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The Theatre of the English Restoration 10 (© Peter Guither) Jacobean and Caroline Drama • Elizabeth died 1603 • King James died 1625 • King Charles I – 1642 – Puritans took over Parliament – Theatre outlawed – 1649 Charles I beheaded – Oliver Cromwell – lord protector of England – Charles II and nobility exiled to France • Exposed to French and Italian Theatre 1-3 Background: The Restoration • Charles I of England removed from the throne by Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans after a bitter civil war (642–1649); Charles beheaded • In 1660, Charles II, who had been living in France, was invited by a newly elected Parliament to return from exile to rule England under a restored monarchy © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-4 Theatre During the Commonwealth • 1642–1660, theatrical activity severely curtailed; playhouses were dismantled, actors were persecuted • Some entertainments organized secretly • William Davenant and John Webb © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Restoration • William Davenant and Thomas Killigrew • Royalists • Davenant – Oxford grad, replaced Johnson as poet laureate, knighted 1643 • Killigrew – dramatists, went with king in excile. Samuel Pepy’s called him a “merry droll” • Droll- short version of full plays popular during the period the theatres were closed, usually comedies 1-6 The Theatre of the Restoration Begins • William Davenant (also spelled D'Avenant) and Thomas Killigrew – Emerged to take control of theatre – Both familiar with English theatrical tradition; would take English theatre in a new direction (© National Portrait Gallery, London) (© National Portrait Gallery, London) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theatre Royals and Patents Charles II gave TWO patents William Davenant – Duke's Company Thomas Killigrew – Kings Company Gave two men duopoly over theatre in London Duke's company better managed Two companies merged in 1692 Drury Lane When two companies merged, they made Drury Lane home 1-9 Restoration Drama • Serious Drama • Restoration Comedy Aphra Behn – Comedies of Intrigue • Aphra Behn – Comedies of Manners • William Wycherley • William Congreve (Billy Rose Theatre Collection, New York Public Library at Lincoln Center, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations) William Wycherley – The Female Wits (© National Portrait Gallery, London) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Type of Theatre Old plays: who owns them Killegrew given rights to even Davenant's plays, later more fairly divided Heroic Tragedy – extraordinary characters in extraordinary circumstances. Rarely read or performed. Restoration Tragedy Three unities and neoclassical rules 1-11 The Decline of Restoration Comedy • William and Mary • A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage – Jeremy Collier – Susanna Centlivre – George Farquhar Susanna Centlivre (Billy Rose Theatre Collection, New York Public Library at Lincoln Center, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-12 Restoration Audiences • Restoration theatregoers were quite spirited – Purchasing fruit for throwing from the “orange wenches” – Speaking back to the actors – Arranging assignations with each other – Attending the theatre to be seen, rather than to see the play © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-13 Performers • Actresses and Actors Nell Gwynn Meets King Charles II – Eleanor (Nell) Gwynn – Thomas Betterton – Anne Bracegirdle • Acting Companies (Bettmann/Corbis) Anne Bracegirdle (Mander and Mitchenson/ ArenaPAL) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-14 Restoration Theatres • Government and the Theatres • Theatre Architecture in the Restoration • Threads in Theatre History – The Drury Lane Theatre • Scenery, Scene-Shifting Technology, Costumes, and Lighting (© Historical Picture Archive/Corbis) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-15 Ground Plan of a Restoration Stage © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.