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Summary
 By using less common formulae from trigonometry, or by discovering unusual algebraic tricks, it is possible to integrate trigonometric functions that are cannot be handled by
the more basic methods.
 There are many ways to do that and you may want to discover more on your own.
Common errors to avoid
 Don’t make up formulae: make sure they are correct before using them!
Learning questions for Section I 2-8
Review questions:
1. Describe how the half-angle formulae are used as power-reducing formulae.
2. Explain when and how to use the product-to-sum formulae.
3. Explain when and how the Weierstrass substitution may be useful.
Memory questions:
1. What is the half-angle (or power reducing) formula for the sine function?
4. What method is used to integrate products of sines and cosines of different
angles?
2. What is the half-angle (or power reducing) formula for the cosine function?
3. What method is used to evaluate the integral  sin
Integral Calculus
2n
5. What is the indefinite integral of f ( x)  sec x ?
xdx ?
Chapter 2: Integration methods
Section 8: Trigonometric integrals by advanced methods
Page 5