Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chemistry Data Booklet Higher and Advanced Higher For use in National Qualification Courses Publication date: 2014 Publication code: BB6753 ISBN: 978 1 910180 00 6 Published by the Scottish Qualifications Authority The Optima Building, 58 Robertson Street, Glasgow G2 8DQ Lowden, 24 Wester Shawfair, Dalkeith, Midlothian EH22 1FD www.sqa.org.uk The information in this publication may be reproduced in support of SQA qualifications. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is to be used for any other purpose, then written permission must be obtained from SQA. It must not be reproduced for trade or commercial purposes. © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2014 For an up-to-date list of prices visit the Publication Sales and Downloads section of SQA’s website. For further details telephone SQA’s Customer Contact Centre on 0845 279 1000. Page two Contents Relationships for Higher and Advanced Higher Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Names, Symbols, Relative Atomic Masses and Densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Covalent Radii of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Electron Arrangements of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Enthalpies of Formation and Combustion of Selected Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Selected Bond and Mean Bond Enthalpies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Enthalpy of Sublimation of Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ionisation Energies and Electronegativities of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Electrochemical Series: Standard Reduction Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Electrolysis of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Dissociation Constants of Selected Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Infra-red Correlation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Spectral Lines and Flame Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Proton NMR Spectra Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Ionic Radii of Selected Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Standard Entropy Values for Selected Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Standard Molar Enthalpies of Atomisation of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lattice Enthalpies of Selected Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Electron Affinities of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Hydration Enthalpies of Selected Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Colour Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Acid-base Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Formulae of Selected Ions containing more than one kind of Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Systeme Internationale Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Page three Relationships for Higher and Advanced Higher Chemistry Eh = cm ∆T % yield = Actual yield ×100 Theoretical yield % atom economy = Mass of desired product(s) ×100 Total mass of reacc tants n = cV c1V1 c2V2 = n1 n2 n= m GFM rate = ∆ quantity ∆t reaction rate = % by mass = 1 t m ×100 GFM c = fλ pH + pOH = 14 E = Lhf H 3O + I n − K In = [HI n ] c d C ] [ D] [ K= [ A]a [ B ]b for aA + bB cC + dD pH = p K In ±1 pH = − log10 H + ∆ H ° = ∑ ∆ H °f (products) − ∑ ∆ H °f (reactants) p K a = − log10 K a ∆ S° = ∑ S°(products) − ∑ S°(reactants) pH = 12 p K a − 12 log10 c pH = p K a − log10 [acid ] [salt ] ∆G = ∆H − T ∆S ∆ G° = ∑ ∆ Gf° (products) − ∑ ∆ Gf° (reactants) ∆ G° = ∆ H °− T ∆ S° KW = H + OH − pOH = − log10 OH − Page four Names, Symbols, Relative Atomic Masses and Densities (Relative atomic masses, also known as average atomic masses, have been rounded to the nearest 0·1) Element Actinium Aluminium Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Caesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Pb Li Lu Mg Relative atomic mass 227·0 27·0 243·1 121·8 39·9 74·9 210·0 137·3 247·1 9·0 209·0 10·8 79·9 112·4 40·1 251·1 12·0 140·1 132·9 35·5 52·0 58·9 63·5 247·1 162·5 252·1 167·3 152·0 19·0 223·0 157·3 69·7 72·6 197·0 178·5 4·0 164·9 1·0 114·8 126·9 192·2 55·8 83·8 138·9 207·2 6·9 175·0 24·3 Density (g cm-3) 10·1 2·70 13·7 6·68 0·0018 5·78 unknown 3·62 14·8 1·85 9·79 2·47 3·12 8·69 1·54 unknown * 6·77 1·93 0·0032 7·15 8·86 8·96 13·3 8·55 unknown 9·07 5·24 0·0017 unknown 7·90 5·91 5·32 19·3 13·3 0·0002 8·80 0·00009 7·31 4·95 22·5 7·87 0·0037 6·15 11·3 0·53 9·84 1·74 *The density of carbon as graphite is 2·27 g cm−3 The density of carbon as diamond is 3·51 g cm−3 Element Symbol Relative atomic mass Density (g cm-3) Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Mn Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr 54·9 200·6 96·0 144·2 20·2 237·0 58·7 92·9 14·0 190·2 16·0 106·4 31·0 195·1 244·1 209·0 39·1 140·9 144·9 231·0 226·0 222·0 186·2 102·9 85·5 101·1 150·4 45·0 79·0 28·1 107·9 23·0 87·6 32·1 180·9 97·9 127·6 158·9 204·4 232·0 168·9 118·7 47·9 183·8 238·0 50·9 131·3 173·0 88·9 65·4 91·2 7·47 13·5 10·2 7·01 0·0009 20·2 8·90 8·57 0.0013 22·6 0·0014 12·0 1·82 21·5 19·7 9·20 0·89 6·77 7·26 15·4 5·00 0·0097 20·8 12·4 1·53 12·1 7·52 2·99 4·81 2·33 10·5 0·97 2·64 2·09 16·4 11 6·25 8·23 11·8 11·7 9·32 7·26 4·51 19·3 19·1 6·00 0·0059 6·90 4·47 7·14 6·52 Page five Group 1 1 Hydrogen Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements Group 0 11 181 1342 Lithium 3 650 1090 Magnesium 12 1287 2471* Beryllium 4 Scandium 21 40 1668 3287 Titanium 22 Niobium 41 1910 3407 Vanadium 23 42 1907 2672 Chromium 24 43 1246 2061 Manganese 25 Ruthenium 44 1538 2861 Iron 26 1964 3695 Rhodium 45 1495 2927 Cobalt 27 78 1555 2963 Palladium 46 1455 2913 Nickel 28 Gold 79 962 2162 Silver 47 1085 2562 Copper 29 —39 357 Mercury 80 321 767 Cadmium 48 420 907 Zinc 30 304 1473 Thallium 81 157 2072 Indium 49 30 2204 Gallium 31 660 2519 Aluminium 13 2075 4000 Boron 5 328 1749 Lead 82 232 2602 Tin 50 938 2833 Germanium 32 1414 3265 Silicon 14 †3825 Carbon 6 271 1564 Bismuth 83 631 1587 Antimony 51 *817 †616 Arsenic 33 44 280 Phosphorus 15 —210 —196 Nitrogen 7 254 962 Polonium 84 449 988 Tellurium 52 221 685 Selenium 34 115 445 Sulfur 16 —219 —183 Oxygen 8 302 Astatine 85 114 184 Iodine 53 —7 59 Bromine 35 —101 —34 Chlorine 17 —220 —188 Fluorine 9 —71 —62 Radon 86 —112 —108 Xenon 54 —157 —153 Krypton 36 —189 —186 Argon 18 —249 —246 Neon 10 Group 7 Sodium 20 1541 2836 Zirconium 2333 4150 77 Platinum 1064 2856 Group 6 98 883 Calcium 39 2157 4265 76 Iridium 1768 3825 Group 5 19 842 1484 Yttrium 2623 4639 75 Osmium 2446 4428 Group 4 Potassium 38 2477 4744 74 Rhenium 3033 5012 Group 3 2 Helium 63 759 Strontium 1855 4409 73 Tungsten 3185 5596 Group 2 Atomic number 37 1522 3345 72 Tantalum 3422 5555 —272 —269 Rubidium 777 1382 57 Hafnium 3017 5458 Key Name of element 39 688 56 Lanthanum 2223 4602 —259 —253 55 Barium 920 3464 Melting point/ºC Caesium 727 1897 Molybdenum Technetium Boiling point/ºC 28 671 * at 28 atmospheres † sublimes Page six 26 Cobalt 27 Nickel 28 Copper 29 Zinc 30 120 Gallium 31 130 Aluminium 13 90 Boron 5 Group 3 Tin 50 122 Germanium 32 117 Silicon 14 77 Carbon 6 Group 4 143 Antimony 51 121 Arsenic 33 110 Phosphorus 15 75 Nitrogen 7 Group 5 135 Tellurium 52 117 Selenium 34 102 Sulfur 16 73 Oxygen 8 Group 6 133 Iodine 53 114 Bromine 35 99 Chlorine 17 71 Fluorine 9 Group 7 Covalent Radii of Selected Elements 4 Iron 120 49 140 Group 2 Beryllium 25 118 48 150 Indium Group 1 3 129 Manganese 113 47 140 Cadmium Atomic number Lithium 12 24 114 46 136 Silver Key 134 Magnesium Chromium 114 45 126 Palladium 196 Potassium 19 154 38 174 Calcium 20 39 141 Scandium 21 147 Zirconium 40 132 Titanium 22 133 Niobium 41 122 42 Covalent radius/pm 37 162 Yttrium 37 Hydrogen 1 11 23 116 44 122 Rhodium Name of element Sodium 145 Vanadium 119 43 122 Ruthenium 191 Strontium 55 198 Barium 56 169 Lanthanum 57 142 Hafnium 72 133 Tantalum 73 131 Tungsten 74 127 128 Rhenium 75 — 126 Osmium 76 124 Iridium 77 127 Platinum 78 130 Gold 79 141 Mercury 80 157 Thallium 81 155 Lead 82 151 Bismuth 83 — Polonium 84 140 Astatine 85 Molybdenum Technetium 216 Rubidium 235 Caesium Page seven Group 1 (1) Group 2 Key Electron Arrangements of Elements Atomic number 1 H Symbol Group 0 Hydrogen Be 4 (2) Cr 24 2,8,13,2 Mn 25 2,8,14,2 Fe 26 2,8,15,2 Co 27 2,8,16,2 Ni 28 2,8,18,1 Cu 29 2,8,18,2 Zn 30 (12) Gallium 2,8,18,3 Ga 31 Aluminium 2,8,3 Al 13 Boron 2,3 B 5 (13) Germanium 2,8,18,4 Ge 32 Silicon 2,8,4 Si 14 Carbon 2,4 C 6 (14) Arsenic 2,8,18,5 As 33 Phosphorus 2,8,5 P 15 Nitrogen 2,5 N 7 (15) Selenium 2,8,18,6 Se 34 Sulfur 2,8,6 S 16 Oxygen 2,6 O 8 (16) 53 Bromine 2,8,18,7 Br 35 Chlorine 2,8,7 Cl 17 Fluorine 2,7 F 9 (17) 54 Krypton 2,8,18,8 Kr 36 Argon 2,8,8 Ar 18 Neon 2,8 Ne 10 Group 7 3 2,2 23 2,8,13,1 Zinc 52 Group 6 Li Beryllium V Copper 51 Group 5 2,1 12 22 2,8,11,2 Nickel 50 Group 4 Lithium Mg Ti Cobalt 49 Group 3 (18) 2 11 2,8,2 21 2,8,10,2 Iron 48 2 He Na Magnesium Sc Manganese 47 (5) Name (6) (8) Transition Elements (7) Xe Helium 2,8,1 20 2,8,9,2 Chromium 46 Electron arrangement Sodium Ca Vanadium 45 (11) 19 2,8,8,2 Titanium Rh (10) K Scandium 44 (9) 2,8,8,1 Calcium Ru (4) 1 (3) Potassium 43 I Tc Te 42 2,8,18, 18,8 86 Xenon 2,8,18, 18,7 Iodine 2,8,18, 18,6 Tellurium Sb Mo Sn 41 Nb In 40 Cd Y 39 Ag 38 Pd Sr Zr 37 2,8,18, 18,4 Antimony 85 Rn 84 At 83 Po Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 18,9,2 32,10,2 32,11,2 32,12,2 32,13,2 32,14,2 32,15,2 32,17,1 32,18,1 32,18,2 Pb Bi Au 2,8,18, 18,5 Rb 2,8,18, 18,3 Tl 2,8,18, 18,2 Hg 2,8,18, 18,1 Rhodium Pt 2,8,18, 18,0 Ir 77 2,8,18,13, 2,8,18,13, 2,8,18,15, 2,8,18,16, 1 2 1 1 76 2,8,18, 12,1 Os 2,8,18, 10,2 75 2,8,18,9,2 Re 2,8,18,8,1 2,8,18,8,2 74 Tin Niobium W 71 Indium 73 Lu Cadmium Zirconium Ta 70 Silver Yttrium 72 Polonium Yb Palladium Strontium Hf 69 Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rubidium 57 Bismuth Tm Radon 2,8,18, 32,18,8 68 Ce Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Terbium Erbium Gadolinium Holmium Europium 98 Dysprosium Samarium Cf Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium 97 2,8,18,21, 2,8,18,22, 2,8,18,23, 2,8,18,24, 2,8,18,25, 2,8,18,25, 2,8,18,27, 2,8,18,28, 2,8,18,29, 2,8,18,30, 2,8,18,31, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 9,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 9,2 Astatine Er 2,8,18, 32,18,7 67 2,8,18, 32,18,6 Ho La Cerium Bk Lr 96 103 Cm No 95 102 Am 101 94 Md Pu 100 93 Fm Np 99 U 92 Es 91 90 Pa Th Berkelium 89 Curium Ac Lanthanum Lead 66 82 La Thallium Dy 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 12,2 13,2 14,2 15,2 17,1 65 81 56 112 Mercury Tb 80 Ba 111 Gold 64 79 55 110 Platinum Gd 78 Cs 109 Iridium 63 2,8,18, 32,18,5 108 Osmium Eu 2,8,18, 32,18,4 107 Rhenium Hs 62 2,8,18, 32,18,3 106 Tungsten Hassium Sm 2,8,18, 32,18,2 105 Tantalum Bh 61 2,8,18, 32,18,1 104 Hafnium Bohrium Pm 2,8,18, 32,11,2 89 Lanthanum Sg 60 Cn Db Seaborgium Nd Rg Rf Dubnium 59 Ds Ac Rutherfordium Pr Mt Actinium 58 2,8,18,18, 2,8,18,32, 9,2 10,2 88 Barium Ra 2,8,18,18, 2,8,18,18, 8,1 8,2 87 Caesium Fr Radium 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 18,8,1 18,8,2 57 2,8,18, 20,8,2 Lanthanides Francium 2,8,18, 18,9,2 Actinides Americium Mendelevium Plutonium Fermium Neptunium Protactinium Uranium Thorium Californium Einsteinium Nobelium Lawrencium 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 18,9,2 18,10,2 20,9,2 21,9,2 22,9,2 24,8,2 25,8,2 25,9,2 27,8,2 28,8,2 29,8,2 30,8,2 31,8,2 32,8,2 32,9,2 Actinium Page eight Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Oxides Element hydrogen Formula of oxide H2O mp/ºC bp/ºC 0 100 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Chlorides Element Formula of chloride mp/ºC bp/ºC lithium LiCl 610 1383 beryllium BeCl2 405 482 lithium Li2O 1438 beryllium BeO 2578 3900 boron BCl3 —107 boron B2O3 1860 carbon CCl4 —23 carbon CO2 nitrogen NCl3 —40 nitrogen N2O4 450 sublimes at —78·5 —9 fluorine FCl —155 —100 fluorine F2O —224 —144 sodium NaCl 801 1465 magnesium MgCl2 1412 aluminium Al2Cl6 silicon SiCl4 714 Sublimes at 180 —70 phosphorus PCl3 —93 sulfur SCl2 —78 potassium KCl 770 75·5 decomposes at 59 1680 calcium CaCl2 775 21 sublimes at 1134 2825 3600 2054 2977 1713 sublimes at 300 —75 2950 —121 2 sodium Na2O magnesium MgO aluminium Al2O3 silicon SiO2 phosphorus P4O10 sulfur SO2 chlorine Cl2O potassium K2O 740 calcium CaO 2614 —10 57·6 1935 2850 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Organic Compounds Name of compound mp/ºC bp/ºC Name of compound methane —182·5 —162 methanol ethane —183 —89 ethanol —114 78 propane —188 —42 propan-1-ol —124 97 butane —138 —1 propan-2-ol —88 82 pentane —130 36 butan-1-ol —84 118 hexane —95 69 butan-2-ol —89 100 heptane —91 98 methanal —92 —19 octane —57 126 ethanal —123 20 cyclobutane —91 13 propanal —81 49 cyclopentane —93 49 butanal —97 75 81 propanone butanone —95 —86·5 56 79·5 cyclohexane 6.5 ethene —169 —104 propene —185 —48 but-1-ene —185 —6 ethanoic acid pent-1-ene —165 30 hex-1-ene —140 benzene 5·5 methanoic acid mp/ºC —97·5 bp/ºC 65 8 101 17 118 propanoic acid —21 141 63 butanoic acid —5 164 80 methoxyethane ethoxyethane Page nine —139 —116 7·5 34·5 Enthalpies of Formation and Combustion of Selected Substances Standard enthalpy of formation /kJ mol−1 Standard enthalpy of combustion/kJ mol−1 hydrogen − −286 carbon (graphite) − −394 sulfur (rhombic) − −297 methane −75 −891 ethane −84 −1561 propane −104 −2219 butane −126 −2878 benzene 49 −3628 ethene 52 −1411 ethyne 227 −1301 methanol −239 −726 ethanol −278 −1367 propan-1-ol −303 −2021 methanoic acid −425 −255 ethanoic acid −484 −874 Substance Selected Bond and Mean Bond Enthalpies Bond Enthalpies Mean Bond Enthalpies Bond Enthalpy/kJ mol−1 H − H 436 O = O 498 N ≡ N 945 F − F Mean Enthalpy/ kJ mol−1 Bond Si − Si 226 C − C 348 159 C = C 612 Cl − Cl 243 838 Br − Br 194 I − I 151 C ≡ C C C (aromatic) H − F 570 H − Cl 432 H − Br 366 H − I 298 } H − O 463 H − N 388 C − H 412 C − O 360 C = O 743 C − F 484 C − Cl 338 C − Br 276 C − I 238 Enthalpy of Sublimation of Carbon The energy required to convert 1 mole solid carbon into 1 mole gaseous carbon atoms is 716 kJ at 298 K (25 ºC). The equation is C(s) → C(g) ∆H = 716 kJ Page ten 518 Ionisation Energies and Electronegativities of Selected Elements Notes: T he first ionisation energy for an element E refers to the reaction E(g) → E+(g) + e− ; the second ionisation energy refers to E+(g) → E2+(g) + e− ; etc. hydrogen helium H He 1312 2372 — 5251 — — — — Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 2·2 — lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon Li Be B C N O F Ne 520 900 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 2081 7298 1757 2427 2353 2856 3389 3374 3952 11815 14849 3660 4620 4578 5300 6050 6122 — 21007 25026 6223 7475 7469 8408 9371 1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 3·0 3·5 4·0 — sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 496 738 578 787 1012 1000 1251 1521 4562 1451 1817 1577 1907 2252 2298 2666 6910 7733 2745 3232 2914 3357 3822 3931 9543 10543 11577 4356 4964 4556 5159 5771 0·9 1·2 1·5 1·9 2·2 2·5 3·0 — potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic bromine K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Br 419 590 633 659 651 653 717 762 760 737 745 906 579 762 944 1140 3052 1145 1235 1310 1410 1591 1509 1562 1648 1753 1958 1733 1979 1537 1794 2083 4420 4912 2389 2653 2828 2987 3248 2957 3232 3395 3555 3833 2965 3302 2735 3473 5877 6491 7091 4175 4507 4743 4940 5287 4950 5297 5536 5731 6102 4411 4837 4564 0·8 1·0 1·3 1·5 1·6 1·6 1·5 1·8 1·8 1·9 1·9 1·6 1·8 2·0 2·2 2·8 rubidium strontium silver tin antimony iodine Rb Sr Ag Sn Sb I 403 549 731 709 831 1008 2633 1064 2072 1412 1605 1846 3859 4138 3361 2943 2441 3184 5075 5500 — 3930 4260 — 0·8 1·0 1·9 1·8 2·1 2·6 caesium barium gold lead Cs Ba Au Pb 376 503 890 716 2234 965 1949 1450 — — — 3081 — — — 4083 0·8 0·9 2·4 1·8 Element Symbol Ionisation Energies/kJ mol—1 First Second Third Fourth Page eleven Electrochemical Series: Standard Reduction Potentials Note: The data given below are reduction potentials applicable to standard state conditions. Reaction + Eº/V Li (aq) + e − Li(s) −3·04 + − Cs(s) −3·03 + − Rb(s) −2·98 K(s) −2·93 Sr(s) −2·90 Ca(s) −2·87 Na(s) −2·71 Mg(s) −2·37 Al(s) Cs (aq) + e Rb (aq) + e + K (aq) + e − 2+ Sr (aq) + 2e − 2+ Ca (aq) + 2e + Na (aq) + e − − 2+ Mg (aq) + 2e − Al3+(aq) + 3e− − −1·66 − H2(g) + 2OH (aq) −0·83 2+ − Zn(s) −0·76 3+ − Cr(s) −0·74 2+ − Fe(s) −0·45 2+ − Ni(s) −0·26 2+ − Sn(s) −0·14 2+ − Pb(s) −0·13 3+ − Fe(s) −0·04 H2(g) 0·00 2H2O() + 2e Zn (aq) + 2e Cr (aq) + 3e Fe (aq) + 2e Ni (aq) + 2e Sn (aq) + 2e Pb (aq) + 2e Fe (aq) + 3e + − 4+ − 2H (aq) + 2e Sn (aq) + 2e 2+ Cu (aq) + e − 2− + SO4 (aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e − Cu2+(aq) + 2e− O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e I2(s) + 2e − − 3+ Fe (aq) + e + Ag (aq) + e − − 2+ Hg (aq) + 2e Br2() + 2e − − + O2(g) + 4H (aq) + 4e 2− − + Cr2O7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e Cl2(g) + 2e − − + MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e F2(g) + 2e − − − 2+ 0·15 + Sn (aq) Cu (aq) 0·15 2− SO3 (aq) + H2O() 0·17 Cu(s) 0·34 − 0·40 4OH (aq) − 2I (aq) 0·54 2+ Fe (aq) 0·77 Ag(s) 0·80 Hg() 0·85 − 2Br (aq) 1·07 2H2O() 1·23 3+ 1·36 − 2Cl (aq) 1·36 2+ 1·51 2Cr (aq) + 7H2O() Mn (aq) + 4H2O() − 2F (aq) Electrolysis of Water Reduction reactions at the negative electrode 2H2O() + 2e− → H2(g) + 2OH−(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) Oxidation reactions at the positive electrode 2H2O() → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− 4OH−(aq) → 2H2O() + O2(g) + 4e− Page twelve 2·87 Dissociation Constants of Selected Species Equilibrium in aqueous solution methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid butanoic acid pKa Ka H+ + HCOO− HCOOH + CH3COOH − H + CH3COO CH3CH2COOH CH3(CH2)2COOH + − H + CH3CH2COO + − H + CH3(CH2)2COO + − 1·8 × 10−4 3·75 1·7 × 10 −5 4·76 1·3 × 10 −5 4·87 1·5 × 10 −5 4·83 −5 4·20 benzoic acid C6H5COOH H + C6H5COO 6·3 × 10 phenol C6H5OH H+ + C6H5O− 1·0 × 10−10 9·99 hydrofluoric acid HF H+ + F − 6·8 × 10−4 3·17 boric acid H3BO3 H+ + H2BO3− 5·4 × 10−10 9·27 hydrocyanic acid HCN H+ + CN− 6·2 × 10−10 9·21 carbonic acid H2O + CO2 H+ + HCO3− 4·5 × 10−7 6·35 hydrogencarbonate ion HCO3− H+ + CO32− 4·7 × 10−11 10·33 sulfurous acid H2SO3 H+ + HSO3− 1·4 × 10−2 1·85 hydrogensulfite ion HSO3− H+ + SO32− 6·3 × 10−8 7·19 hydrogen sulfide H2S H+ + HS− 8·9 × 10−8 7·05 hydrogensulfide ion HS− H+ + S2− 2·73 × 10−20 phosphoric acid H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4− 6·9 × 10−3 2·16 dihydrogenphosphate ion H2PO4− H+ + HPO42− 6·2 × 10−8 7·21 hydrogenphosphate ion HPO42− H+ + PO43− 4·8 × 10−13 12·32 ammonium ion NH4+ H+ + NH3 5·8 × 10−10 9·24 methylammonium ion CH3NH3+ H+ + CH3NH2 2·2 × 10−11 10·66 phenylammonium ion C6H5NH3+ H+ + C6H5NH2 1·3 × 10−5 4·87 Page thirteen 19·00 Infra-red Correlation Table Wave number range/cm−1 Type of compound Infra-red absorption due to 3570−3200 alcohols and phenols hydrogen bonded O − H stretch 3650−3590 alcohols and phenols not hydrogen bonded O − H stretch 3500−3300 amine, not hydrogen bonded N − H stretch 3300 alkyne C − H stretch in C ≡ C − H 3095−3010 alkene C − H stretch in C = C − H 3100−3000 benzene ring C − H stretch 2962−2853 alkane C − H stretch 2900−2820 aldehyde C − H stretch in −CHO 2775−2700 aldehyde C − H stretch in −CHO 3500−2500 carboxylic acid hydrogen bonded O − H stretch in −COOH 2260−2215 nitriles C ≡ N stretch 2260−2100 alkynes C ≡ C stretch 1750−1735 ester C = O stretch 1740−1720 aldehyde C = O stretch 1730−1717 aromatic ester C = O stretch 1725−1700 caboxylic acid C = O stretch 1700−1680 aromatic and alkyl ketones aromatic carboxylic acid 1680−1620 alkene C = C stretch 1600,1580,1500 and 1450 benzene ring C 1485−1340 alkane C − H bend 1275−1200 aromatic ether C − O stretch 1150−1070 alkyl ether C − O stretch } Page fourteen C = O stretch C (aromatic) stretch Spectral Lines and Flame Colours Gas Discharge Lamps Element hydrogen (Balmer series) helium Wavelength/nm Colour 656 red 486 blue-green 434 blue-green 410 violet 397 ultra-violet 389 ultra-violet 706 red 667 red 588 orange-yellow Metal Vapour Lamps Element cadmium mercury sodium Wavelength/nm Colour 644 red 509 green 480 blue 579 577 } yellow doublet 546 green 436 blue-violet 405 violet 310 ultra-violet 589·0 589·6 } orange-yellow doublet Flame Colours Note: The data refers to prominent spectral lines. Element Wavelength/nm Colour barium 554 green calcium 620 orange-red copper 325 blue-green lithium 671 crimson potassium 405 lilac sodium 589 orange-yellow strontium 650 red Page fifteen R2CHC ≡ C− 10·0 10·0−9·4 10·5−9·7 10·0 11·0−10·0 11·0 9·0 9·0 Proton NMR Spectra Correlation Chart 8·0 7·0 8·0−6·6 7·0 9·4−5·0 11·0−4·5 8·0 6·0 6·0 5·0 6·0−4·5 5·0 4·0 5·0−3·0 3·0 3·0−2·3 2·0 2·7−2·0 2·5−2·0 5·0−1·0 3·0 2·0 1·0 1·0 1·5−0·9 3·0−1·1 3·1−1·8 2·8−1·7 2·6−1·6 3·0−2·5 4·2−2·2 3·9−3·5 4·0 0·0 0·0 δ (ppm) X =halogen Ar = aryl (aromatic) group R = alkyl group δ (ppm) Note: Approximate chemical shift values of hydrogen atoms in different structural environments relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) for which δ = 0 ppm RCH3, R2CH2, R3CH ArCH3, ArCH2R, ArCHR2 O O O CH3C− , RCH2C− , R2CHC− (aldehyde, ketone, acid, ester, amide) CH3O−, RCH2O−, R2CHO− (alcohol, ether) CH3X, RCH2X, R2CHX CH3CN, RCH2CN, R2CHCN CH3N , RCH2N , R2CHN RCH2C ≡ C−, CH3C C , RCH2C C , R2CHC C CH3C ≡ C−, C CH2 , C CH −C ≡ CH ArH O RC−H O ArC−H O O RC−OH, ArC−OH ROH ArOH RNH2 , RNH ArNH2, ArNH O O −C−NH2 , −C−NH 11·0 Page sixteen Ionic Radii of Selected Ions Ion Radius/pm H− 208 + 76 Be2+ 27 N3− 132 O2− 140 F− 133 Na+ 102 Mg2+ 72 Al3+ 54 P3− 198 S2− 184 Cl− 181 K+ 138 Ca2+ 100 Ti3+ 67 V3+ 64 Cr2+ 73 Cr3+ 62 Mn2+ 83 Fe2+ 61 Fe3+ 55 Co2+ 65 Co3+ 55 Li Standard Entropy Values for Selected Substances Substance Standard Entropy /J K−1 mol−1 H2(g) 131 He(g) 126 Li(s) 29 B(s) 5·9 C(s) (graphite) 5·7 C(s) (diamond) 2·4 N2(g) 192 O2(g) 205 F2(g) 203 Na(s) 51 Mg(s) 33 Al(s) 28 Si(s) 19 Cl2(g) 223 K(s) 65 Ca(s) 42 Fe(s) 27 Ni(s) 30 Cu(s) 33 Br2() 152 Ag(s) 43 I2(s) 116 Cs(s) 85 2+ 69 Ba(s) 63 Cu + 60 Au(s) 47 Cu 2+ 73 Hg() 76 2+ 74 H2O() 70 H2O(g) 189 Ni Zn − 196 + 152 CO2(g) 214 2+ 126 MgO(s) 27 + 115 Al2O3(s) 51 2+ 112 SO2(g) 248 Br Rb Sr Ag Sn I − 220 CaO(s) 38 + 174 BaO(s) 72 2+ 135 NaCl(s) 72 2+ 102 CaCl2(s) 108 Pb2+ 120 CsCl(s) 99 Cs Ba Hg Page seventeen Standard Molar Enthalpies of Atomisation of Selected Elements −1 Lattice Enthalpies of Selected Compounds Compound Lattice Enthalpy/kJ mol−1 Element ∆Hº/kJ mol Li2O −2799 H 218 BeO −4514 Li 159 Na2O −2481 Be 326 MgO −3795 B 565 Al2O3 −15916 C 716 K2O −2238 N 472 CaO −3414 O 249 FeO −3795 F 79 CoO −3837 Na 107 NiO −3908 Mg 147 CuO −4135 Al 330 ZnO −4142 Si 450 SrO −3217 P 317 Ag2O −3002 S 277 BaO −3029 Cl 121 LiCl −834 K 88 NaCl −769 Ca 178 MgCl2 −2477 Sc 378 KCl Ti 473 CaCl2 −2268 V 515 CoCl2 −2707 Cr 397 NiCl2 −2753 Mn 283 CuCl −992 Fe 414 CuCl2 −2774 Co 427 SrCl2 −2142 Ni 430 AgCl −910 Cu 337 BaCl2 −2046 Zn 130 LiF −1030 Br 112 NaF −910 Rb 81 MgF2 −2926 Sr 163 KF Ag 285 CaF2 −2640 Sn 301 NiF2 −3098 I 107 SrF2 −2476 Cs 77 AgF −953 Ba 178 BaF2 −2347 MgS −3406 CaS −3002 BaS −2713 NiS −3528 ZnS −3692 LiBr −730 NaBr −732 KBr −671 Page eighteen −701 −808 NiBr2 −2729 CuBr2 −2715 AgBr −897 Electron Affinities of Selected Elements Element H O (O−) F S (S−) Cl Br I Electron Affinity/ kJ mol−1 −72 −141 +844 −328 −201 +456 −349 −324 −295 The electron affinity for an element E refers to the reaction E(g) + e− → E−(g). The second electron affinity refers to the reaction E−(g) + e− → E2−(g). Hydration Enthalpies of Selected Ions Ion Li+ Na+ K+ Mg2+ Al3+ Ca2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Rb+ Sr2+ Ag+ Cs+ Ba2+ OH− F− Cl− Br− I− Hydration Enthalpy/kJ mol−1 −520 −405 −321 −1920 −4690 −1650 −1950 −4430 −2100 −2050 −300 −1480 −446 −277 −1360 −460 −506 −364 −337 −296 The hydration enthalpy for the ion of an element E refers to the changes represented by En+(g) → En+(aq) and En−(g) → En−(aq). Page nineteen Colour Wheel orange 600−640 nm red 640−700 nm yellow 560−600 nm violet 400−450 nm green 480−560 nm blue 450−480 nm Acid-base Indicators Acid-base indicator bromophenol blue pH range 3·0−4·6 methyl orange 3·2−4·4 methyl red 4·8−6·0 phenolphthalein 8·2−10·0 bromocresol green 3·8−5·4 bromocresol purple 5·2−6·8 bromothymol blue 6·0−7·6 cresol red 0·0−1·0; 7·0−8·8 p−nitrophenol 5·4−6·6 phenol red 6·6−8·0 thymol blue 1·2−2·8; 8·0−9·6 thymolphthalein 9·4−10·6 screened methyl orange 2·9−4·4 azolitmin (litmus) 4·5−8·3 Page twenty Formulae of Selected Ions containing more than one kind of Atom one positive one negative two negative Ion Ion Ion ammonium Formula NH4+ Formula CH3COO− ethanoate chromate − dichromate − sulfate hydrogencarbonate HCO3 hydrogensulfate hydrogensulfite HSO4 HSO3 OH− hydroxide nitrate NO3 permanganate − Formula CO 32− carbonate − three negative Ion Formula phosphate PO43− sulfate oxide hydroxide CrO4 2− Cr2O 7 2− SO42− SO 32− sulfite S 2O32− thiosulfate MnO4− Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water The table shows how some compounds behave in cold water vs means very soluble (a solubility greater than 10 g l−1) s means soluble (a solubility of between 1 and 10 g l−1) i means insoluble (a solubility of less than 1 g l−1) − no data bromide carbonate chloride iodide nitrate phosphate aluminium vs − vs vs vs i vs i i ammonium vs vs vs vs vs vs vs − − barium vs i vs vs vs i i vs vs calcium vs i vs vs vs i s s s copper(II) vs i vs − vs i vs i i iron(II) vs i vs vs vs i vs i i iron(III) vs − vs − vs i vs i i lead(II) s i s i vs i i i i lithium vs vs vs vs vs i vs vs vs magnesium vs i vs vs vs i vs i i nickel vs i vs vs vs i vs i i potassium vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs i i i i vs i s i − sodium vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs tin(II) vs i vs s − i vs i i zinc vs i vs vs vs i vs i i silver Note: Some of the compounds in the table hydrolyse significantly in water. Page twenty-one Systeme Internationale (SI) Units Quantity Name of Unit Symbol length metre m mass kilogram kg time second s electric current ampere A temperature degree celsius ºC energy joule J electric charge coulomb C electric potential difference volt V amount of substance mole mol Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Value − 1·60 × 10−19 C charge on electron e Avogadro constant L 6·02 × 1023 mol−1 Faraday constant F 9·65 × 104 C mol−1 Planck constant h 6·63 × 10−34 J s speed of light in vacuum c 3·00 × 108 m s−1 Properties of Water Quantity Value specific heat capacity of liquid water 4·18 kJ kg−1 ºC−1 ionic product of water 10−14 at 24 ºC SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors SI Prefix Symbol Multiplication tera T 1012 giga G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103 deci d 10−1 centi c 10−2 milli m 10−3 micro μ 10−6 nano n 10−9 pico p 10−12 Conversion Factors For Volume For Thermodynamic Temperature 3 3 1 litre = 1 dm = 1000 cm 0 ºC = 273 K 1000 litres = 1000 dm3 = 1 m3 Page twenty-two