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Chapter Two
Organization of the Human Body
Human organism
Body systems
Body Structure
and Directional Terminology
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Role of homeostasis – dynamic process of
balance needed to maintain healthy body
Home/o (same) + -stasis (controlling)
Organization of the Human Body
Cells (cyt/o
(cyt/o))
Energy conversion
Metabolism (meta(meta-) - change
Anabolism (ana
(ana--) – up
To build up
Catabolism (cata
(cata--) – down
To break apart
Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism
Organization of the Human Body
Tissues (hist/o
(hist/o))
Parenchymal (do the actual work)
Stromal (supportive tissue)
Four types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Organization of the Human Body
Cell components
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
The Cell
Organization of the Human Body
Organs (organ/o, viscer/o)
viscer/o)
Termed “viscera”
viscera”
Heart
Endocardium (epithelial)
Myocardium (muscular)
May be instrumental in more than one system
Respiratory, male genitourinary
Organization of the Human Body
Organization of the Human Body
Body Systems
Body Organization and their combining forms
Apex
apic/o
Body
som/o,
som/o, somat/o
Fundus
fund/o
Lumen
lumin/o
Sinus
sin/o, sinus/o
Organization of the Human Body
Combining forms for organs:
Bladder
Bone
Kidney
Lungs
Ovary
Skin
Testis
cyst/o, vesic/o
osse/o,
osse/o, oste/o,
oste/o, oss/i
nephr/o,
nephr/o, ren/o
pulmon/o
oophor/o,
oophor/o, ovari/o
cutane/o,
cutane/o, derm/o,
derm/o, dermat/o
test/o, orchid/o
Dorsal Surface Anatomy Terms
Acromial – acromion
Dorsal – back
Gluteal – buttocks
Lumbar – lower back
Nuchal – neck
Olecranal - elbow
Perineal – perineum
Popliteal – back of
knee
Sacral – sacrum
Sural – calf
Vertebral - spine
Blood/Lymphatic/ Immune
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Reproductive
Respiratory
Urinary
Ventral Surface Anatomy Terms
Buccal – cheek
Cephalic – head
Cervical – neck
Cranial – skull
Facial – face
Frontal – front
Mental – chin
Ocular - eye
Oral – mouth
Otic - ear
Abdonminal – abdomin
Axillary – axilla, armpit
Coxal – hip
Inguinal – groin
Mammary – breast
Pelvic – pelvis
Thoracic – chest
Umbilical - umbilicus
Positional and Directional Terms
Terms we use to describe positions and
directions in the human body.
anteroposterior
posteroanterior
Positional and Directional Terms
Positional and Directional Terms
Superior (super/o)
Anterior (anter/o
(anter/o))
Cephalad (cephal/o)
cephal/o)
Ventral (ventr/o
(ventr/o))
Inferior (infer/o)
Posterior (poster/o)
Caudad (caud/o)
caud/o)
Dorsal (dors/o
(dors/o))
anterior
posterior
Positional and Directional Terms
Supine
superior
inferior
Positional and Directional Terms
Distal
Farthest from the origin
Proximal
Nearest the origin
Supinate
Medial
Toward the middle
Pronate
Lateral
Toward the side
Palmar
Palms of hands
Plantar
Soles of feet
Prone
supine
prone
Positional and Directional Terms
Ipsilateral – same side
Contralateral – opposite side
Unilateral – one side
Bilateral – two sides
Superficial – near the surface of the body
Deep – away from the surface of the body
Positional and Directional Terms
Dextrad
(dextr/o)
dextr/o)
Sinistrad
(sinistr/o)
sinistr/o)
Afferent (to)
Efferent (away)
afferent
efferent
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Dorsal cavities
Ventral cavity detail
Cranial (crani/o
(crani/o))
Spinal (spin/o)
Ventral cavities
Thoracic (thorac/o
(thorac/o))
Abdominal (abdomin/o
(abdomin/o))
Pelvic (pelv/i
(pelv/i))
body cavities
Abdominopelvic Regions
Thoracic
Mediastinum (mediastin/o)
mediastin/o)
Pleural cavity (pleur/o
(pleur/o))
Abdominal
Diaphragm (diaphragm/o, phren/o)
phren/o)
Peritoneum (peritone/o
(peritone/o))
Pelvic
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Nine regions
Liver, gall bladder
Left and right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left and right lumbar
Umbilical
Left and right iliac (inguinal)
Hypogastric
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Stomach and spleen
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Appendix and McBurney’
McBurney’s point
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Munro’
Munro’s point
Planes of the Body
Sagittal
Planes of the Body
Frontal/coronal
Midsagittal
sagittal
midsagittal
Planes of the Body
Transverse
Oblique