Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Political abuse of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Wilfred Bion wikipedia , lookup
Anti-psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
History of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Critical Psychiatry Network wikipedia , lookup
Control mastery theory wikipedia , lookup
Emergency psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Pyotr Gannushkin wikipedia , lookup
Controversy surrounding psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Definitions compiled by Stephanie Reed Psychiatry: Useful Definitions Illusion – A false interpretation of a real perception Hallucination – A false sensory perception in the absence of a real external stimulus. It is perceived as being located in objective space and as having the same realistic qualities as normal perceptions. It is not subject to conscious manipulation and only indicates a psychotic disturbance when there is also impaired reality testing. Pseudo-hallucination – A form of imagery arising in the subjective inner space of the mind and lacking the substantiality of normal perceptions. It is not subject to conscious manipulation. Over-valued idea – An unreasonable and sustained preoccupation maintained with less than delusional intensity. The belief is demonstrably false and not normally held by those of the same subculture. There is a marked emotional investment. Delusion – A false personal belief based on incorrect inference about external reality and firmly sustained in spite of what almost everyone else believes and in spite of what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one usually held by those of the same subculture. Delusional perception – A new and delusional interpretation is attached to a familiar and real perception without any logical reason. Thought alienation – The delusional belief that ones thoughts are under the control of an outside agency, or that others are participating in one’s thinking. This includes thought insertion, thought withdrawal and thought broadcast. Thought Insertion – The delusional belief that thoughts are being put into one’s mind by an external agency. Thought Withdrawal – The delusional belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s mind by an external agency. Thought Broadcast – The delusional belief that your thoughts are being read by others, as if they were being broadcast, or that one’s thoughts are being in some way transmitted to others. For example, a patient believed that little men lived in the bushes opposite his house who could hear his thoughts and they then shouted the thoughts so that everyone in the village could hear them. So, that is not just thoughts being read, but really broadcast. Thought echo – A form of auditory hallucination in which the patient hears his thoughts spoken out loud either simultaneously with them thinking it or a moment or two afterwards. Thought blocking – A sudden interruption in the train of thought occurs, leaving a blank, after which what was being said cannot be recalled. Formal thought disorder – Disorder of the form of thought, usually recognised from speech and writing but is sometimes evident from the patient’s behaviour. Concrete thinking – A lack of abstract thinking, normal in childhood, and occurring in adults with organic brain disease and schizophrenia. Dr R Clarke www.askdoctorclarke.com 1 Definitions compiled by Stephanie Reed Loosening of association – Loss of normal structure of thinking. Patient’s discourse seems muddled and illogical and does not become clearer when patient is questioned further. Circumstantiality – Slow thinking incorporating unnecessary trivial details. The goal of thought is finally, but slowly, reached. Perseveration – (of speech and movement) Mental operations carry on beyond the point at which they are appropriate. This term is usually used to describe repetition of a thought or action or a type of response. In Alzheimer’s disease it commonly happens during the MMSE – the patient is asked for the day of the week and they say “Wednesday”, then they are asked what month it is and they say “Friday”. Confabulation – Gaps in memory are (unconsciously) filled with false memories. Somatic Passivity – The delusional belief that one is a passive recipient of bodily sensations from an external agency. Made Acts, Feelings and Drives – The delusional belief that one’s free will has been removed and an external agency is controlling one’s actions, feelings or impulses. This is another form of passivity. Clouding of Consciousness – The patient is drowsy and does not react reliably to stimuli. There is a disturbance of attention, concentration, memory, orientation and thinking. Catatonia – A state of increased muscle tone affecting extension and flexion and abolished by voluntary movement. Stupor - A condition in which the patient is immobile, mute and unresponsive but appears fully conscious. In that the eyes are usually open and follow external objects. If the eyes are closed then the patient usually resists attempts to open them. Reflexes are normal and resting posture is maintained. Psychomotor retardation – In severe depression the patient walks and acts slowly. Slowing of the thought is reflected in the patient’s speech; there is a long delay before questions are answered, and pauses in conversation may be so long that they would be intolerable to a non-depressed person. Flight of ideas – The speech consists of a stream of accelerated thoughts, with abrupt changes from topic to topic and no central direction. The connection between the thoughts may be based on chance relationships, verbal associations (e.g. alliteration and assonance), clang associations and distracting stimuli. Pressure of speech – Increased quantity and rate of speech, which is hard to interrupt. The defining feature of pressure is that it is difficult to get a word in edge-ways! Anhedonia – Loss of enjoyment in life, activities and hobbies Incongruity of affect - The patient’s mood does not match the patient’s circumstances and thoughts. Blunting – Reduced reactivity of mood Belle indifference – The lack of concern about disability and the prospect for recovery. It maybe a clinical feature of hysterical disorders. Dr R Clarke www.askdoctorclarke.com 2 Definitions compiled by Stephanie Reed Depersonalisation – The patient feels that s/he is altered or not real in some way. Derealisation – The surroundings do not seem real. Conversion – Introduced by Freud for the conversion of distress into physical symptoms and which he proposed as the fundamental mechanism in hysteria. Used now as a diagnostic category to replace hysteria. Dissociation – A mechanism whereby psychological processes relating to consciousness are split or fragmented. Also dissociative symptoms and a personality trait. Mannerism – Repeated involuntary movements that appear to be goal directed. Stereotyped behaviour – A repeated regular fixed pattern of movement or speech that is not goal directed. Obsession – Repetitive senseless thoughts, recognised by the patient as being irrational which, at least initially, are unsuccessfully resisted. Compulsion – Repetitive, stereotyped, seemingly purposeful behaviour that is the motor component of obsessional thoughts. Examples are checking and cleaning rituals. Bibliography / Further Reading Cameron A, Akhtar M , Bloye D, Davies S (2004) Crash Course Psychiatry London: Mosby Gelder M, Cowen P, Harrison P (2006) Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry Oxford: OUP Gelder M, Lopez-Ibor J, Andreason N (2003) New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry Oxford: OUP Katona C, Robertson M (2000) Psychiatry at a Glance. Oxford: Blackwell Laking P, Treasaden I, Puri, K (2002) Textbook of Psychiatry. London: Churchill Livingstone Semple D, Smyth R, Burns J, Darjee R, McIntosh, A (2005) Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press Please Note These notes were compiled by Stephanie Reed as a medical student in 2004. They are presented in good faith and every effort has been taken to ensure their accuracy. Nevertheless, medical practice changes over time and it is always important to check the information with your clinical teachers and with other reliable sources. Disclaimer: no responsibility can be taken by either the author or publisher for any loss, damage or injury occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of this information. Dr R Clarke www.askdoctorclarke.com 3