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THE 4-H
LIVESTOCK
SKILLATHON
(AN OVERVIEW)
Stephen R Schafer, EdD
2008
University of Nevada-Reno
Partially Funded By
Ag Council of Nevada
4 Hall Lane
Yerington, NV 89447
This presentation was developed for use as
an educational resource and is provided as
an educational service. User/purchase fees
are not associated with this presentation.
Information Development
Much effort and time was devoted to:
developing accurate/current information
incorporating appropriate pictures/graphics
providing proper credit of pictures/graphics
obtaining copyright/educational permission
Any and/or all errors, omissions, etc.
are purely unintentional/accidental.
Information Sources
(This Segment / Presentation)
Breed Associations (Respective Breed Assn)
Hoard’s Dairyman (Dairy Cattle Publications)
National 4-H/4HCCS (4-H Livestock Manuals)
North Carolina State University (4-H Skillathon)
Kansas State University (Livestock Skillathon)
Wikipedia {internet site} (Internet Encyclopedia)
Information Sources
(Other Segments / Presentations)
American Meat Science Association (Meat Judging)
Auburn University (Sheep & Swine Identification)
Breed Associations (Respective Breed Associations)
Cattle-Today.com {internet site} (Beef Cattle Breeds)
Clemson University (Meat Goat Breeds)
Colorado State University (4-H Livestock Manuals)
Cornell University (Meat Goat Breeds)
Cyberspaceag {internet site} (Types of Swine)
Earthlink.net/~lureynolds/breeds (Breeds of Goats)
Fias Co Farm {internet} (Breed of Goats)
Goats4h.com/Dairy Goats (Info on Dairy Goats)
Information Sources
(Other Segments / Presentations)
Hoard’s Dairyman (Dairy Cattle Publications)
Kansas State University (Skillathon & Forage)
Louisiana State University (4-H Beef Manuals)
Minnesota Pork Board (Swine Breeds)
National 4-H/4HCCS (4-H Livestock Manuals)
National Livestock & Meat Board (Meat Identification)
National Swine Registry (Breed Identification)
North Carolina State University (4-H Skillathon)
Ohio State University (Resource Handbooks)
Oklahoma State University (Breed ID & Hay Judging)
Information Sources
(Other Segments / Presentations)
Purdue University (Retail Meat Cut Identification)
Texas A&M University (Beef Pubs & Meat Identification)
Thepigsite {internet site} (Breeds of Swine)
United States Dept of Agriculture (Nutrition & Meat)
University of Maryland (Sheep & Goat Breeds)
University of Nevada-Reno (4-H Livestock)
University of Kentucky (Agripedia)
University of Wisconsin-Madison (Dairy Cattle & Meat)
University of Wyoming (4-H Livestock & Meat Manuals)
Wikipedia {internet site} (Internet Encyclopedia)
THE 4-H
LIVESTOCK SKILLATHON
(AN OVERVIEW)
Author
Dr. Steve Schafer, University of Nevada-Reno
Reviewers
(This Segment / Presentation)
Ms. Deb Cobb, University of Nevada-Reno
Ms. Lynn Conley, University of Nevada-Reno
Ms. Myrna Fisher, University of Nevada-Reno
Project Reviewers
(Various Segments / Presentations)
Ms. Deb Cobb……………….University of Nevada-Reno
Ms. Lynn Conley…………….University of Nevada-Reno
Dr. Barney Cosner…………………..Nebraska State Fair
Mr. Ron Cunningham,……………University of Wyoming
Dr. Terry Dumas……………...Louisiana State University
Ms. Myrna Fisher……………University of Nevada-Reno
Mr. Keith Fontenot……………Louisiana State University
Mr. Milt Green…………………….University of Wyoming
Mr. Alan Hogan………………Louisiana State University
Ms. Tammie Jensen……………..University of Wyoming
Dr. Susan Kerr……………..Washington State University
Dr. Warrie Means…………………University of Wyoming
Dr. Rosie Nold……….…..South Dakota State University
Dr. Steve Paisley…………………University of Wyoming
Dr. Tim Page………………….Louisiana State University
Mr. Wayne Tatman……………….University of Wyoming
Skillathon Objectives
• To provide youth with the opportunity to blend
knowledge and skills acquired in livestock
judging, demonstrations, care and exhibition of
animals into one activity.
• To provide youth with the opportunity to learn
about the importance of livestock & their
products to the environment and economy.
(Especially youth without the capabilities for livestock projects.)
• To encourage youth to continue to expand their
livestock knowledge and participation.
Contest Topics
Species Covered
» Cattle (Beef & Dairy)
» Goats (Meat & Dairy)
» Sheep
» Swine
Topics Covered
» Meat (Judging & Identification)
» Forage (Judging & Identification)
» Feeds & Feeding
» Quality Assurance
» Livestock Equipment
» Production & Management
Contest Organization
The Livestock Skillathon Contest is a Team
Contest (3 or 4 team members).
Total Team Score is determined by adding
the three (3) highest team member’s
individual competition class totals with the
total points accumulation from the team
competition classes.
Possible Team Score of 1500 Points
Contest Organization
The Livestock Skillathon Contest is a Team
Contest (3 or 4 team members).
Within the contest, certain activities are
participated in on an individual basis and
certain are participated in as a whole team,
giving rise to two parts of the contest:
Team/Group Components
Individual Components
Contest Organization
Whole Team/Group Component:
300 Points Possible
Evaluation of livestock feeding/performance info
– 100 Points Possible
Feed tag knowledge and feed identification
– 100 Points Possible
Animal Breeding Scenario
– 100 Points Possible
Contest Organization
Individual Component:
400 Points Possible
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Retail Meat Cut Identification, 50 Points
Livestock Equipment Identification, 50 Points
Livestock Breed Identification, 50 Points
Meat Judging Class, 50 points
Meat Judging Questions, 5 @ 5 points = 25 Points
Hay Judging Class, 50 points
Hay Judging Questions, 5 @ 5 points = 25 Points
Quality Assurance Exercise, 50 Points
Livestock Industry Quiz, 50 Points
Contest Preparation
Much time, effort, study, & review is needed
Awareness of many topics & skills is needed
(discussed herein & in other presentations)
Basic livestock knowledge is a must
(started herein, on the following slides)
Given the broad range of topics/skills & the
in-depth understanding needed in order to
be successful, use of other materials (along
with this presentation & its accompanying
presentations) is highly recommended.
Livestock Dictionary
Animal
Father or
Sire
Mother or
Dam
Female who
has not
produced
offspring
Cattle
Bull
Cow
Heifer
Steer
Calf
Goat
Billy
or
Buck
Doe
Doe
Wether
Kid
Swine
Boar
Sow
Gilt
Barrow
Pig
Sheep
Ram
Ewe
Ewe
Wether
Lamb
Castrated
Male
Newborn
Evaluation of Livestock
Feeding/Performance Info
Use basic feeding information to
calculate important efficiency
measures such as: average daily
gain, feed conversion, cost per
pound of gain and break-even
costs and then use the information
to make management and/or
marketing decisions.
Evaluation of Livestock
Feeding/Performance Info
A knowledge of math, feeding,
feeding purposes (such as growth
or finishing), feeds/feedstuffs (such
roughages & concentrates), feed
nutrients (such as protein, energy,
minerals, & vitamins) is a virtual
must for success in this section of
the livestock skillathon contest.
Performance Info
•
•
(Average Daily Gain)
Pounds of liveweight gained per day.
How to figure Average Daily Gain (ADG):
Feedlot Steers
•
•
•
New weight:
800 lbs.
Old weight:
400 lbs.
Days on feed: 132 days
800 lbs. – 400 lbs. = 400 lbs. of weight gain
400lbs. of weight gain / 132 days on feed =
3.03 lbs. per day of gain
Taken from Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G.
Performance Info (Average Daily Gain)
Feeder Lambs
– March 1st: 40 lbs.
– May 29th: 120 lbs.
– Average Daily Gain is???
120lbs. – 40lbs. = 80 lbs. of weight gain
March 1st to May 29th = 90 days on feed
80 lbs. of weigh gain / 90 days on feed =
0.88 lb. per day of gain
Performance Info (Cost Per Pound of Gain)
Total of all costs divided by the total pounds
gained; usually expressed on a per-pound basis
Breakeven Cost =
(Price per lb. of gain)
(Value ($) of fed cattle) –
(Cost ($) of feeder cattle)
Total pounds of gain
Taken from Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G.
Performance Info (Cost Per Pound of Gain)
Breakeven Cost =
(Price per lb. of gain)
(Value ($) of fed cattle) –
(Cost ($) of feeder cattle)
Total pounds of gain
Breakeven Cost = (1250 lbs. x $.85) – (750 lbs. x $.90)
500 lbs.
(Price per lb. of gain)
Breakeven Cost =
($1062.50) – ($675.00)
500 lbs.
(Price per lb. of gain)
Breakeven Cost =
(Price per lb. of gain)
$387.50
500 lbs.
=
$.7750 lb.
Taken from Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G.
Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario)
Team members will evaluate a
breeding animal scenario and
make animal selection decisions
based upon performance data to
rank breeding animals for use
within the situation.
Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario)
Animal selection criteria, math,
understanding performance data
meaning for each type of data,
understanding the relationships
of each type of performance data
to the other types, and skill in the
technology of reading/giving
ultrasounds are very important
components for success in this
portion of the skillathon contest.
Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario)
You are a cattleman in central South Dakota. Select four of these eight
Hereford Heifers that could be used in a beef breeding program to produce
black baldy females as replacements by breeding them to Angus Bulls.
These black baldy calves will create a niche market for you and would be
sold to other cattlemen at a sizeable premium.
Your customers are primarily West River ranchers who have limited facilities
and labor. Most of the heifers are calved on open range and the majority of
those calves are marketed at weaning time.
Number
BW
WW
YW
Milk
Maternal
1
+8.2
+34
+60
+9
+26
2
+1.8
+44
+59
+13
+35
3
+3.2
+52
+64
+10
+36
4
+6.2
+28
+42
+6
+20
5
+2.2
+56
+62
+19
+47
6
+9.7
+48
+72
+7
+31
7
+4.1
+35
+58
+9
+26.5
8
+4.0
+33
+56
+6
+22.5
+9
+25.5
HEREFORD BREED AVERAGES:
+4.1
+33
+56
Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario)
Number
BW
WW
YW
Milk
Maternal
1
+8.2
+34
+60
+9
+26
2
+1.8
+44
+59
+13
+35
3
+3.2
+52
+64
+10
+36
4
+6.2
+28
+42
+6
+20
5
+2.2
+56
+62
+19
+47
6
+9.7
+48
+72
+7
+31
7
+4.1
+35
+58
+9
+26.5
8
+4.0
+33
+56
+6
+22.5
+9
+25.5
HEREFORD BREED AVERAGES:
+4.1
+33
+56
Ranking
5
3
2
7
8
1
6
4
Points
40
30
20
10
8
6
6
2
Evaluation Info (Animal Selection/Judging)
Team members will evaluate a
breeding animal scenario and
make animal selection decisions
based upon performance data to
rank breeding animals for use
within the situation.
Evaluation Info (Animal Selection/Judging)
Team members will evaluate a set
animals (bulls, heifers, rams, does,
market, or whatever) and make
animal selection decisions based
upon performance data and or visual
appraisal to rank breeding animals
for use within a situation, conduct a
cull/keep of the animals, assess the
feeding needs of the market animals,
or something similar.
Evaluation Info (Animal Selection/Judging)
A knowledge of the conformation for
each livestock species, awareness
of the types of digestive systems
(ruminant & non-ruminant), an
understanding of feeding (for growth
or for finish), a knowledge of feed
nutrients (protein, energy, etc), and
skill in technology (such as reading
ultrasounds) are very important for
successful completion of this part of
the livestock skillathon contest.
Management Info
(Quality Assurance)
Team members will need to have
an understanding of the history,
purpose, and use of the various
(beef, pork, sheep, etc) quality
assurance programs if they wish
to perform well in this section of
the livestock skillathon contest.
Management Info
(Quality Assurance)
Demonstrate how to read a
medicine label, calculate
withdrawal times, complete a
treatment record, and make
responsible management
decisions regarding quality
assurance are aspects of
this portion of the contest.
Management Info
(Quality Assurance)
Three Different Quality Assurance Programs
– Beef Quality Assurance (BQA)
• http://www.sdcattlemen.org/BQA-CMP.html
– Pork Quality Assurance (PQA)
• http://www.porkboard.org/PQA/default.asp
– Sheep Safety and Quality Assurance (SSQA)
• http://www.colostate.edu/programs/SSQA
Management Info
•
What is HACCP?
–
–
–
•
(Quality Assurance…HACCP)
Developed by Pillsbury
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
Used in all Quality Assurance Programs
Seven Basic Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Identify hazards
Determine critical control points
Establish critical limits for each critical point
Establish monitoring procedures
Establish corrective actions
Establish verification activities
Establish records and documentation
Management Info (Quality Assurance…NBQA)
National Beef Quality Audit
• 1989
– Monfort determined a loss of $107.32 per head due to management.
• 1990
– NCA, excess fat & management problems costing industry $5 billion.
• 1991
– First National Beef Quality Audit
– Determined the beef industry left $277.81 per head on the table for
every slaughtered steer/heifer due to correctable quality defects.
• 1995
– Revealed live cattle lacked uniformity & predictability, and external
carcass fat was the industry’s leading quality challenge.
• 2000
– Determined the beef industry left $100.10 per head on the table for
every slaughtered steer/heifer due to correctable quality defects.
Taken from 2000 National Beef Quality Audit
Management Info (Quality Assurance…BQA)
Beef Quality Assurance
• Areas studied
– Feedstuffs, Feed Additives, and Medications
– Processing Cattle
– Animal Well Being
– Livestock Insecticides
Taken from 2000 National Beef Quality Audit
Management Info (Quality Assurance…PQA)
Pork Quality Assurance
• The National Pork Producers Council introduced
PQA in 1989 as a three-level management education
program. PQA emphasizes good management
practices in the handling and use of health products
and encourages producers to review their practices.
• Benefits
–
–
–
–
To improve management practices.
To avoid volatile drug residues.
To decrease production costs.
To increase awareness of food safety concerns.
Taken from http://www.porkboard.org/PQA/default.asp and The National Pork Producers Board
Management Info (Quality Assurance…PQA)
Pork Quality Assurance…Good Production Practices (GPP)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Identify and track all treated animals.
Maintain medication and treatment records.
Properly store, label, and track all drug products & medicated feeds.
Use vet/client/patient relationship as basis for medication decisions.
Train employees & family on proper administration techniques.
Use drug residue tests when appropriate.
Establish an efficient and effective herd health management plan.
Provide proper swine care.
Follow appropriate on-farm feed processing and commercial feed
processor practices and procedures.
Complete the Quality Assurance Checklist every year and the
Education Card every three years.
Taken from Pork Quality Assurance, A Program of America’s Pork Producers, Level III
Management Info (Quality Assurance…PQA)
Pork Quality Assurance…Quality Levels
• Level I
– Provides information on recommended management
practices in the handling and use of animal health
products, and encourages producers to review their
approach to their herds’ health programs.
• Level II
– Self-review of information from the Level I section.
• Level III
– Helps producers design a herd health program that
improves management, while preventing drug residues.
Taken from The National Pork Producers Board
Management Info (Quality Assurance…SSQA)
Sheep Safety & Quality Assurance
• The American Sheep Industry Association
(ASI) began development of an industrywide quality assurance program in 1991.
• Mission of SSQA
– Maximize consumer confidence in, and
acceptance of, sheep products by using
research and education to improve
management during the production of safe,
and high quality sheep products.
Taken from Roeber, D.L., et. al
Management Info (Quality Assurance…SSQA)
SSQA…Quality Levels
Level 1 – SSQA Participant – Education
•
Educate producers regarding the basis of assuring sheep safety and quality, to
describe and define the safety and quality guidelines and to assure that
producers understand the concepts and reasoning behind the development of
the guidelines and the importance of their implementation.
Level 2 – SSQA Certified – Development of Site Specific Plans
•
Designed for education of small groups of producers, assisting them in the
development of mission statements, production flow diagrams, objectives and
procedures that will be needed to implement the SSQA Program. Certification
implies that producers understand the concepts needed to develop a site
specific plan, complete with objectives and procedures.
Level 3 – SSQA Verified – Verification
•
Designed to verify that producers have implemented the SSQA Program and
that they are following the guidelines as outlined in the manual. It implies that
the SSQA is in place and operating successfully in a production unit.
Taken from Roeber, D.L., et. al
Management/Production Info
A quiz concerning the livestock industry is part of
the Livestock Skillathon Contest. The information
in this presentation and the other presentations
contain information, data, knowledge, and skills to
be successful in this part of the contest. However,
other information (such as the annual species
population data from the USDA, “hot topics of the
day”, and technological advances) should always
be explored, monitored, and reviewed.
Contest Subject Matter Info
Information contained in this presentation included
many aspects about the skillathon contest, but it
also included the subject areas of:
Basic Livestock/Animal Terms
Average Daily Gain
Breakeven Costs
Animal Breeding Scenarios
Animal Selection/Judging Scenarios
Quality Assurance
Review of this information and the acquisition of
additional/related is recommended in order to be
successful in the livestock skillathon contest.
Contest Subject Matter Info
Livestock Skillathon Contest Subjects discussed in
the accompanying nine presentations are:
Beef Cattle Breeds
Dairy Cattle Breeds
Goat Breeds (dairy & meat)
Sheep Breeds
Swine Breeds
Feeds (nutrients, use, quality, judging)
Livestock Equipment (use & identification)
Meat Identification
Meat Judging
Contest Subject Matter Info
Three other presentations are also being
included on this CD as resource material for
skillathon training/education.
Beef Cattle Quality Assurance
Poultry & Rabbit Quality Assurance
Proper Tail Docking of Lambs
Of course all of the presentations are not
limited to livestock skillathon training and
education. They are to be utilized for any
purpose deemed suitable and appropriate.
Livestock Skillathon
As stated throughout this presentation,
thorough preparation will involve the
use of all of these presentations as
well as information from other sources.
THANK YOU & GOOD LUCK
QUESTIONS