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Revision Guide
Paper One: Causes and Events of World War One and
The Inter-War Years
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How to answer the questions
4 Marks
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1 mark for every relevant point.
2 marks for a point, with supporting detail.
4 individual points/2 points with supporting detail = full
marks.
6 Marks
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You need to PEE!
1 explained reason earns between 4/5 marks depending on detail.
2 explained reasons can earn you full marks.
If you PEE twice in your answer you can earn 6 marks
8 Marks
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You need to PEE!
1 explained reason earns between 4/5 marks depending on
detail.
2 explained reasons can earn you full marks.
If you PEE three times in your answer you can earn 8 marks
10 Marks
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You need to look at both sides of the argument.
2/3 PEE points per side.
Finish off with a conclusion, giving your opinion.
Explain both sides of the argument, with a conclusion = full marks!
What is the Message?
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Use the Content of the source and your Own Knowledge to identify and
explain the message.
Break the source down if you need to (really simplify it!)
Always give the message first gi e t o if ou re reall u sure!
What is the Purpose?
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You re looki g at h the sour e as ade/pu lished.
Use NOAP: Nature (What)Origin (Who? When?) Audience (Who for?),
Purpose (Why?)
Use the content and your own knowledge to explain.
Are you Surprised/How far do you agree?
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You must argue both sides You are surprised a d ou are t or ou do agree a d ou do t)
Use the content and your own knowledge to e plai h a d h ou are t.
Also use NOAP to help you explain this.
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WORLD WAR ONE
Increasing Tensions
Remember MAIN!
Militarism
Alliances
Impreilaism
Nationalism
The Alliance System
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Nations believed that if they formed
alliances it would prevent war (but
i the ords of Bla kadder It as
bollocks!)
Triple Alliance of 1882 (Germany,
Italy and Austria-Hungary)
1904 Britain and France sign the
Entente Cordiale.
Triple Entente of 1907 (Russia join
Britain and France)
Do t forget: Russia ere allied to
Serbia, whilst Britain had promised
to defend Belgium!
How did Colonial problems create tension?
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Kaiser Wilhel II a ted a pla e i the su so pursued the poli of Weltpolitik.
Britain were concerned, but having the largest empire meant that Germany also felt
threatened by them.
The Scramble for Africa meant countries turned towards African countries for their empire,
but Germany had missed out.
Led to the two Moroccan Crises:
1905 (The
Tangier Crisis)
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1911 (Agadir
Crisis)
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Wilhelm visited Morocco and promised to defend them against France.
This a gered Fra e ho had a agree e t to prote t Moro o
At the Algeciras Conference in 1906 Britain backed France, forcing Germany
to back down with the Kaiser being humiliated.
As such this led to the Triple Entente being signed to prevent war, whilst
Germany prepared for war as they felt they were being ganged up on.
France took over Morocco after putting down a rebellion.
Wilhelm sent the Panther (a German gunboat) to protect Morocco, the
British saw this as a threat to their naval supremacy.
Germany backed down in return for 100,000 square miles of the French
Congo, which humiliated Wilhelm again.
Why did the arms race escalate?
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Countries believed in militarism (that war can solve problems)
Germany felt encircled so wanted to increase its army and navy to protect itself.
Britain were concerned that Germany wanted to challenge their naval supremacy.
France wanted to retake Alsace-Lorraine from Germany.
Germany had the largest army of around 2.2 million men, whilst Russia had the fastest
growing of 1.2 million.
Britai had the stro gest a a d i 9 de eloped the Dread ought aki g Ger a
navy obsolete)
This led to a competition between Britain and
Germany, with Britain building 29 Dreadnoughts to
Ger a s
9 4.
s
Why were there problems in the Balkans?
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The Ottoman Empire (Turkey to us) was losing
control of its Empire.
The Balkan countries were nationalistic and saw a
chance to take advantage.
Meanwhile Austria wanted to prevent the Balkan
countries from taking over, fearing that it would
cause problems for its empire.
This led to two major issues in the area:
Bosnian Crisis
1908
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Balkan Wars
1912-13
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In 1908 a revolution in the Ottoman Empire allowed Austria to annex
Bosnia.
Serbia mobilised its army to get Bosnia itself.
Russia supported Serbia, whilst Germany threatened a war.
Austria were allowed to annex Bosnia, with Britain supporting Germany!
Russia had to back down and was humiliated, they promised to never
back down again.
The Balkan League (featuring Serbia) took land from the Ottoman Empire.
Germany and Britain worked together to negotiate a peace treaty.
Serbia became the most powerful Balkan power and turned its attention
towards Austria.
Germany wrongly believed that they were friends with Britain and could
continue to be aggressive.
The breakout of war
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand
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The Black Hand Gang planned to assassinate Franz
Ferdinand, on behalf of the Serbian government, to
protest against Austria controlling Bosnia.
Franz Ferdinand was known as a reformer who
would offer greater freedom for the Bosnians, the
Serbs needed him gone to make things worse, not
better!
28th June 1914 in Sarajevo the assassins lined up
along the Appel Quay.
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Cabrinovic threw a bomb, he failed to kill Ferdinand, whilst the rest of the assassins did
nothing.
On a return to visit the hospital the driver took a wrong turn and stopped... right in front of
Princip (after eating his sandwich!) Princip shot both Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.
How did the assassination lead to war?
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5th July – Austria get support from Germany (the Blank Cheque)
23rd July – Austria send Serbia an ultimatum (of ten tough clauses), which when rejected
would give Austria their excuse to invade.
25th July – Serbia agree to all, except part of one clause.
28th July – Austria-Hungary declare war, Serbia ask Russia for help.
30th July – Russia begin to mobilise.
1st August – Germany mobilise and declare war on Russia.
2nd August – Germany invade Belgium.
3rd August – France refuse to stay neutral, so Germany declare war on France.
4th August – Britai se d Ger a a ulti atu , it s ig ored so Britai de lare ar o er a
s rap of paper.
How did the Schlieffen Plan contribute to war?
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An idea that, due to a war on two fronts, Germany
could defeat France quickly (in 6 weeks) and then
attack Russia.
It as Ger a s o l pla of atta k.
The idea was to go through Belgium to get to Paris,
which would surprise the French.
Belgium held the Germans up with their resistance,
giving time for France to move their troops.
The British also intervened due to their treaty with
Belgium.
Russia also mobilised much quicker than Germany had
anticipated.
Germany now had to deal with a war on two fronts.
Who was to blame?
Germany
Austria
Russia
Britain
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Their quest for militarism.
Their actions down in Morocco.
Supporting Austria after they declared war on Serbia.
They invaded Belgium.
Had planned to attack Serbia since 1906, the assassination gave them an
excuse.
Aggressive policy within the Balkans
War broke out because they declared war on Serbia.
Had been humiliated in 1908, so became more aggressive as a result.
They mobilised, which threatened Germany.
Had been seeking power in the Balkans and helped increase tensions.
Their empire led to Germany desiring a place in the sun.
Competing with Germany over the Dreadnought.
Became involved in European politics, such as Morocco and the alliances.
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We t to ar o er a s rap of paper .
The Western Front
What happened in the early years of war?
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The war became bogged down in the trenches.
Failure of the Schlieffen plan meant the BEF held the Germans up at Mons.
The Germans were also stopped by the French at the Battle of the Marne.
Both sides ra ed to the sea ut this e ded in a stalemate.
The nature of the warfare favoured defence, meaning neither side really moved anywhere.
What was living and fighting in the trenches like?
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Trenches were dug, features included bays, dugout, firestep, duckboards, sandbags, etc.
No- a s-land was dangerous, was filled with craters and boggy ground. Barbed wire and
snipers also made it near impossible to traverse.
A constant artillery bombardment was used with shells and shrapnel going off everywhere.
Men would go over the top, often running straight into enemy machine-gun fire.
Soldiers faced many issues such as lice, rats, mud, disease (trench foot), rain and cold.
There were numerous deaths or wounded soldiers, 346 soldiers also executed for cowardice.
Why was the Somme a failure?
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It was fought to relieve the pressure on the
French at Verdun.
The British used an 8 day artillery bombardment
(of 1.7 million shells) but this failed.
1st July 1916 the troops went over the top carrying
their equipment.
German troops were still alive and got to their
machine guns leading to a bloodbath.
55,000 British casualties occurred on the first day.
This kept on until November with casualties of
415,000 for Britain, 195,000 for France and
600,000 for Germany.
Haig is seen as a butcher, however others
disagree:
In defence of Haig
No other viable strategies available to
him.
Communication was poor so he had no
idea how the Battle was going.
He introduced new ideas such as the
tank.
The Somme was described as the muddy
grave of the German army.
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Haig as a butcher
He ordered his men to walk.
Used the same tactics as before (going
over the top).
Did t liste to those ho said the
shelling had failed.
Refused to use new ideas to start.
How important were new developments in warfare?
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Machine Guns were defensive (could fire 600 bullets a minute)
Static weapons, yet did an obscene amount of damage and destruction.
Tanks were first used in 1916 at the Somme, had the shock factor.
However they were unreliable, kept breaking down and slow.
Aeroplanes were used but mainly for reconnaissance, before later for dogfights.
Gas was first used in 1915, such as chlorine, mustard and phosgene.
Not a deadly weapon (only killed 3,000 British), but caused numerous injuries.
Was unreliable due to the wind and gasmasks were developed to counter this.
The end of the war
How important was American entry to the war?
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The USA had supported the Allies with loans,
weapons and food.
U-Boat attacks on American ships, such as the
Lusitania in 1915, angered America.
In 1917 Germany introduced unrestricted
submarine warfare, this along with the
Zimmerman telegram to Mexico (asking them
to attack the USA) led to America joining
WWI.
America was the richest country in the world,
with resources to aid the Allies.
1.8 million troops were sent to France by
October 1918.
They arrived to help stop the Ludendorff Offensive and took part in the Allied counteroffensive.
Why did the German Offensive of 1918 fail?
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Russia had left the war which meant
Germany had an extra 1 million soldiers.
With America arriving Germany knew
they needed to finish the war quickly.
German people were starving due to the
British blockade.
The German troops were died and they
had lost many of their best and
experienced men.
The Ludendorff Offensive (or Spring
Offensive) came into play.
It was successful at first as they were 50 miles from Paris.
However the German troops were tired and they were running out of men to keep up the
offensive.
There was also a lack of supplies and food.
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Why did Germany sign the Armistice?
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The Allies began to counterattack the Germans
in August 1918.
The Kiel Mutiny in October meant the German
navy refused to go out and fight.
There was rioting in Germany and the potential
of a revolution.
The German government sought a ceasefire.
The terms were harsh with Germany having to
give up all occupied land, to hand over their
navy, allowing the British blockade to continue
and to accept the blame for the war.
At 11am on the 11th November 1918 a ceasefire
was declared.
War on the other fronts
Who won the war at sea?
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Battle of Jutland in 1916 was the only sea battle
of the war, neither side won though Britain lost
4 ships to Ger a s 9.
1914 the British blockaded the German ports.
300,000 Germans died of hunger and disease
during WWI and it stopped the supply of nitrates
(which were vital to help make shells)
Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare in
1916, sinking a quarter of British merchant ships.
The U-boats almost won the war (Britain had only
6 weeks of food left in 1917)
Britain survived due to their use of Q-Boats, the
convoy system and the introduction of rationing in 1918.
Unrestricted submarine warfare also brought America onto the Allies side.
Why did Britain fail at Gallipoli?
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Turkey were seen as a weak link who were easy
to attack.
Churchill wanted to reduced the pressure on the
Western Front.
Believed it would open up supply routes to aid
the Russians.
March 1915 an attack on Constantinople failed as
Turkish mines sunk three ships.
Attacks on Helles beach and Sulva also failed.
In total there were half a million casualties including Australian and New Zealand troops.
Turkey fought well and Germany had trained the Turkish Army and resourced them.
Confusion within the British Ranks who failed to open up the stretch of water at Dardenelles.
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Why did Russia exit the war?
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Russia were defeated at the Battle of
Tannenberg in 1914.
Lack of morale – Soldiers not motivated after
so much death and destruction.
Lack of quality – Many soldiers were peasants
and not trained to fight.
Lack of discipline – Ma soldiers did t liste
to their superior officers.
Lack of supplies – A lack of food and weapons,
many men went in unequipped.
Political events – The Bolshevik Revolution
removed the government.
They signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germany in 1918.
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THE INTER-WAR YEARS 1919-1939
The Peace Treaties of 1919-23
What were the aims of the Big Three at Versailles?
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The Versailles Conference opened in January in 1919.
The Big Three were Georges Clemenceau (President of
France), Woodrow Wilson (President of USA) and David
Lloyd George (Prime Minister of Britain)
Clemenceau wanted revenge and punishment, vowing to
make Germany pay and to ensure it was too weak to
attack France again.
Wilson wanted his Fourteen Points and a League of
Nations.
Lloyd George said he wanted to make Germany pay, but
actually wanted to restore trade with Germany and to
expand the British Empire.
Why did the victors not get everything they wanted?
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The conference was chaotic, with all countries wanting their requests included.
The Big Three had made promises to Japan and Italy to get them to join the war.
The Fourteen Points were lenient and the
Armistice was harsh, nobody could agree which
to base the peace treaty on.
Clemenceau and Wilson could not agree, before
Lloyd George eventually made them reach a
compromise.
Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles on 28th
June 1919 agreeing to:
Limit their army to 100,000 men.
They were forbidden to have conscription,
panes or submarines.
The Rhineland was demilitarised.
They had to pay reparations of £6.6 billion.
They lost 10% of their land in Europe.
They were forbidden from unifying with Austria.
They had to accept the blame for the war.
Other treaties also dealt ith Ger a s Allies:
Austria (St Germain)
Hungary
(Trianon)
35,000
Armed
30,000
Forces
Reparations Both countries went bankrupt before a figure
could be agreed.
Territory
All its empire in Easter
Slovakia,
Bulgaria (Neuilly)
Turkey (Sevres)
20,000
50,000
£90 million
There was a
revolution before
a sum was
agreed.
All its empire
Western Thrace
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Lost
Europe.
Transylvania and
Slovenia.
(such as Iraq and
Palestine)
What were the immediate reactions to the peace settlements?
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The Ger a people ie ed it as a diktat di tated pea e
The German government resigned and the country had to
be invaded in 1921 to pay reparations.
The Fre h felt the Treat as t harsh e ough.
A eri a s go er e t refused to a ept the Treaty and
did t joi the League of Natio s.
British politicians were disillusioned believing there would
be another war in 20 years.
Could the Treaty by justified?
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For
It had to be a compromise.
Reparations were less than British war
debt.
Huge areas of France had been
destroyed.
Germany had punished Russia much
more harshly after Brest-Litovsk.
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Against
Nobody was happy with the Treaty.
It left Germany wanting revenge.
It was unfair, Germany lost land and had
to pay a large sum.
Allied politicians felt it was unfair, which
aided Hitler later.
The League of Nations
What were the aims of the League?
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The Articles of the League laid out the Covenant,
the principles each member had to follow.
Remember DIES for the aims:
Disarmament
Improve Lives
Enforce Treaty of Versailles
Stop War
Numerous agencies existed within the League,
such as the International Labour Organisation
(ILO), the Health Committee and Court of
International Justice.
Ho far did eak esses
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ake the League’s failure i e ita le?
Strengths
It had many members (60 by 1930)
including world powers in Britain, France
and Italy.
Had the authority of the Treaty of
Versailles.
Was allowed to arbitrate (act as a
referee) and impose sanctions.
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Weaknesses
Its main meeting was the Assembly, but
decisions had to be unanimous.
Each of the big five had a veto over any
decisions made.
It was disliked as it was upholding the
hated Treaty of Versailles.
Its Secretariat (administration) was
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It could raise an army (although it never
did)
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under-staffed.
It lacked the support of America, USSR
and Germany.
How successful was the League in the 1920s?
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Successes
Aaland Islands (1921) – said islands
should belong to Finland, Sweden
agreed.
Bulgaria (1925) – Greece invaded, but
withdrew when Bulgaria appealed to the
League.
Other – 400,000 refugees were helped
home and the League closed down drugs
companies in Switzerland.
Ho did the Depressio
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ake the League’s ork
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Failures
Corfu (1923) – Italy occupied Corfu, but
Mussolini refused to leave, instead the
League made Greece pay compensation
to Italy.
Disarmament (1921) – Britain refused to
disarm.
Other treaties – Locarno Pact 1925
sho ed ou tries did t thi k the
League could keep the peace.
ore diffi ult?
Had a huge impact on France and Britain, who were the strongest countries within the
League.
It led America to go into isolation due to the world financial crisis.
The Depression led to the rise of dictators within Europe, who were willing to ignore the
League.
Hitler challenged the League and the Depression meant Britain and France were reluctant to
restrain him.
Why did the League fail in Manchuria and Abyssinia?
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1931 Manchuria – Japan invaded Manchuria, the
League sent officials to investigate (it took a
year) they produced he Lytton report, which was
ignored. In 1933 Japan resigned from the League
a d the League ould t agree o e o o i
sanctions or arms ban, so nothing was done.
1935 Abyssinia – Mussolini invaded Abyssinia.
The League objected, which Italy ignored. Britain
and France secretly agreed to give Abyssinia to
Italy (the Hoare-Laval Pact) but were found out
killing faith in the League. The League banned
ar s sales, ut did t i pose sa tio s o oil or
close the Suez Canal.
The collapse of International Peace
How important was the role of Hitler?
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Hitler was angry at the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to make Germany a great power
again. He wanted to scrap the Treaty, unite all German speaking people and expand the
German empire into the East.
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In 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the
League s Disar a e t Co fere e a d
then took Germany out of the League.
Hitler reintroduced conscription in 1935.
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement was
signed in 1935, in which Germany were
allowed to have a navy one-third the size
of Britai s.
The Saar Plebiscite in 1935 gave the Saar
back to Germany (99% voted for this)
Germany remilitarise the Rhineland in
1936, Britain and France allow this.
Anschluss with Austria is signed in 1938,
uniting the two countries together again.
Germany demands the Sudetenland and at
the Munich Conference Chamberlain agrees to give him this.
Hitler occupies Czechoslovakia despite being told not to by Britain and France.
The Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed in 1939, leading to the invasion of Poland.
Was the policy of appeasement justified?
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For
The Treaty of Versailles was unfair to
Germany.
It was right to avoid war by negotiation.
Pu li opi io did t support a ar till
1939.
Appeasement gave Britain and France
time to rearm.
Nazi Germany would be a barrier against
Communism in Russia.
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Against
It convinced Hitler he could keep getting
away with everything.
It allowed Nazi Germany to grow strong
and meant a war would be a world war.
It humiliated Britain.
It meant chances to stop Germany and
Hitler were missed.
How important was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
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In April 1939 the British government declared they would
defend Poland if Hitler attacked.
Hitler k e this ould t happe , he as ore
concerned by Russia.
They allied together to invade Poland.
Stalin was unhappy with France and Britain for not
including him at the Munich Conference.
Why did Britain and France declare war?
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Germany invaded Poland and Britain had pledged to
defend them.
The attempts to appease Hitler had failed.
The British public now supported a war.
They had built up their armies and defences in preparation.
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