Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
CHAPTER 10 • SECTION 3 Another conflict grew out of Britain’s shortage of sailors. Life in the British navy was so bad at the time that few British citizens chose to join—and many deserted. To fill its need for sailors, Britain used the policy of impressment impressment,, or kidnapping, of American merchant sailors. Between 1803 and 1812, the British impressed about 6,000 Americans to work on British ships. More About . . . No More Trade Instead of declaring war, Jefferson asked Congress to pass Impressment Britain claimed the right to force any of its citizens to serve in the navy. During this period, Britain asserted that it was taking only British subjects from American ships. The British ignored the fact that many people born in Britain had become naturalized American citizens. With the largest navy in the world at war with France, Britain had a desperate need for sailors, especially since many of them chose to work on American merchant ships. In one notable case, a British naval ship attacked the Chesapeake, an American ship, killing three crew members while impressing four others. Unit 4 Resource Book • Skillbuilder Practice, p. 87 Answer: The battle was probably a severe setback for Tecumseh’s movement. (below right) t The Shawnee were defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe. How did the Battle of Tippecanoe affect Tecumseh’s hopes for unity? More About . . . Tecumseh Tecumseh is one of the most revered of Native American leaders. He was a great statesman and warrior, as well as an accomplished orator. In declaring the Treaty of Fort Wayne meaningless, he said: [Whites] have taken upon themselves to say this [land] belongs to the Miamis, this to the Delawares, and so on. But the Great Spirit intended [Native American land] as the common property of all the tribes, [and it cannot] be sold without the consent of all. In a letter, Tecumseh reflected bitterly on the white man’s treatment of his people: “We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game. And in return what did they give to our warriors and to our women? Rum, trinkets, and a grave.” Unit 4 Resource Book • Primary and Secondary Sources, pp. 96–97 354 • Chapter 10 legislation that would stop all foreign trade. The president described his policy as “peaceable coercion coercion.” . Coercion means forcing someone to act in a certain way by pressure or threats. Jefferson believed that the legislation would prevent further bloodshed. In December, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, 1807 which forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports. The act also closed American ports to British ships. The policy harmed the United States more than it harmed France or Britain. American farmers lost key markets for their products. Shippers lost income, and many chose to violate the embargo by making false claims about where they were going. The embargo became an issue in the election of 1808, which James Madison won. By then, Congress had repealed the act. Madison’s solution to the problem was a law that allowed merchants to trade with any country except France and Britain. Trade with them would resume when they agreed to respect U.S. ships. This law was no more effective than the embargo. Tecumseh and Native American Unity British interference with American shipping and impressment of U.S. citizens made Americans angry. Many also believed the British were trying to stop American expansion in the Northwest by stirring up Native American resistance to frontier settlements. Since the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, Native Americans had continTecumseh,, a Shawnee chief, vowed ued to lose their land to white settlers. Tecumseh to stop this. He believed that Native American tribes had to unite in order to protect their land. Events in 1809 proved him right. That September, William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, signed the Treaty of Fort Wayne with chiefs of the Miami, Delaware, and Potawatomi tribes. They agreed to sell more than three million acres of land. But Tecumseh declared the treaty void. He believed that the sale could go through only with the agreement of all tribes, not just some. Chief Tecumseh 354 Chapter 10 INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES CONNECT to Music Research Patriotic Songs Point out that the “Star Spangled Banner” and the lyrics from the “Marine’s Hymn” (such as the second line, “To the shores of Tripoli”) refer to events described in this section. Assign small groups to research the history of songs related to this time period and give a brief presentation of their findings. If possible, have presenters include an audio recording of the song as well as printed lyrics so that students can sing along. CONNECT to Language Arts Compare Word Meanings and Histories Explain that in the past, the United States used a draft to enlist soldiers in the armed forces. Instruct individuals or small groups to research the terms draft and impressment. Students should then prepare a chart comparing the two practices. CHAPTER 10 • SECTION 3 Many Native Americans did answer Tecumseh’s call for unity. But he was too late. In late 1811, while Tecumseh was away recruiting for his alliance, Harrison’s forces defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Following this defeat, Tecumseh sided with the British in Canada. Tecumseh’s welcome in Canada increased anti-British feelings in the West. SUMMARIZE Explain what conflicts with other nations the United States had in the early 1800s. The War of 1812 Answer: The British and French seized U.S. ships. The British kidnapped U.S. sailors and supported Native American resistance. KEY QUESTION What were the effects of the War of 1812? GEOGRAPHY wr e Click here to see the interactive map @ ClassZone.com 5 V VT. Mich Wa 2 b R. ash L. E rie R. L. 3 4 of the War 1 Atlantic Ocean British navy blockades American Coast, 1813 2 Lake Erie Perry’s fleet defeats a British fleet, 1813 3 Thames River Harrison defeats British in Canada, killing Tecumseh, 1813 4 Washington, D.C. British burn the capital but later fail to capture nearby Baltimore, 1814 5 Lake Champlain American ships defeat British, who retreat to Canada, 1814 6 New Orleans Jackson’s army defeats British in Battle of New Orleans, 1815 k 1 American victory British victory British blockade 6 Fort Connect Geography History 1. Location Where was Fort McHenry located? 2. Make Inferences Why did the British want to capture New Orleans? eff DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION English Learners Gifted & Talented Culture: Clarify Report on Successful Battle Tactics Explain that the term hawk is still used in politics today. It refers to someone who advocates aggression or war to advance the interests of the government or country. The opposite term for hawk is dove. A dove refers to someone who advocates peace. Have students write a sentence or two, inferring why hawk and dove have these meanings. Think, Pair, Share • Make a compare-contrast chart for the first and second phases of the War of 1812. (first phase: British focus on France, blockade of U.S. ports, naval victories for United States; second phase: British focus on United States, America wins Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent signed) The War of 1812 N 40° Battles The War of 1812 • Why were there more war hawks in the West than in the Northeast? (Possible Answer: People in the Northeast had stronger business ties with Britain, while Westerners were affected more by British support for Native Americans.) By 1812, more and more Americans were calling for war against Britain for its role in helping Native Americans and its policy on the high seas. Those war ar h hawks aw wks. ks. Many of them came from the who supported war were called wa western part of the country. Those in the Northeast, which had business ties with Britain, were less eager for war. The American government wanted all Americans to feel that their country could protect them. Finally on June 18, 1812, President James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain. L Teach Have students select a battle shown on the map and research reasons for the American or British victory there. Students should write a detailed paragraph on their findings or present a brief oral report. • Sequence Events Put the following events in chronological order: Battle of New Orleans, British burn the Capitol, Battle of Lake Champlain. (British burn the Capitol, Battle of Lake Champlain, Battle of New Orleans) GEOGRAPHY The War of 1812 CLASSZONE.COM Connect Geography History ANALYZE Point out that several battles in the War of 1812 occurred along the U.S. border with Canada, which was controlled by Britain at the time. • Look at the map on page 355. What was Britain’s war strategy in the United States? (Possible Answers: Britain wanted to keep Americans out of Canada; Britain thought burning the Capitol would weaken American forces.) • Why was the size of the British Navy important in this war? (Britain was able to form a blockade along most of the U.S. coastline.) ANSWERS 1. Location Baltimore, Maryland 2. Make Inferences because it was an important port for controlling American trade Teacher’s Edition • 355