• Pool of related data is shared by multiple application
programs
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
5
The Database Approach
(continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
6
Data Centers, Data Modeling and
Database Characteristics
• When building a database, an organization
must consider:
– Content: What data should be collected and at
what cost?
– Access: What data should be provided to which
users and when?
– Logical structure: How should data be arranged so
that it makes sense to a given user?
– Physical organization: Where should data be
physically located?
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
7
Data Center
• Climate-controlled building or set of buildings
that house database servers and the systems
that deliver mission-critical information and
services
• Traditional data centers:
– Consist of warehouses filled with row upon row of
server racks and powerful cooling systems
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
8
Data Center (continued)
• Many organizations now use large shipping
containers packed with racks of servers and
cooled to easily connect and set up
• Businesses and technology vendors working to
develop green data centers that run more
efficiently and require less energy for
processing and cooling
• Backup and security procedures for data
centers can be a concern
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
9
Data Modeling
• Data model:
– Diagram of data entities and their relationships
• Enterprise data modeling:
– Starts by investigating the general data and
information needs of the organization at the
strategic level
• Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams:
– Data models that use basic graphical symbols to
show the organization of and relationships
between data Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
10
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
11
The Relational Database Model
• Relational model:
– Describes data using a standard tabular format
– Each row of a table represents a data entity
(record)
– Columns of the table represent attributes (fields)
– The domain is the range of allowable values for
data attributes
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
12
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
13
The Relational Database Model
(continued)
• Data cleanup
– Process of looking for and fixing inconsistencies
to ensure that data is accurate and complete
– Database normalization is often used to clean up
problems with data
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
14
Database Management Systems
• Creating and implementing the right database
system ensures that the database will support
both business activities and goals
• Capabilities and types of database systems
vary considerably
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
15
Overview of Database Types
• Flat file
– Simple database program whose records have no
relationship to one another
• Single user
– Only one person can use the database at a time
– Examples: Access, FileMaker Pro, and InfoPath
• Multiple users
– Allow dozens or hundreds of people to access the same
database system at the same time
– Examples: Oracle, Microsoft, Sybase, and IBM
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
16
Storing and Retrieving Data
• When an application program needs data it
requests the data through the DBMS
• Concurrency control deals with the situation
in which two or more users or applications
need to access the same record at the same
time
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
17
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
18
Manipulating Data and Generating
Reports (continued)
• Structured query language (SQL):
– Adopted by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) as the standard query language for
relational databases
• Once a database has been set up and loaded
with data, it can produce reports, documents,
and other outputs
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
19
Database Administration
• DBA:
– Works with users to decide the content of the
database
– Works with programmers as they build
applications to ensure that their programs comply
with database management system standards and
conventions
• Data administrator:
– Responsible for defining and implementing
consistent principles for a variety of data issues
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
20
Popular Database Management
Systems
• Popular DBMSs for end users:
– Microsoft’s Access and FileMaker Pro
– Number of open source DBMS including
PostgreSQL, MySQL, and CouchDB
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
21
Database Virtualization
• Uses virtual servers and operating systems to
allow two or more database systems,
including servers and DBMSs to act like a
single, unified database system
• Allows more efficient use of computing
resources, reduce costs, and provide better
access to critical information
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
22
Using Databases with Other
Software
• DBMSs can act as front-end or back-end
applications:
– Front-end applications interact directly with
people
– Back-end applications interact with other
programs or applications
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
23
Linking the Company Database to
the Internet and Mobile Devices
• Security always a concern when linking a
database to the Internet
• Semantic Web:
– Developing a seamless integration of traditional
databases with the Internet
– Provides metadata with all Web content using
technology called the Resource Description
Framework (RDF)
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
24
Linking the Company Database to
the Internet and Mobile Devices
• Increasing use of smartphones and tablet
computers to connect to corporate databases
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
25
Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and
Data Mining
• Data warehouse
– Database that holds business information from
many sources in the enterprise
• Data mart
– Subset of a data warehouse
• Data mining
– Information-analysis tool that involves the
automated discovery of patterns and relationships
in a data warehouse
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
26
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
27
Business Intelligence
• Involves gathering enough of the right
information:
– In a timely manner and usable form and analyzing
it to have a positive impact on business strategy,
tactics, or operations
• Competitive intelligence:
– Limited to information about competitors and the
ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and
operations
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
28
Business Intelligence (continued)
• Counterintelligence:
– Steps organization takes to protect information
sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
29
Distributed Databases
• Distributed database:
– Database in which the data may be spread across
several smaller databases connected via
telecommunications devices
– Gives corporations more flexibility in how
databases are organized and used
• Replicated database:
– Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
30
Summary
• Traditional file-oriented applications are often
characterized by program-data dependence
• The relational model places data in twodimensional tables
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
31
Summary (continued)
• A DBMS is a group of programs used as an
interface between a database and its users
and other application programs
• DBMS basic functions include:
– Providing user views
– Creating and modifying the database
– Storing and retrieving data
– Manipulating data and generating reports
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
32
Summary (continued)
• Database virtualization allows organizations to
use computing resources more efficiently,
reduce costs, and provide better data access
• Database administrator plans, designs,
operates, secures, monitors, and maintains
databases
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
33
Summary (continued)
• Data warehouses are relational database
management systems specifically designed to
support management decision making
• Data mining allows the automated discovery
of patterns and relationships in a data
warehouse
• Predictive analysis combines historical data
with assumptions about future conditions to
forecast future events
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
34
Summary (continued)
• Business intelligence is the process of getting
enough of the right information in a timely
manner and usable form
• Competitive intelligence involves information
about competitors and their strategy, tactics,
and operations
• Counterintelligence is the steps an
organization takes to protect information from
hostile intelligence gathers
Fundamentals of Information Systems,
Seventh Edition
35