* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Origins of the Cold War.key
Survey
Document related concepts
Cuba–Soviet Union relations wikipedia , lookup
Operation Anadyr wikipedia , lookup
1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état wikipedia , lookup
Berlin Blockade wikipedia , lookup
Consequences of Nazism wikipedia , lookup
Allied-occupied Austria wikipedia , lookup
Iron Curtain wikipedia , lookup
Eastern Bloc media and propaganda wikipedia , lookup
Berlin Crisis of 1961 wikipedia , lookup
Aftermath of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Western betrayal wikipedia , lookup
Origins of the Cold War wikipedia , lookup
Culture during the Cold War wikipedia , lookup
Cold War (1962–1979) wikipedia , lookup
Containment wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Origins of the Cold War What was the Cold War? • The Cold War was the bitter state of indirect conflict that existed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union for more than four decades after the end of WWII. What is meant by indirect conflict? End of World War II • At the war’s end, there were disputes about the futures of Germany and Poland. – Germany was partitioned into four zones (American, French, British, and Soviet). – Poland’s new government would loosely be controlled by the Soviets. • Composition of the United Nations à the Soviets outnumbered. • Lastly, Stalin was angry that Truman did not tell him about the A-Bomb (did not tell until bomb was completed.) Different World Visions: American vs. Soviet The American Vision: • fought in WWII to protect American values. • Believed in democracy: liberty, equality, and representative government. • sought to protect its economic interests by ensuring a worldwide market for its products (free trade). The Soviet Vision: • Remember that communism predicted that through a process of class struggle, the workers of the world would eventually triumph. • When this happened, everyone would join hands and sing, as well as then split the resources of the land equally. • Because the Soviets had suffered such significant losses in the war (20 million), they were determined to rebuild on their own terms. Origins of the Cold War Soviet-American Tensions America’s distrust Soviet-German Treaty of Brest-Litovsk during WWI • Stalinist purges of his enemies during 19030s • Nazi-Soviet WWII Non- Agression Pact; Molotov• Ribbentrop Soviet’s distrust • White Russians: American assistance durin Russian Revolution • US opposition to Soviet government • US Exclusion of Soviets from treaties • US delay of Normandy Invasion U.S. and the Soviet Union clash over the issue of Poland. • Truman insisted that the new Polish gov’t have representatives sympathetic to Western interests. • Stalin insisted that because Poland was so close to the Soviet Union, the Soviets must be allowed to have a strong influence there. • In essence, Stalin wanted to protect the security of his own nation. He could do so by ensuring that Poland remain under Soviet influence. Meanwhile, the American people renewed their hatred of COMMUNISM. • Americans began to transfer their wartime hatred of Nazi Germany to communist Soviet Union. • Truman declared in 1950 that “there isn’t any difference between totalitarian Russian government and the Hitler government.” Similarities between Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia • Total control over communications • Ability to eliminate political opposition • Usage of terror to silence dissidents • Stalin’s labor camps in Siberia were likened to Hitler’s concentration camps • “Big Brother” = a mating of Stalin and Hitler The Cold War was never actually “officially” declared. • However, two speeches mark the onset of the struggle: – In 1946, Stalin made a speech (“Two Worlds”) in which he declared that the Soviet system would triumph ultimately. – In that same year, Winston Churchill, made his famous “iron curtain” speech. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. 12 1. What is the “iron curtain?” 1. What threat do the Soviets pose? 1. Why was this speech so significant? Containment • To address the concerns that the Americans had about the Soviets, they adopted a policy called ‘containment.’ – Crafted after George Kennan (a top-ranking diplomat stationed in Moscow): • Said it was necessary to contain the Soviet threat against any part of the world • Image of Soviets (policy) as a “persistent toy automobile wound up and headed in a given direction, stopping only when it meets with some unanswerable force.” – Based on this article, the use adopted a policy of CONTAINMENT (used as justification of the U.S. policy in the Cold War) • Definition: the need for the United States to remove any opportunities for its enemy to establish communist governments in other countries. This was accomplished through both persuasion and force. U.S. policy of containment: Examples • The Truman Doctrine (1947) – Pledged support of U.S. to countries that were in danger of takeover by communist countries. – Gave $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey. • The Marshall Plan (1948) – Called for nations of Europe (including communist countries) to draw up a program for economic recovery from the war. The U.S. would then support the plan with financial aid. (This action would both improve the European economy as well as reward the U.S. with strong trading partners.) – Ultimately gave $17 billion over 4 years to 16 western European nations. Division of Germany • Truman refused to allow the Soviets to use Germany’s industrial plants in Western Germany. • U.S. pumped aid through the Marshall Plan in to Western Germany which got economic recovery underway. • The Russians were ticked off by this whole Marshall Plan situation, because they felt it was just a way for the U.S. to buy friends in Western Europe. The Berlin Airlift • June of 1948: The Soviets blockade all ground and water routes to West Berlin in June of 1948. • Why is this a problem? Hint: What happens to the people living inside the blockade? The Berlin Airlift • Truman did not want to risk starting a war with the Soviet Union by forcing open the trade routes, nor did he want to give up West Berlin to the Soviets. • So he started what was known as the Berlin Airlift – moved supplies into West Berlin by plane. This went on for over a year. • The airlift was a success for the U.S. in that it publicly humiliated the Soviets and served to win the hearts of the residents of W. Berlin. • By the time the Soviet blockade was ended in May 1949, the Marshall Plan had succeeded in strengthening capitalist nations in Western Europe. U.S. are heroes! • Constant stream of E. Germans fleeing to W. Germany strained • In Oct. 1949, the Soviets formed E-W relations in the 1950s. The a separate government in E. Soviets sealed the borders b/w Germany called German E. and W. Germany in 1952, but Democratic Republic while the people cont. to flee from E. to W. was united as the Federal W. Berlin. Republic of Germany in May 1949. • August 1961 the construction of the Berlin Wall began. The wall ultimately surrounded all of W. Berlin cutting it off from the rest of E. Germany. The wall remained intact until Nov. 9, 1989. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” } The Soviet Union exploded its first Abomb in 1949. } Now there were two nuclear superpowers! Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Nuclear Strike by one side would result in counterstrike by the other resulting in the destruction of all human life on earth! Formation of NATO • The tension that resulted from the Berlin airlift convinced Western powers that they needed to form a peacetime alliance against the Soviet threat. • Thus, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established. Participating nations pledged that an attack on one was an attack on all. • Participating Nations: – Belgium – Britain – Canada – Denmark – France – Iceland – Italy – Luxembourg – Netherlands – Norway – Portugal – United States Disturbing Events 1. In 1949, a Chinese Civil War between the Nationalist Party and the Communist Party resulted in a victory for the Communists under Mao Zedong. The “loss of China” was very disappointing, and would lead to future efforts to prevent more Asian nations from falling to communism. 1. On September 23rd, 1949, the U.S. learned that the U.S.S.R. had developed a nuclear bomb. From then on, “fear of the bomb” would dictate life in America as well as diplomatic relations. Warsaw Pact (1955) 1. U. S. S. R. 1. East Germany 2. Albania 2. Hungary 3. Bulgaria 3. Poland 4. Czechoslovakia 4. Rumania A Bi-Polar World Adoption of NSC-68 • In response to these events, the National Security Council spelled out American policy in a document entitled NSC-68. • This document stated that the U.S. should triple to quadruple its defense budget (from $13 billion to $50 billion annually) in order to meet the security needs of the time. “Forces of good and evil are massed and armed and opposed as rarely before in history. Freedom is pitted against slavery, lightness against dark.” --Eisenhower’s inaugural address THE END