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Marine Consumers OCN 201 Biology Lecture 6 Goetze/Peijnenburg Consumer Types Grazers • (Herbivore) Feeding on algae or phytoplankton, consuming the whole plant/cell or cropping the surface • Predators Kill their prey. Often refers to an animal that preys on other animals • Parasites • Scavengers • Detritivores • Decomposers Intimate, prolonged interaction between two organisms where one feeds on the other without killing it Consume things already dead, carcasses Consume things already dead, detritus Final degraders of organic compounds Large Grazers manatee grazing on sea grass Examples urchin eating kelp http://www.ejfoundation.org/modules/PagEd/medipics/manatee-feeding-on-seagrass.jpg Trophic interactions • Most primary production in the sea is by microscopic single-cell organisms • Therefore, most primary consumers in the ocean are also microscopic! Trophic interactions • Omnivory is common size, encounter rate, capture efficiency • Prey controls diet for many organisms organisms feed very selectively, others • Some are non-selective filter feeders of the primary production is • Most consumed by microzooplankton Protists (protozooplankton) • Flagellates (5-20 µm) • Ciliates (20-100 µm) • •Amoeboid Radiolaria (0.5 mm) silica skeleton • Foraminifera (1 mm) calcium carbonate test Heterotrophic Flagellates suspension feeding active interception 1 µm 1 µm raptorial Pseudobobo tremulans Monosiga sp. Heterotrophic Flagellates suspension feeding active interception 1 µm 1 µm raptorial Pseudobobo tremulans Monosiga sp. Ciliates http://www.genome.gov/Images/press_photos/lowres/85-72.jpg create feeding current, locomotion and grazing are linked Ciliates http://www.genome.gov/Images/press_photos/lowres/85-72.jpg create feeding current, locomotion and grazing are linked Ciliates (Montagnes 2013) Amoeboid Protists Radiolarians Bernd Walz http://www.microscopyu.com/staticgallery/smallworld/2008/id2008-walz.html Silica or Strontium Sulfate skeleton Robert Brons ` ` Ernst Haeckel Amoeboid Protists Foraminifera Globigerinella Calcium carbonate shell/test Protists • No Mouth - Ingest particles mostly by phagocytosis. What do they eat? -bacteria -phytoplankton • Digest particles in food vacuole inside the cell (in some cases, outside the cell) Phagocytosis Heterotrophic Protist Prey Digestive vacuoles http://mcbi.ouhsc.edu/clarkelab/phagocytosis_movies/Clarke_Movie1.mov Dinoflagellate Feeding Modes Phagocytosis Peduncle Pallium Peduncle Peduncle Feeding Feeding http://www.int-res.com/uploads/pics/featureame45_big.jpg Pallium Feeding Planktonic Animal Herbivores & Omnivores • Crustaceans ✦ ✦ Copepods Euphausiids (Krill) Complex feeding behavior: selective particle capture, some filter feeding, omnivorous Steven Haddock • Tunicates ✦ ✦ ✦ salps larvaceans pyrosomes True filter feeders Laurence Madin Selective particle feeders Koehl & Strickler (1981) video Subeucalanus pileatus Salps • Gelatinous • Pelagic • solitary or aggregate phase • Major consumers of phytoplankton Mucous filter net of salp Pegea confoederata mucous Pegea nets. confoederata Zooids ~ 5 cm Bone et al 1991 (Hamner 1974) Pyrosomes Colonial pelagic tunicates John P. Hoover Filter feeders known for their brilliant bioluminescence John P. Hoover Pyrosomes Colonial pelagic tunicates John P. Hoover Filter feeders known for their brilliant bioluminescence John P. Hoover http://www.hawaiisfishes.com/inverts/tunicates/neattunicates.htm Carnivorous Predators Jellies Copepods Arrow worms (Chaetognaths) Fish and Sharks Squid & Octopuses and MANY others in every group of animals Parasites Leeches (Segmentedsea Worms) lice = parasitic copepods, isopods Nematodes (Roundworms) Scavengers Some fish, sharks, molluscs, crustaceans Decomposers Bacteria Fungi Bacterial colonization & degradation of blooms How do Bacteria Eat? • No Mouths - digest food outside of the cell larger molecules and particles with • Digest cell-surface enzymes up small molecules through special • Take channels (porins, transporters) • Many are motile (they move) - flagellum decompose all the leftover organic • They matter from the messy feast of the food web Questions?
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