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Exercise Science
Section 4: Joint Mechanics and Joint Injuries
An Introduction to Health and Physical
Education
Ted Temertzoglou
Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Types of Joints
Fibrous joint
– doesn’t
move, ex.
Bones in
your skull
Synovial joint –
allows
Cartilaginous movement,
bones are
joint – slight
separated by
movement,
cartilage and
cartilage in
synovial fluid,
between
absorbs shock, and ligaments,
ex. knee
ex. vertebrae
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-socket
joint – ex. Hip,
allows rotation
Hinge joint –
ex. Elbow,
allow
movement in
one plane (uniaxial)
Saddle joint –
ex. Thumb,
biaxial
Gliding joint – e
between the
carpals, connec
flat bone surfac
Pivot joint – ex. Th
two vertebrae in th
neck, which allow
to shake your head
uni-axial, a rounde
point of one bone
a groove of anothe
Ellipsoid joint – ex
Between the
metacarpals and
phalanges, the wri
bi-axial,
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Characteristics of a Synovial Joint
Bone
Blood vessels
Nerve
Joint
capsule
Joint cavity (filled with
synovial fluid)
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Articular cartilage
Bursa
Tendon sheath
Tendon
Membranous
layer
Fibrous layer
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Periosteum
Tissue Properties
 Tendons:
 Composed of collagen
(bundles of white, fibrous protein)
 Attach muscle to bone
 Vascular
 Ligaments:
 Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue
 Attach bone to bone
 Avascular
Vascularity – the amount of blood a tissue requires. Ligaments and
Cartilage are avascular, bones and muscles are vascular
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Common Sport Injuries
 Strains, pulls, and tears
 Terms used to describe injuries to all joint tissue types –





first to third degree – third are most severe and may
require surgery
Tendinitis
 Inflammation of a tendon from repeated, unusual use or
overuse
Dislocations
 Bone displaced from its original location; a doctor should
fix it
Separations
 Fibrous ligaments that bind the bones tear and separate
Cartilage injuries
 Torn cartilage
Shin splints
 Tearing of the interosseous membrane or the periosteum
on the medial or lateral side of the tibia (on the shaft)
 Risk factors: old shoes, uneven surfaces, change in
training frequency or duration
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Tendinitis
 Arthroscopy – a surgery to look inside with a
camera for cartilage injuries
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Proper Treatment of an Injury
S.H.A.R.P
P.I.E.R. Principle
Swelling: instantly or over time
Pressure: tensor wrap
Heat: increased temperature in the
area
Ice: placed on affected area
Altered: tissue will not function
properly
Elevate: to reduce swelling
Red: in colour
Restrict: tensors, slings, or crutches
Painful: to touch or move
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Shoulder Joint
Clavicle
Coracoclavicular
ligament
Coracoid process
Acromioclavicular
ligament
Acromion
Coracoacromial
ligament
Glenohumeral
ligaments and
joint capsule
Scapula
Tendon of biceps
brachii (long head)
Humerus
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Shoulder Joint Injuries
 Biceps tendinitis
 Caused by overuse of the biceps
brachii muscle
 Shoulder separation
 Tearing of the acromioclavicular
ligament
 Shoulder dislocation
 Occurs when the humerus “pops
out” of the glenoid fossa
 Rotator cuff tears
 An injury to one of the rotator cuff
tendons
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Shoulder
separation
The Knee Joint – Anterior
Quadriceps
tendon
Patella
Medial (Tibial) collateral
ligament
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibial
tuberosity
Tibia
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Knee Joint Anterior (deep)
Femur
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament
removed
Lateral (Fibular) collateral
ligament removed
Lateral Condyle
Medial Condyle
Anterior cruciate ligament
Lateral Meniscus
Medial Meniscus
Tibial Tuberosity
Fibula
Tibia
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Knee Joint – Posterior
Femur
Adductor magnus
tendon
Medial head of gastrocnemius
tendon
Semimembranosus
tendon
Lateral head of gastrocnemius
tendon
Oblique popliteal ligament
Medial (Tibial)
collateral ligament
Lateral (Fibular) collateral
ligament
Fibular head
Fibula
Tibia
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Knee Joint – Posterior (deep)
Femur
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
Medial meniscus
Medial (Tibial) collateral
Popliteal tendon
Lateral meniscus
ligament
Posterior cruciate
Lateral (Fibular)
collateral ligament
Fibula
Tibia
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Knee Joint Injuries
 Knee ligament tears
 Q-angle (quadriceps angle) –
determined by the width of the
pelvis. A line from the centre of
patella to anterioir superior iliac
spine. - another from the centre
of the patella to the tibial
tuberosity may contribute to the
predisposition of ACL tears
 Osgood-Schlatter syndrome
 Affects the epiphyseal plate of the
tibial tuberosity
 Patellofemoral Syndrome (PFS)
 Gradual onset of anterior knee
pain/pain around the patella
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
OsgoodSchlatter
syndrome
The Ankle Joint – Medial View
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Deltoid ligament
Calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon
Long plantar
ligament
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Ankle Joint – Lateral View
Tibia
Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior tibiofibular
ligament
Posterior talofibular
ligament
Anterior talofibular
ligament
Calcaneus
Anterior talofibular ligament
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Ankle Joint Injuries
 Inversion sprains
 “twisted ankle”
 Eversion sprains
 Occurs to the deltoid ligament
 Pott’s Fracture
 A force on the medial side of
ankle causing the deltoid
ligament to rip off the tip of the
medial malleolus; and a break
of the fibula
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Inversion
sprain
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.