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Education of Women and Girls
Affluence and Poverty
Neighbourhoods and Schools
Influence of culture: Video
Genetics, temperament, and
impacts on the experiences we
have ->
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2011
Infants, Children, and
Adolescents
Chapter 3
Prenatal
Development
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Why Have Children?
Families in Western nations
have a choice.
70% of modern U.S.
families have children,
depending on



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
financial circumstances.
career goals.
values.
health conditions.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Why Have Children? (continued)
The Ultimate ‘Approach/Avoidance’ conflict
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Other Considerations:
Warning ‘discussion may get
depressing’
Not just war, crime, and pollution
but . . . . .
Relationship of Birth Order and
Family Size to Intelligence
although many good reasons
exist for limiting family size, the
concern that additional births will
reduce parenting quality and,
thus, children’s intelligence and
life chances is not warranted.
Rather, young people with lower
mental test scores— many of
whom dropped out of school, live
in poverty, lack hope for their
future, and fail to engage in family planning— are most likely to
have large families ( Amato et al.,
2008).
Figure 3.1
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Advantages and Disadvantages
of a One-Child Family
Table 3.2
Source: Hawke & Knox, 1978.
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North American
Mothers are
Getting Older:
Consequences?
Figure 3.2
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Video
Conception and Implantation
Figure 3.3
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Periods of Prenatal Development
Period
Length
Key Events
 Fertilization
Zygote
2 weeks
 Implantation
 Start
of placenta
 Arms, legs, face, organs,
Embryo
6 weeks
muscles all develop
 Heart
Fetus
30 weeks
begins beating
 “Growth and finishing”
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Milestones
of
Prenatal
Development
Table 3.3
Source: Moore & Persaud, 2008.
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The Placenta
and
Umbilical Cord
Figure 3.4
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Induction of the Neural Plate
• A patch of tissue on the dorsal
surface of the embryo becomes
the neural plate
• Development induced by
chemical signals from the
• Visible three weeks after
conception
• Three layers of embryonic cells:
• Ectoderm (outermost)
• Mesoderm (middle)
• Endoderm (innermost)
•250000 per minute???
Migration
FIGURE 9.3: Somal Translocation and Glia-Mediated Migration
Myth of ‘in utero’
stimulation
Terogens are another matter
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2011
Sensitive Periods in
Prenatal Development
Figure 3.5
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Prenatal Environmental Influences:
Teratogens
Teratogen

Any environmental agent that causes
damage during the prenatal period
Factors include:




Dose
Heredity
Other negative influences
Age
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Low Birth Weight
Greater chance of
 Heart Disease
 Stroke
 Diabetes
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Prenatal Development and
Later Health
High Birth Weight
Greater chance of
Breast cancer
Prostate and other cancers
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Relationship of Birth Weight to
Breast Cancer Risk in Adulthood
Figure 3.6
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Teratogens
Drugs



Prescription
Nonprescription
Illegal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
Infectious disease
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© Absolute Family
Can a Thalidomide-like Tragedy
Occur Again?
Accutane – toxic to developing organisms
Efforts to control its damaging prenatal
risks include:
restriction of this and other drugs for the
treatment of severe conditions.
 improved public and patient education.
 interventions that promote widespread,
effective contraceptive use.

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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder:
Criteria for Diagnosis
Table 3.4
Source: Loock et al., 2005.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Effects of
Environmental Pollution
 More than 75,000 chemicals are in
common use in the United States; many
new pollutants are introduced each year.
 Many babies are “born polluted” by
chemicals that can impair development
and increase chances of life-threatening
diseases and later health problems.
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Effects of Some Infectious
Diseases During Pregnancy
Table 3.5
+ = established finding; 0 = no present evidence; ? = possible effect that is not clearly established.
Sources: Jones, Lopez, & Wilson, 2003; Kliegman et al., 2008; Mardh, 2002; O’Rahilly & Müller, 2001
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Maternal Factors in
Healthy Prenatal Development
 Exercise
 Nutrition
 Prevention and treatment
 Emotional stress
 Rh blood factor
 Maternal age
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 Previous births
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The Effects of Emotional Stress
on the Developing Fetus
Stress hormones cross the placenta, causing a
dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity.

Fetal neurological functioning can be permanently altered.
Maternal emotional stress predicts anxiety, short
attention span, anger, aggression, and overactivity
among young children, above and beyond the
impact of other risk factors.
Stress-related prenatal complications can be
greatly reduced when mothers receive support from
family members and friends.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Prenatal/Birth
Complications
Increase with
Maternal Age
Figure 3.7
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Expectant Mothers with
Late or No Prenatal Care
Figure 3.8
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Reasons Women
Delay Prenatal Care
 Financial hardship
 Situational barriers
 Personal barriers
 Many are engaging in
high-risk behaviors that
they do not want to
reveal to health care
professionals.
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Culturally Sensitive Prenatal Care
Promotes Healthy Pregnancies
 Low-SES ethnic minority
expectant and new mothers
were not receiving warm
prenatal care and
expressed difficulty getting
questions answered.
 Group prenatal care offers a
sensitive alternative.
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Preparing for Parenthood
Expectant parents



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seek information.
get to know the baby
as a reality.
look for models of
effective parenthood.
adjust couples’
relationships.
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