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Human Post-Cranial Developmental Differentiation (Not in Head & Superior Neck)
Gastrula
Neurula
Post-Neurula
Generalized Ectoderm
Later Development
Adult Derivatives
Proctodeum
anal canal lining, distal urethra,
vaginal vestibule
epidermis (+ hair; nails; sebaceous,
Epidermal Ectoderm
Neurectoderm
spinal cord,
ventral root spinal nerves
Neural Tube
(Neural Plate/Groove/Tube)
ECTODERM
Superficial Neural Crest
Cardiac Neural Crest
Trunk Neural Crest
(Migratory Cells)
Deep Neural Crest
chromaffin cells of adrenals
Ganglionic Neural Crest
most peripheral nerves, ganglionic
nerves, most skin sensory cells
Sclerotome
Epimere (Epaxial)
Myotome
MESODERM
Hypomere (Hypaxial)
Intermediate Mesoderm
Somatic Mesoderm
Lateral Plate
Mesoderm
Splanchnic Mesoderm
Chordamesoderm
Hypoblast
Embryonic Endoderm
Yolk Sac
dorsal & lateral dermis of skin, &
clavicle
vertebrae, intervertebral annulus
fibrosus, ribs, sternum
transversospinalis & erector
spinae muscles (of back)
All other trunk and limb skeletal
muscles, ventral dermis
kidney, gonads, linings of the
urogenital ducts
limb & girdle skeleton, some inferior
ventral blood vessels, blood
heart, most blood vessels, blood,
coelomic mesenteries; visceral
smooth muscles
nucleus pulposus of
intervertebral discs
Notochord
GI Tract Epithelium & Buds
ENDODERM
melanocytes, Merkel sensory
cells (light touch)
divisions between major blood
vessels of heart
Adrenal Neural Crest
Dermatome
Somites
sweat, & mammary glands)
Allantoic Bud
Migratory Germ Cells
liver; pancreas; epithelium of
digestive tract, trachea & lungs
bladder & proximal urethra
epithelium
germ cells of gonads
Human Cranial Developmental Differentiation (Head & Superior Neck)
Gastrula
Neurula
Post-Neurula
Generalized Ectoderm
Later Development
Adult Derivatives
Stomodeum
oral & nasal cavity epithelium,
parotid salivary glands
epidermis (+hair, sweat glands, etc.),
tooth enamel cells, & cornea
olfactory epithelium, lens of eye,
inner ear
brain, pre-ganglionic cranial
nerves, retina, iris
Epidermal Ectoderm
Epidermal Placodes
ECTODERM
Neurectoderm
(Neural Plate/Groove/Tube)
Neural Tube
Superficial Neural Crest
Ganglionic Neural Crest
Cranial Neural Crest
(Migratory Cells)
Deep Neural Crest
“Cranial” Neural Crest
melanocytes, Merkel sensory
cells, tooth dentine cells
ganglionic cranial nerves (V, VII,
IX, X), most skin sensory cells
most of the chondrocranium;
all of the dermatocranium and
splanchnocranium; almost all the
connective tissue of the head,
including all the dermis
no mesodermal dermis (dermis all
neural crest)
Somitomeres
MESODERM
sphenoid body and otic capsules of
the chondrocranium
(Dermatome, Myotome, and
Sclerotome do not fully
differentiate in the head)
number = somitomere number
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Precordal
Mesoderm
Precordal Mesoderm
ENDODERM
Embryonic Endoderm
1-3 → extrinsic eye muscles
4 → mandibular arch muscles
5 → extrinsic eye muscle
6 → hyoid arch muscles
7 → third arch muscles
splanchnocranium, larynx,
tracheal cartilages, head blood
vessels
3 extrinsic eye muscles (inferior
oblique, inferior rectus, medial rectus)
epithelium of posterior oral cavity,
pharynx, & esophagus, mandibular
& sublingual salivary glands